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Содержание PreComputer 2000

Страница 1: ...COMPUTER TEACHER ti COURSE I BOOK m n JJ RJ 0 0 0 ...

Страница 2: ...R 2 IPower Supply CHAPTER 3 IOperating PreComputer 2000 4 8 CHAPTER 4 IActivities and Games 9 14 CHAPTER 5 leAs1c 14 581 CHAPTER 6 ISpell Checker 59 601 CHAPTER 7 ICalculator 60 631 CHAPTER 8 ICartridge 63 CHAPTER 9 ICare and Maintenance 63 1 ...

Страница 3: ...uilt in activities PRECOMPUTER 2000 offers a wide range of functions and educational activities such as a calculator and spell checker BASIC vocabulary grammar mathematics challenging trivia and more PRECOMPUTER 2000 is expandable with additional ROM cartridges covering a variety of subjects PRECOMPUTER 2000 is compatible with most of PreComputer 1000 cartridges as well Note The PreComputer 1000 S...

Страница 4: ...tment and turn the unit ON WHEN USING AN ADAPTOR Use a 9 volt 300mA center positive AC adaptor 1 Make sure the unit is turned OFF 2 Plug the adaptor into the unit s jack 3 Plug the adaptor into the wall outlet 4 Turn the unit ON The VTECH 9 volt AC adaptor model 80 0877 will operate your product Many retailers carry the adaptor however if you are unable to locate one locally se nd US 10 00 includi...

Страница 5: ...f automatically if there is no input for approximately 15 minutes CHAPTER 3 Operating PreComputer 2000 THE TYPING KEYBOARD The keyboard on PRECOMPUTER 2000 combines the operation of standard computer keyboards with several special functions The keys resemble and function like the keys on a typewriter The letters and numbers are in the same positions Capital letters and the symbols above the number...

Страница 6: ...YER RIGHT PLAYER LEFT PLAYER KEYS _ N_s_ _ ___ _o_EL _ _ ____ These two keys on the lower right and left corners of the keyboard determine which player will answer when operating in two player mode For activities in two player mode the left player s name and the right player s name will flash alternately The first player to press his or her appropriate LEFT or RIGHT PLAYER button will get the oppo...

Страница 7: ...ge an entry prior to pressing the ENTER key The AC key is used to cancel all numbers in the calculator mode VERTICAL CURSOR KEY I I Use this key in activities where you need to move letters vertically between two lines For example in ALPHAJUMBLE and LETTER SWITCH The I are used in the PRECOMPUTER 2000 s calculator function THE ACTIVITY SELECTOR The activity selector is a membrane keyboard which al...

Страница 8: ...wo player mode and vice versa If you press the PLAYER key during a game it will reset and begin again BASIC KEY This key enables you to access the BASIC program within the PRECOMPUTER 2000 SPELL CHECKER KEY Press the SPELL CHECKER key then type in a word and the PRECOMPUTER 2000 will verify if it is spelled correctly or not If the word is misspelled use the Left and Right arrow keys to scroll down...

Страница 9: ...the question The level of play and player mode will remain the same from one activity to another unless you change the setting SCORING In one player mode for most activities there will be five questions in one round You will receive 20 points for a correct answer on the first try and 10 points on the second try 5 points will be deducted if you use the HELP key No points will be awarded if you do n...

Страница 10: ...bottom row MISSING LETTER Insert the missing letter to complete the word A word will appear on the screen with one letter missing Type in the correct letter that will complete the word and press ENTER LETTER HUNT Spot the right place in the word to insert the given letter A group of letters will appear on the top row of the screen along with a single letter on the far right top row margin On the b...

Страница 11: ...rmed a complete and correct sentence then press the ENTER key GRAMMAR CHALLENGE Spot the incorrect word and amend it to form a grammatically correct sentence A sentence will appear on the screen with one word containing a grammatical error Find the incorrect word by pressing the 1 v Iand l r Ikey until it stops at the first letter of that word then press the ENTER key If you are right 3 words will...

Страница 12: ... of letters of the correct antonym is indicated by the short dashes on the bottom row of the viewing screen MATH BASIC MATH After pressing the BASIC MATH key choose either 1 ADDITION 2 SUBTRAC TION 3 MULTIPLICATION or 4 DIVISION by typing in the corresponding number on the keyboard Addition A mathematics problem will appear on the viewing screen Type in the correct answer using the number keys and...

