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Glossary

R&S

®

 ZVA

101

Quick Start Guide 1145.1090.62 ─ 10

Trace: 

A trace is a set of data points that can be displayed together on the screen. The

trace settings specify the mathematical operations used to obtain traces from the collec-
ted data. They complement the definitions of the Channel menu. Each trace is assigned
to a channel. The channel settings apply to all traces assigned to the channel.

Trace point: 

Point on the screen which is an element of the displayed trace. The trace

points for ratios and wave quantities can be derived from the entire set of measurement
points using different detector settings.

Transmission tracking error: 

Frequency-dependent variation of the ratio of the trans-

mitted wave to the reference wave at a test port when an ideal transmission coefficient
(= 1) is measured. The transmission tracking error can be corrected by means of a trans-
mission normalization or one of the more sophisticated calibration methods.

TRL: 

A calibration type using a through and a line standard plus a possibly unknown

reflect standard. The calibration range is limited. Like TNA and TRM, TRL is especially
useful for DUTs in planar line technology.

TRM: 

A calibration type using a through and a match standard plus a possibly unknown

reflect standard. Like TRL and TNA, TRM is especially useful for DUTs in planar line
technology.

W

Window: 

Rectangular portion of the screen showing all diagram areas of a particular

setup. Windows are limited by a blue frame with several icons. The analyzer uses stand-
ard windows provided by the operating system.

Содержание ZVA110

Страница 1: ...R S ZVA Vector Network Analyzers Quick Start Guide Quick Start Guide èÌ 1145 1090 62 10 Test Measurement ...

Страница 2: ...guide 1312 6808 62 is available for these instruments R S ZVA110 order no 1312 7004 03 04 An additional quick start guide 1314 4502 62 is available for these instruments 2010 Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG Muehldorfstr 15 81671 Munich Germany Phone 49 89 41 29 0 Fax 49 89 41 29 12 164 E mail info rohde schwarz com Internet http www rohde schwarz com Printed in Germany Subject to change Data without tole...

Страница 3: ...e Analyzer 17 1 3 2 Setting up the Analyzer 18 1 3 3 Bench Top Operation 18 1 3 4 Operation in a 19 Rack 19 1 3 5 EMI Suppression 19 1 3 6 Connecting the Analyzer to the AC Supply 20 1 3 7 Power on and off 20 1 3 8 Standby and Ready State 21 1 3 9 Replacing Fuses 21 1 4 Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down 21 1 5 Connecting External Accessories 22 1 5 1 Connecting a Mouse 23 1 5 2 Connecting a ...

Страница 4: ...37 2 3 Basic Tasks 37 2 3 1 Control via Front Panel Keys 37 2 3 2 Data Entry 39 2 3 3 Scaling Diagrams 41 3 System Overview 45 3 1 Basic Concepts 45 3 1 1 Global Resources 45 3 1 2 Setups 46 3 1 3 Traces Channels and Diagram Areas 46 3 1 4 Data Flow 48 3 2 Screen Elements 50 3 2 1 Navigation Tools of the Screen 50 3 2 2 Display Elements in the Diagram Area 54 3 2 3 Dialogs 62 3 2 4 Display Formats...

Страница 5: ... 92 3 5 3 Scalar Mixer and Harmonics R S ZVA K4 92 3 5 4 Mixer Phase Measurement R S ZVA K5 92 3 5 5 True Differential Mode R S ZVA K6 93 3 5 6 Measurements on Pulsed Signals R S ZVA K7 93 3 5 7 Converter Control R S ZVA K8 93 3 5 8 Mixer Delay w o LO Access R S ZVA K9 94 3 5 9 Long Distance Mixer Delay R S ZVA K10 94 3 5 10 Internal Pulse Generators R S ZVA K27 94 3 5 11 Noise Figure Measurement ...

Страница 6: ......

Страница 7: ...s at the beginning of this manual Chapter 2 of this manual provides an introduction to the operation of the analyzer by means of typical configuration and measurement examples for a description of the oper ating concept and an overview of the instrument s capabilities refer to chapter 3 System Overview on page 45 For all reference information concerning manual and remote control of the instrument ...

Страница 8: ...s in the Diagram Area on page 54 to obtain information about the results in the diagram area Refer to section Display Menu in the help system and learn how to customize the screen Refer to the data sheet for the technical specifications of the display Screen saver The screen saver function of the operating system switches off the display if the analyzer receives no command for more than 8 minutes ...

Страница 9: ...nes limits for measured values and activates the limit check TRACE FUNCT ions store traces to the memory and perform mathematical opera tions on traces MARKER positions markers on a trace configures their properties and selects the format of the numerical readout SEARCH uses markers to locate specific points on the trace MARKER FUNCT ions define the sweep range scale the diagram and introduce an e...

Страница 10: ... assistance UNDO reverses the previous operation INFO calls up a table providing information about the current setup HELP calls up the on line help system A second group of keys uncolored is used to navigate within the graphical user interface MENU sets the cursor to the first item File in the menu bar of the active application network analyzer or help system if no dialog is open In the network an...

Страница 11: ...ting the entries made equivalent to the Close button Close the Help CANCEL ESC is equivalent to the CANCEL ESC key in the DATA ENTRY keypad 1 1 4 Data Entry Keys The keys in the DATA ENTRY keypad are used to enter numbers units and characters The data entry keys are only enabled while the cursor is placed on a data input field in a dialog or in the Help navigation pane The keys 0 to 9 enter the co...

Страница 12: ...f the current physical param eter between two consecutive values if the rotary knob is turned to increase or decrease numeric values See chapter 3 2 3 3 Step Size on page 64 1 1 6 Standby Key The standby toggle switch is located in the bottom left corner of the front panel The key serves two main purposes Toggle between standby and ready state Shut down the instrument 1 1 7 Front Panel Connectors ...

Страница 13: ...connector is used as a receive port It is recommended to use a torque wrench when screwing RF cables on the test port connectors Standard IEEE 287 specifies a torque of 1 5 0 2 Nm for N connectors 0 9 0 1 Nm for the microwave connector types 1 1 7 2 USB Connector Double Universal Serial Bus connector of type A master USB used to connect e g a keyboard mouse or other pointing devices the Calibratio...

Страница 14: ...should be closed using a jumper The SOURCE OUT signal comes from the internal RF signal source The SOURCE IN signal goes to the test port A power amplifier can be inserted between SOURCE OUT and SOURCE IN in order to boost the test port power The REF OUT signal comes from the coupler and provides the reference signal The REF IN signal goes to the receiver input for the reference signal The MEAS OU...

Страница 15: ...ide R S ZVA ZxxxE stock no 1307 7197 62 Contact your R S service representative if you wish to obtain and install one of the additional hardware options 1 2 Rear Panel Tour This section gives an overview of the rear panel controls and connectors of the network analyzer Fig 1 2 R S ZVA rear view The rear connectors are described in detail in the annex Hardware Interfaces in the help system The PORT...

Страница 16: ...ctors USER CONTROL is a D sub connector used as an input and output for low voltage 3 3 V TTL control signals EXT TRIGGER is an input for a low voltage 3 3 V TTL external trigger signal Input levels EMC The maximum input levels and voltages of the input connectors at the front and rear panel must not be exceeded The EXT TRIGGER input connector and pin 2 of the USER CONTROL connector must never be ...

Страница 17: ...ther devices in the test setup 1 3 1 Unpacking and Checking the Analyzer To remove the instrument from its packaging and check the equipment for completeness proceed as follows 1 Pull off the polyethylene protection pads from the instrument s rear feet and then carefully remove the pads from the instrument handles at the front 2 Pull off the corrugated cardboard cover that protects the rear of the...

Страница 18: ...nt and connect yourself to the GND connector at the front panel 1 3 3 Bench Top Operation If the analyzer is operated on a bench top the surface should be flat The instrument can be used in horizontal position standing on its feet or with the support feet on the bottom extended Danger of injury The feet may fold in if they are not folded out completely or if the instrument is shifted The feet may ...