Страница 13: ... to make complete the fraction and press ENTER In this activity the PRECOMPUTER 2000 challenges you to find the answers to math problems that are presented as story problems as opposed to numerical equations Read each question that appears on the viewing screen and type in the answer on the keyboard Then press the ENTER key NUMBER CHALLENGE Test your memory skills as an increasing series of number...

Страница 14: ...om row of the screen Type the letters as they appear on the screen to score points One chance will be deducted when the letters touch the left border of the screen One chance will be added for every 1000 points scored If you obtain the highest score in the record of PRECOMPUTER 2000 type in your name which will be shown when you enter the activity ALPHAJUMBLE Use the cursor keys to put a series of...

Страница 15: ...ow where the jets are flying Schools use computers to keep track of your work Businesses use computers so they can do more work faster Without computers we d all be in a big mess WHAT ARE COMPUTERS A computer is a tool that helps us to do things better and faster They work without getting tired They operate at very high speed They follow instructions perfectly And they never forget like we sometim...

Страница 16: ...ll purpose Symbolic Instruction Code It was developed by professors at Dartmouth College in the mid 1960s It was designed for students who had no previous experience in programming computers BASIC is basic however there are differences in the language based on the computer that uses it in much the same way that English is different depending on which country it is spoken in Great Britain or the Un...

Страница 17: ...g to talk to a computer WHAT IF I MAKE A MISTAKE Don t worry about making a mistake The more mistakes you make the more you will learn This is called discovery The computer doesn t care how many mistakes you make There is nothing you can do to damage the computer except smashing it Experimenting is a very good way to make your programs do exactly what you want THE KEYBOARD 1 The numeric top row ke...

Страница 18: ...rsor position will be shifted one character to the right to make room for the new character once it is input through the keyboard Pressing the INS key again will go to the overwrite mode again 9 For BASIC only In BASIC the character BREAK key is used to tell the computer you want to raise the number preceding it to a power of the number following it More on arithmetic later The BREAK key is used a...

Страница 19: ... execute the program by typing the command RUN Don t forget to press the ENTER key after typing RUN The program that you have typed into memory will begin The results appearing on the LCD display will be the message HI THERE There is a short cut Enter the following no line number In front IPRINT HI THERE This time PRINT was used as a command and the results appeared immediately on the display afte...

Страница 20: ...ement will appear in the display Use the LEFT ARROW and RIGHT ARROW keys to move the cursor Use the DEL key to remove an unwanted one or type in a new character You can type in line numbered BASIC statements in any order The PRECOMPUTER 2000 will sort them out for yo u and LIST them or RUN starting with the lowest numbered one to the highest numbered one It is a good idea to number your lines in i...

Страница 21: ...he display The next statement number 20 tells the computer that this is the end of the program and that it can stop RUNNING However the last statement is not necessary in this program because you only want to print out the sum of 3 numbers therefore it could be removed Remove that last line by typing 20 and press ENTER then type RUN and press ENTER What happens That s right you get the same result...

Страница 22: ...and do arithmetic operations is important In BASIC operations are from left to right The symbol is used to represent multiplication Like addition the order of the numbers is unimportant Here s an example There are 2 204 pounds to a kilogram How many pounds does a 6 kilogram parakeet weigh Try this I10 PRINT 6 2 204 The symbol is used for division Here like in subtraction the order of the numbers i...

Страница 23: ...ion and division addition and subtraction lowest The computer will always look at an expression in parentheses first and do the things you put there It could be an expression or more sets of brackets Among the expression raising to a power is done first followed by multiplication and division from left to right followed by addition and subtraction from left to right If you re not sure how the comp...

Страница 24: ...he sign tells the computer to add the numbers found in A and B together It does that and the answer is 23 Now where to put the answer No problem The tells the computer to store the answer in a memory box called C The computer searches for a box called C It doesn t find one so it makes one in memory and then puts the answer into it Of course if there was a memory variable called C that had a number...