Страница 19: ... rack casing 1 3 5 EMI Suppression To suppress generated Electromagnetic Interference EMI operate the instrument only while it is closed with all shielding covers fitted Note the EMC classification in the data sheet Use appropriate shielded cables to ensure successful control of electromagnetic radiation during operation especially for the following connector types BNC rear panel connectors 10 MHz...

Страница 20: ...r panel Connect the network analyzer to the AC power source using the AC power cable delivered with the instrument The maximum power consumption of the analyzer is 450 W The typical power con sumption is listed in the Specifications The network analyzer is protected by two fuses as specified on the label on the power supply The fuses are located on an AC Fuse Board order no 1145 3906 02 which must...

Страница 21: ...up procedure Shock hazard The instrument is still power supplied while it is in standby mode 1 3 9 Replacing Fuses The DC inputs PORT BIAS at the rear panel are each protected by a fuse IEC 127 F 250 L 250 mA quick acting To replace the fuses open the fuse holder by slightly turning the lid counterclockwise Replacement fuses are provided with the instrument 1 4 Starting the Analyzer and Shutting D...

Страница 22: ...h a minimized window on a continuing basis right click the NWA shortcut icon on the desktop and open the Prop erties dialog In the Shortcut tab select Run Minimized After a software update the NWA application is started with a maximized window again Moreover if a second NWA application is started after a first minimized application this will cause the first application to come to the foreground 1 ...

Страница 23: ...r disconnect the external keyboard during the measurement Keyboard configuration Use the Start Control Panel Keyboard or Regional and Language Options dialog of Windows XP to configure the keyboard properties To access Windows XP press the Windows key on the external keyboard or on the front panel Operating the analyzer does not require a keyboard You can access all essential func tions using the ...

Страница 24: ...analyzer Safety aspects The monitor must be connected while the instrument is switched off or in standby mode Otherwise correct operation can not be guaranteed The monitor displays the magnified analyzer screen with all diagram areas measurement results and control elements No extra configuration is required With an additional mouse or keyboard connected to the analyzer you can control the measure...

Страница 25: ... two alternative ways As a client participating in two independent networks one comprising the home net work including the analyzer the second consisting of the additional test instrument plus the analyzer As a data router between the additional test instrument and the home network This configuration means that the analyzer and the additional test instrument are integra ted into a single network T...

Страница 26: ... connect remotely to this computer 3 Assign an IP address to the analyzer following the directions below and connect the analyzer to the network as described in Connecting a LAN Cable 4 Create a Remote Desktop Connection using the analyzer s IP address Password protection The analyzer uses a user name and password as credentials for remote access In the factory configuration instrument is preset f...

Страница 27: ...ntact your network administrator to obtain a valid IP address because connection errors can affect the entire network To disable dynamic TCP IP configuration and enter the TCP IP address information manually proceed as follows Obtain the IP address and subnet mask for the analyzer and the IP address for the local default gateway from your network administrator If needed also obtain the name of you...

Страница 28: ... and the connection refer to the Win dows XP Help 1 7 Windows XP The analyzer is equipped with a Windows XP operating system which has been con figured according to the instrument s features and needs Changes in the system con figuration can be necessary in order to Establish a LAN connection Customize the properties of the external accessories connected to the analyzer Call up additional software...

Страница 29: ... Double click the setup file or use the front panel keys to select and start the setup file see chapter 2 3 2 1 Using Front Panel Keys on page 39 and follow the instructions of the setup wizard Setup files can be stored and installed again The default drive name of the internal hard disk is C External storage devices are automatically mapped to the next free drive i e D E etc Factory calibration A...

Страница 30: ...d way The wizard provides a series of dialogs where you can select the test setup screen configuration and measurement parameters con figure the essential channel settings and perform a guided calibration Measurement stages in the wizard The different dialogs of the S parameter wizard correspond to the typical stages of any measurement 1 Select the test setup 2 Select the measurement parameters an...

Страница 31: ...ch for simplicity we assume to have an appropriate connector e g a male N 50 Ω connector to one of the equivalent analyzer test ports Besides it is recommended to preset the instrument in order to set it to a definite known state 1 Proceed as described in chapter 1 4 Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down on page 21 to switch on the instrument and start the NWA application 2 Connect the input por...

Страница 32: ... the lowest frequency you want to measure in the Start Frequency numeric entry bar e g 5 GHz Note If you use the DATA ENTRY keys at the front panel for data entry simply type 5 and terminate the entry with the G n key Refer to section Data Entry to learn more about entering numeric values and characters 2 Press STOP SPAN and enter the highest frequency you want to measure in the Stop Frequency num...

Страница 33: ... ZV Z21 contains an appropriate male short standard with known physical properties With a single short standard it is possible to perform a normalization compensating for a frequency dependent attenua tion and phase shift in the signal path Due to the analyzer s calibration wizard calibration is a straightforward menu guided process 1 Unscrew the DUT and connect the male short standard from calibr...

Страница 34: ...Next The next dialog of the calibration wizard shows that only a single calibration standard needs to be measured 5 Click the box Short m to initiate the measurement of the connected short stand ard The analyzer performs a calibration sweep and displays a message box with a pro gress bar After completing the sweep the analyzer generates a short sound and a green checkmark appears in the checkbox P...

Страница 35: ...ult position center of the sweep range A marker symbol triangle appears on the trace The stimulus value frequency and response value magnitude of the reflection coefficient converted to a dB value at the marker position is displayed in the marker info field in the upper right corner of the diagram 2 Press MARKER FUNCT and activate Min Search The marker jumps to the absolute minimum of the curve in...

Страница 36: ...ater session or in an external application Data transfer is made easier if external accessories are connected to the analyzer or if the instrument is integrated into a LAN Refer to Connecting External Accessories and chapter 1 6 Remote Operation in a LAN on page 26 to obtain information about the necessary steps 1 Press TRACE FUNCT and activate Import Export Data Export 2 In the Export Data dialog...

Страница 37: ...lection S parameters The S parameter wizard System Measurement Wizard S parameter wizard will guide you through the essential steps of a standard transmission measurement 2 3 Basic Tasks The following sections describe how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently encoun ter when working with the instrument In particular you can learn how to access instrument functions and control dialogs with...

Страница 38: ...the current submenu and moves the cursor one menu level up or closes the active dialog depending on the selected softkey type 3 As soon as you reach the desired menu command which must not be one opening a submenu press OK ENTER or press the rotary knob to initiate an action or open a dialog After command execution or after closing the dialog the menu bar is deactivated and the cursor returns to t...

Страница 39: ...ith various types of input fields where you can enter numeric values and character data Data entry with a mouse and an external keyboard is a standard procedure known from other Windows applications However there are various alternative ways to enter data 2 3 2 1 Using Front Panel Keys If no mouse and no external keyboard is connected to the analyzer you can use the keys in the DATA ENTRY keypad t...

Страница 40: ...d letter appears in the character input field If the active input field has a symbol then use the analyzer s on screen key board Otherwise use a mouse and Windows XP s on screen keyboard 2 3 2 2 Using the Analyzer s On Screen Keyboard The on screen keyboard allows you to enter characters in particular letters without an external keyboard It is available for all character input fields which have a ...

Страница 41: ...xe icon on the desktop The System External Tools submenu contains a shortcut to Windows XP s on screen keyboard Simply click Mouse Keyboard lnk to open the keyboard 2 3 3 Scaling Diagrams The analyzer provides several alternative tools for setting the sweep range and custom izing the diagrams Pick the method that is most convenient for you 2 3 3 1 Setting the Sweep Range The sweep range for all ch...

Страница 42: ...menu Select the parameters from the Trace Scale menu Use the marker functions MARKER FUNCT key 2 3 3 3 Autoscale The Autoscale function adjusts the scale divisions and the reference value so that the entire trace fits into the diagram area To access Autoscale use one of the following methods Press the SCALE key in the TRACE keypad Right click the scale section in the trace list and select Autoscal...