Страница 25: ...ros to the right of the decimal point This is called scientific or exponential notation You find the decimal point and move the number of places specified after the E to the right filling in with zeros The long way to write out the above answer is 81 000 000 000 000 The procedure works in reverse for very small numbers The number 8 1 E 13 is 00000000000081 This is a very small positive number The ...

Страница 26: ...command and POTATO is also interpreted as variable PO 5 CONSTANTS A constant is something that doesn t change The computer stores it in memory just like a variable however since a constant doesn t change it has no variable name The number 6 is a constant so is 4 567 or 28967 35 QUICK BROWN FOX is a string constant You can store constants to a variable That s usually done to start out a program lat...

Страница 27: ...he topic called Making Decisions 6 INPUTTING DATA We have been putting information in the computer by typing constants into programs using statements like the following 10 LET N 10 20 LET A4 NANCY LIKES CHOCOLATE CUPCAKES Another way to supply data is by using an INPUT statement Try this out by typing NEW 10 INPUT GIVE ME A NUMBER N 20 PRINT YOUR NUMBER IS N The computer will print the literal fol...

Страница 28: ...s ENTER to see what happens 7 MAKING DECISIONS The IF statement tells the computer that it has to make a decision It does this by comparing two numbers or arithmetic expressions or string variables It uses special symbols to represent a condition The symbol means greater than The symbol means less than The symbol means equal to Here are some conditions 5 10 20 10 They are both true because 5 Is le...

Страница 29: ...e let s give A the value 80 Would the message be printed No it would not be printed because the condition is false 80 is less than 90 Let s try a program to compute the area of a rectangle Type NEW 10 INPUT ENTER THE LENGTH L 20 INPUT ENTER WIDTH W 40 PRINT THE AREA IS A 50 INPUT ANOTHER Y N R 60 IF R Y THEN 10 70 PRINT THAT S ALL FOLKS 80 END This program uses the INPUT statement to get values fo...

Страница 30: ...s a long program but it has a lot of new things in it that are worthwhile to know about Line 70 contains an INPUT statement without the prompt string Lines 100 through 130 contain two statements for the thing to do when the condition is true One is a LET statement without the word LET C A B and the other is a GOTO statement Both of the statements are separated from each other by the colon symbol T...

Страница 31: ... forever 10 INPUT GIVE ME A NUMBER N 20 PRINT YOUR NUMBER IS N 30 GOTO 10 You can modify the program to get out of a loop by using an IF statement to control the loop like the program that calculates the area of a rectangle Another way to create a loop is through the use of the FOR and NEXT statements These statements surround the instructions that you want to repeat For example type the following...

Страница 32: ...e previous program and change line 10 The entire program looks like this NEW 10 FOR N 1 TO 10 STEP 2 20 PRINT N IS N 30 NEXT N RUN The STEP 2 part changes the meaning hidden in the NEXT N statement to be N N 2 or any other number that gets put in the STEP part We can even count backwards Try this NEW 10 FOR N 10 TO 1 STEP 1 20 PRINT N 30 NEXT N 40 PRINT BLAST OFF RUN 31 ...

Страница 33: ...s that will be executed sequentially until a RETURN statement is encountered At that point the program will resume at the next statement following the GOSUB Confusing Not really but first some more background about our problem The formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is F 9 5 C 32 The formula for Fahrenheit to Celsius Is C F 32 5l9 Now for the program Type New 10 INPUT ENTER THE CELSIUS TE...

Страница 34: ...uter will assign the number of bytes of that value If you want to use more strings in your program set this number to a larger one but at the same time you will have less space for your program CONT Also see STOP This command causes the program to resume executing after encountering the BASIC command called STOP The program will carry on with the next statement after STOP You can type CONT to resu...

Страница 35: ...RECOMPUTER 2000 will sort them out for you and LIST them or RUN them starting with the lowest numbered one It is a good idea to number your lines in increments of 10 10 20 30 or 100 100 200 300 This way you have room to add more statements if you decide to change your program in the future You can insert an entirely new line in a program by using a line number that doesn t exist between two existi...