Страница 43: ...ouse makes it easier to activate click or move drag and drop markers To set the sweep range use one of the following methods Define Start and Stop values 1 Create two normal markers e g the markers Mkr 1 and Mkr 2 and place them to the desired start and stop values of the sweep range 2 Activate M 1 and click Trace Marker Funct Start Marker 3 Activate M 2 and click Trace Marker Funct Stop Marker Us...

Страница 44: ...move the trace towards the lower diagram edge or click Ref Value Marker to move the trace towards the Reference Value 2 3 3 6 Enlarging the Diagram Area The analyzer provides different tools for customizing the contents and size of the diagram areas Maximize allows you to enlarge the active diagram area to occupy the whole win dow A double click on any point in the diagram area is equivalent to th...

Страница 45: ...f functions to perform a particular measurement and to customize and optimize the evaluation of results To ensure that the instrument resources are easily accessible and that user defined configurations can be conveniently imple mented stored and reused the instrument uses a hierarchy of structures Global resources can be used for all measurements irrespective of the current mea surement session o...

Страница 46: ...easurement scenarios You can modify the demo setups and store them to a zvx file for later use Moreover the S Parameter Wizard provides predefined optimized setup s for many measurements 3 1 3 Traces Channels and Diagram Areas The analyzer arranges displays or stores the measured data in traces which are assigned to channels and displayed in diagram areas To understand the menu structure of the in...

Страница 47: ...Each trace is assigned to a channel The channel settings apply to all traces assigned to the channel If a trace is selected in order to apply the trace settings it becomes the active trace In manual control there is always exactly one active trace irrespective of the number of channels and traces defined The active channel contains the active trace In remote control each channel contains an active...

Страница 48: ...ll analyzer settings can still be changed during sweep initialization If necessary the analyzer terminates the current initialization and starts a new preparation period During the first sweep after a change of the channel settings an additional red asterisk symbol appears in the status bar 3 1 4 Data Flow The analyzer processes the raw measurement data in a sequence of stages in order to obtain t...

Страница 49: ...System Overview R S ZVA 49 Quick Start Guide 1145 1090 62 10 Basic Concepts ...

Страница 50: ... provides all control elements for the measurements and contains the diagram areas for the results There are several alternative ways to access an instrument function Using the menus and submenus of the menu bar provides all settings Using the softkeys of the softkey bar alternative to the previous method Using the hardkey bar preselection of the most important menus For further reference Refer to...

Страница 51: ...rd Windows functions to control windows The File menu provides standard Windows functions to create save recall or print setups to copy the current screen and to shut down the application The Trace menu provides all trace settings and the functions to create select modify and store different traces In addition the menu provides the marker search and limit check functions The Channel menu provides ...

Страница 52: ...with no arrow or dots directly initiates an action Example S21 selects the forward transmission coefficient S21 as measured quan tity A dot preceding the menu command indicates the current selection in a list of alter native settings Example In the figure above S21 is selected as measured quantity 3 2 1 3 Softkey Bar The softkey bar displays the commands of the active menu so that they can be acti...

Страница 53: ...e and More 2 2 toggle between two groups of softkeys which belong to the same menu The softkeys are provided whenever the active menu contains more than 7 commands Menu Up activates the higher level menu and is provided in all menus except the top level one listing the main menus in the menu bar The softkey bar is automatically updated when the active menu is changed You can hide the softkey bar a...

Страница 54: ...key bar The hardkey bar is hidden by default to gain screen space for the diagram areas 3 2 1 5 Status Bar The status bar Display Config View shows the statistics for the sweep average if sweep average is on the progress of the sweep the LXI status and the control mode of the analyzer LOCAL or REMOTE A green LXI status symbol indicates that a LAN connection has been established a red symbol indica...

Страница 55: ...nu arrange several windows containing one or more diagram areas within the entire screen Each window corresponds to a setup Only one setup can be active at a time and only the traces of the active setup are updated by the current measurements Various settings to assign traces to diagram areas are provided in the Trace Traces submenu Diagram areas may contain Measurement results in particular the t...

Страница 56: ... following display elements plotted with the same color Reference value for all traces The reference value is indicated with a triangle at the right edge of the diagram and a dashed horizontal line The value and position of the triangle can be changed in order to modify the diagram scale and shift the trace ver tically Measured quantity for the active trace The measured quantity is indicated in th...

Страница 57: ...ace List and Trace Settings The main properties of all traces assigned to the diagram area are displayed in the trace list in the upper left corner Each line in the trace list describes a single trace The active trace is highlighted The lines are divided into several sections with the following contents from left to right The trace name appears in the first section The default names for new traces...

Страница 58: ...sured quantity and the format and scale section of the trace list opens the following context menus respectively The settings correspond to the most common commands in the Trace Trace Select Trace Trace Funct Trace Meas Trace Format and Trace Scale menus A red label Cal Off appears behind the trace list if the system error correction no longer applies to one or more traces 3 2 2 3 Markers Markers ...

Страница 59: ... marker does not show interpolated measurement values The markers 1 to 4 are also used for bandfilter search mode The examples below show a bandpass search and a bandstop search respectively Mkr 1 indicates the maximum minimum of the peak Mkr 2 and Mkr 3 indicate the lower and upper band edge where the trace value has decreased increased by a definite Level value Mkr 4 indicates the center of the ...

Страница 60: ...og with extended settings for all markers of the active trace Select the options in the Show Info panel to customize the information in the info field Active Trace Only Stimulus Info Off Right click the info field to open a context menu providing frequently used marker settings To change the position of the marker info field select Movable Marker Info from the context menu Drag and drop the info f...

Страница 61: ... section The default names for new channels are Ch n where n is a current number Right click the section and call the Channel Manager from the context menu to change the channel name The measurement mode identifier section optional indicates a special test mode of the channel e g the measurement of a 2nd harmonic H2 a 3rd harmonic H3 or the mixer mode Mix Start indicates the lowest value of the sw...

Страница 62: ... section and channel section Channel list separate context menus for channel name section sweep range sec tion additional parameter section Working with context menus requires a mouse Click inside the display element that you want to work with using the right mouse button Except from some particular screen configurations anything you can do from a context menu you can also do from the menu bar or ...

Страница 63: ...ent when a numeric value is incremented or decremented e g via the rotary knob In most dialogs however it is possible to cancel an erroneous input before it takes effect The settings in such dialogs must be confirmed explicitly The two types of dialogs are easy to distinguish Dialogs with immediate settings provide a Close button but no OK button Exam ple Step Size dialog Dialogs with confirmed se...

Страница 64: ...s on page 63 Cancel discards the current selection and closes the keyboard The input field of the calling dialog is left unchanged The on screen keyboard allows you to enter characters in particular letters without an external keyboard To enter numbers and units you can also use the DATA ENTRY keys on the front panel of the instrument 3 2 3 3 Step Size A step symbol next to a numeric input field o...

Страница 65: ...a single numeric entry is activated In contrast to dialogs it does not hide any of the display ele ments in the diagram area The numeric entry bar contains the name of the calling function a numeric input field including the Cursor Up Down buttons for data variation and a step symbol and a Close button Besides it is closed automatically as soon as an active display element in the diagram area is c...

Страница 66: ...ter 3 2 4 6 Measured Quantities and Display Formats on page 73 3 2 4 1 Cartesian Diagrams Cartesian diagrams are rectangular diagrams used to display a scalar quantity as a func tion of the stimulus variable frequency power time The stimulus variable appears on the horizontal axis x axis scaled linearly sweep types Lin Frequency Power Time CW Mode or logarithmically sweep type Log Frequency The me...