Страница 36: ...of the command is not used it is assumed to be 1 Example 60 FOR ITEMS 1 TO 20 70 INPUT PRICE 80 SUM PRICE SUM 90 NEXT ITEMS FUNCTION A function is a mathematical procedure which when applied to a certain value will give a new value We call the value in brackets the argument and the new value the result Example SOR is the square root function So if we type PRINT SOR 9 press ENTER we will get the an...

Страница 37: ...u the value e i e the natural antilogarithm of X INT X Gives the greatest integer which is less than or equal to X RND X Gives a random whole number between 1 and X If X equals zero RND X returns a random number between O and 1 X cannot be negative SIN X The argument of the trigonometrical functions is taken COS X to be in radians 1 radian 360 21t 57 296 degrees TAN X The range of X is 999 X 999 A...

Страница 38: ...he absolute value of the result returned by INT will be greater than that of the argument Example PRINT INT 6 7 7 RND X press ENTER This will produce a random number between 1 and X if X is positive Example IPRINT RND 19 press ENTER You will get number between 1 and 19 RND 0 will give you a number between O and 1 Note X cannot negative STRING FUNCTIONS We can also use functions to act on strings H...

Страница 39: ... spaces J O H N it comes out as 7 characters STA The STR function changes a number argument into a string Let us take a look at the following example and see how tt works Example IA STR 73 This is the same as saying A 73 Here is sample program Example VAL 10 A STR 7 3 20 B A BIG 30 PRINT B RUN 21BIG VAL works like STR but in reverse It changes a string argument into a number Look at the following ...

Страница 40: ...substrings LEFT A N This will return the substring from the leftmost of string A the first character to the Nth character Example 10 A ABCDE 20 B LEFT A FGH 6 30 PRINT 8 RUN ABCDEF RIGHT A N This will return a substring but starting from the Nth character from the end and running to the last one the right most character in the string A Example 10 A WHY 20 B RIGHT A ME 4 30 PRINT 8 RUN HYME 39 ...

Страница 41: ...ing specified Refer to the appendix for the ASCII code table Pg 56 For example the ASCII decimal value of X is 88 If A XAB then ASC A 88 Example 10 X ASC ROY 20 PRINT X RUN 82 CHR N This statement works the opposite way as the ASC statement The CHA statement will return the string character which corresponds to the given ASCII code The argument may be any number from 32 to 127 or any variable expr...

Страница 42: ...ter back to the line immediately after the GOSUB These statements are used to process a series of commands that are frequently used Example 30 GOSUB 120 other program lines 120 PRINT WELCOME TO THE 130 PRINT PRECOMPUTER 2000 140 RETURN GOTO Line GOTO line number The GOTO statement is used to change the normal flow of the program which is from lowest statement number to highest A GOTO command trans...

Страница 43: ...g Equal to Less than or equal to Not equal to Greater than or equal to Less than Greater than Examples of how you can use conditionals IF THEN A B IF THEN GOTO IF THEN GOSUB IF THEN PRINT IF THEN INPUT Example I30 IF X 25 THEN 60 Here if the condition X 25 is true the computer is told to jump to line 60 Note the GOTO is optional after THEN If the condition is not true that is if X is not greater t...

Страница 44: ...RUE Any other value will produce a FALSE In either case the computer will carry onto the next line It is possible for more than one statement to follow the THEN or ELSE command a colon separates the statements Example 50 IF A 5 THEN PRINT TRUE S S 3 GOTO 90 ELSE PRINT FALSE K K 8 So if A equals 5 the computer will print TRUE subtract 3 from the variable S and go to line 90 If A does not equal 5 th...

Страница 45: ...ample Meaning Not Not A If A is true Not A is false AND A AND B A AND B has the value true only if A and B are both true A AND B has the value false if either A or B is false OR A ORB A OR B has the value true if either A or B or both are true It has the value false if both are false TRUTH TABLES The following tables are called TRUTH TABLES They illustrate the results of the previous logical opera...

Страница 46: ...TION A B T T T F F T F F Note that T TRUE and F FALSE Example 10 INPUT A B C A ORB T T T F 20 IF A B AND B C THEN PRINT A B C 30 IF NOT A B OR NOT B C THEN 50 40 END 50 PRINT A B C IS FALSE 60 END RUN 10 5 7 A B C IS FALSE 45 ...

Страница 47: ...000110 and 13 binary 00001101 so with reference to the AND truth table 6 AND 13 4 binary 00000100 INPUT Line INPUT optional character string variable 1 variable 2 INPUT allows the user to type in the value of a variable at the time the program is RUN If an optional character string is used this message will be printed before the question is asked The type of data to be INPUTTED varies according to...

Страница 48: ...W erases all program lines from the active program area PRINT Line PRINT expression and or character string The PRINT statement is used to produce output on the display panel The PRINT command will print one or several items either expressions or strings Each item in the list should be separated by a comma or a semicolon Example 80 PRINT NAME IS COMING 230 PRINT SUM A B C READ AND DATA When it is ...

Страница 49: ... makes the computer look up the value of its variables from the DATA statement When the computer goes to READ first it will assign the first expression from the DATA list The next time it goes to READ it will assign the second value And so on If the READ runs out of DATA you will get out OF DATA ERROR RESTORE If you want to use the same data later on in the program you can do so by using the RESTO...

Страница 50: ...ERAGE 20 DATA 0 125 3 0 6 7 30 DATA 23 9 3 25 2 8 40 S O 50 FOR 1 1 TO 8 60 READ N 70 S S N 80 NEXT 90 A S 8 100 PRINT A RUN 9 52813 Line REM text REM is used to add comments in your program which are ignored when the program is RUN Example RUN 10 REM GUESSING GAME 20 REM TEST OF SORTING RUN tells the computer to begin to perform your program beginning with the lowest _ statement number 49 ...

Страница 51: ...a line number Example j aoo STOP APPENDIX EXAMPLE PROGRAMS COMPUTER FRIEND 10 PRINT I AM PC2000 COMPUTER 20 INPUT WHAT IS YOUR NAME N 30 PRINT HELLO N 40 PRINT I COME FROM HONG KONG 50 PRINT WHERE DID YOU COME FROM 60 PRINT I HOPE WE BECOME FRIENDS 70 END 2 APPLE PRICE 10 INPUT HOW MANY APPLES WILL YOU BUY A 20 INPUT HOW MUCH DOES IT COST M 30 LET P M A 40 PRINT EACH APPLE PRICE IS P 50 END 50 ...

Страница 52: ...K KILOGRAMS K 45 POUNDS 80 END 4 LEARN SCHEDULE 10 DIM WEEK 6 20 DIM EVENT 6 30 DATA SUNDAY PLAY TIME 40 DATA MONDAY LEARN ECOLOGY 50 DATA TUESDAY LEARN ENGLISH 60 DATA WEDNESDAY LEARN MUSIC 70 DATA THURSDAY LEARN HISTORY 80 DATA FRIDAY LEARN GEOGRAPHY 90 DATA SATURDAY PLAY FOOTBALL 100 REM LIST 110 FOR W 0 TO 6 120 READ WEEK W 130 READ EVENT W 140 PRINT WEEK W EVENT W 150 NEXT W 999 END 51 ...

Страница 53: ...M THEN PRINT PHONE GOTO 120 70 A A 1 80 GOTO 30 90 PRINT NOT LISTED 100 RESTORE 110 GOTO 10 120 END 130 DATA FRED 693212 140 DATA ROB 613816 150 DATA RICK 813313 160 DATA JAN 35677 170 DATA JON 767654 180 DATA JOAN 54367 190 DATA THOMAS 93523 200 DATA JACK 63457 210 DATA DON 84573 220 DATA LONDON 65322 52 ...

Страница 54: ...L THEN PRINT MS NAME 110 PRINT YOUR JOB IS JOB 120 END 7 CASINO 10 PRINT 2 TO 6 SMALL 20 PRINT 7 TO 12 LARGE 30 INPUT SM ALL OR LA RGE A 40 D1 1NT RND 0 6 1 50 D2 1NT RND 0 6 1 60 PRINT D1 AND D2 70 PRINT D1 D2 80 IF D1 D2 6 THEN GOTO 130 90 PRINT SMALL 100 IF A SM THEN PRINT YOU WIN 110 IF A LA THEN PRINT YOU LOSE 120 GOTO 160 130 PRINT LARGE 140 IF A LA THEN PRINT YOU WIN 150 IF A SM THEN PRINT ...

Страница 55: ... S S 1 80 PRINT 22 9 22 9 90 INPUT 9 6 ANSWER 100 IF ANSWER 9 6 THEN S S 1 110 PRINT 9 6 9 6 120 INPUT 4 5 ANSWER 130 IF ANSWER 4 5 THEN S S 1 140 PRINT 4 5 4 5 150 INPUT 12 3 ANSWER 160 IF ANSWER 12 3 THEN S S 1 170 PRINT 12 3 12 3 180 INPUT 8 5 2 6 3 ANSWER 190 IF ANSWER 8 5 2 6 3 THEN S S 1 200 PRINT 8 5 2 6 3 8 5 2 6 3 210 PRINT S RIGHT OUT OF 6 54 ...

Страница 56: ......

Страница 57: ... u 54 6 86 V 55 7 87 w 56 8 88 X 57 9 89 y 58 90 z 59 91 60 92 61 93 62 94 I 63 95 _ Under score THE ERROR MESSAGES CANNOT CONTINUE An attempt is made to continue a program that 1 has halted due to an error Decimal Value 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 2 has been modified during a break in execution or 3 do...

Страница 58: ...gative or zero argument with LOG 3 a negative argument to SOR 4 a negative mantissa with a non integer exponent 5 an improper argument to MID LEFT RIGHT MISSING OPERAND The operand of some commands are missed NEXT WITHOUT FOR A variable in a NEXT statement does not correspond to a previously executed unmatched FOR statement variable OUT OF DATA A READ statement is executed when there are no DATA s...

Страница 59: ...tring expression is too long or too complex The expression should be broken into smaller expressions STRING TOO LONG An attempt is made to create a string more than 255 characters long SUBSCRIPT OUT OF RANGE An array element is referenced either with a subscript that is outside the dimensions of the array or with the wrong number of subscripts SYNTAX ERROR A line is encountered that contains some ...

Страница 60: ...f DICTIONARY but you only remember the letters DICT_NA_Y press the question mark key for the letters you don t know like DICT NA Y then press ENTER PRECOMPUTER 2000 will then display DICTIONARY on the screen 3 USE THE PERIOD KEY Use the PERIOD key to find the correct abbreviations for words EXAMPLE If you want to learn the proper abbreviation for the word ETCETERA type in the letters that you thin...

Страница 61: ...rns the PRECOMPUTER 2000 into an operational calculator with a 14 digit memory Use the numeric keys on the keyboard and the 19 specially marked keys in the second and third row To clear the screen use the Ell key at the bottom of the keyboard BASIC CALCULATOR OPERATION The basic calculator symbols are Addition or Subtraction or Multiplication Division USING THE MEMORY FEATURES ISHIFT ISHIFT Inputs...

Страница 62: ...d third rows on the input keyboard Always press the function key first when using them in a problem and then enter the number they are to operate on Alm Operation Display Square root of a number 9 sqrt 9 IENTER I 3 Square of a number 3 sqr 3 IENTER i I 9 The constant e to the power 2 exp 2 of the entered number e 2 718282 IENTER I 7 38906 LN function kl 100 In 100 IENTER I 4 60517 log 1O function ...

Страница 63: ...R assumes the number is in radians To enter degrees press the degree sign which is on the E key of the input keyboard Function Operation Display SINE 60 sin 60 ENTER I 0 30481 SINE 60 sin 60 ENTER I 0 866025 COSINE 1 1 60 cos 60 IENTER I 0 952413 COSINE 60 cos 60 IENTER I 0 5 TANGENT 60 tan 60 ENTER I 0 32004 TANGENT 60 tan 60 ENTER I 1 73205 62 ...

Страница 64: ... courses of study which help to keep students challenged for years to come To use a cartridge follow these steps 1 Turn the unit off 2 Insert the cartridge in the cartridge slot on the left side of the PRECOMPUTER 2000 3 Turn the unit on 4 Press the CARTRIDGE key and begin to play CHAPTER 9 Care and Maintenance 1 Keep unit free of dust with a damp cloth 2 Do not spill liquids on the keyboard or ma...

Страница 65: ... 1992 Video Technology Printed in Hong Kong 91 0610 06 ...

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