Страница 67: ...of z Re z x Imag Imaginary part of z Im z y SWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio SWR 1 z 1 z Delay Group delay neg derivative of the phase response d φ z dΩ Ω 2π f An extended range of formats and conversion formulas is available for markers To con vert any point on a trace create a marker and select the appropriate marker format Marker and trace formats can be selected independently 3 2 4 3 Polar Diag...

Страница 68: ...ircuit Z infinity I 0 is one its phase is zero The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of a short circuit Z 0 U 0 is one its phase is 180 deg 3 2 4 4 Smith Chart The Smith chart is a circular diagram that maps the complex reflection coefficients Sii to normalized impedance values In contrast to the polar diagram the scaling of the diagram is not linear The grid lines correspond to points of co...

Страница 69: ...e is mapped into a unit circle The basic properties of the Smith chart follow from this construction The central horizontal axis corresponds to zero reactance real impedance The center of the diagram represents Z Z0 1 which is the reference impedance of the system zero reflection At the left and right intersection points between the horizontal axis and the outer circle the impedance is zero short ...

Страница 70: ... X According to the two equations above the graphical representation in a Smith chart has the following properties Real reflection coefficients are mapped to real impedances resistances The center of the Γ plane Γ 0 is mapped to the reference impedance Z0 whereas the circle with Γ 1 is mapped to the imaginary axis of the Z plane The circles for the points of equal resistance are centered on the re...

Страница 71: ...alue the complex admittance Y G j B and the equivalent inductance L A comparison of the inverted Smith chart with the Smith chart and the polar diagram reveals many similarities between the different representations In fact the shape of a trace does not change at all if the display format is switched from Polar to Inverted Smith or Smith the analyzer simply replaces the underlying grid and the def...

Страница 72: ...s see also definition of matched circuit converted admittances Y Y0 1 Γ 1 Γ From this equation it is easy to relate the real and imaginary components of the complex admittance to the real and imaginary parts of Γ 2 2 2 2 0 Im Re 1 Im Re 1 Re Y Y G Im Re 1 Im 2 Im 2 2 0 Y Y B According to the two equations above the graphical representation in an inverted Smith chart has the following properties Re...

Страница 73: ...iagrams with linear vertical axis scale or in a polar diagram The real Stability Factors DC Inputs and the PAE is generally displayed in a linear Cartesian diagram Lin Mag or Real In complex formats real numbers represent complex numbers with zero imaginary part The following table gives an overview of recommended display formats Complex dimensionless quan tities S parameters and ratios Complex qu...

Страница 74: ...arameters but does not necessarily show the complete signal flow In fact if the source and load ports are not ideally matched part of the transmitted waves are reflected off the receiver ports so that an additional a2 contribution occurs in forward measurements an a1 contribution occurs in reverse meas urements The 7 term calibration types Txx take these additional contributions into account The s...

Страница 75: ...t the output b1 2 Reflected power at the input of a two port b2 2 Reflected power at the output 10 log S11 2 20 log S11 Reflection loss at the input 10 log S22 2 Reflection loss at the output 10 log S21 2 Insertion loss at the input 10 log S12 2 Insertion loss at the output 3 3 1 1 Multiport S Parameters The multiport S parameters extend the standard 2 port S parameters to a larger number of incom...

Страница 76: ...meter to determine the corresponding converted impedance As a result converted Z parameters cannot completely describe general n port DUTs A reflection parameter Zii completely describes a one port DUT For n port DUTs n 1 the reflection parameters Zii describe the input impedances at ports I I 1 to n under the condition that each of the other ports is terminated with its reference impedance matche...

Страница 77: ...ncluding the transfer impedances i e the complete nxn Z matrix for an n port DUT This means that Z parameters can be used as an alternative to S parameters or Y parameters in order to completely characterize a linear n port network 3 3 2 3 2 Port Z Parameters In analogy to S parameters Z parameters are expressed as Z out in where out and in denote the output and input port numbers of the DUT The Z...

Страница 78: ...e parameters describe the input admittances of a DUT with fully matched outputs The converted admittances are the inverse of the converted impedan ces The analyzer converts a single measured S parameter to determine the corresponding converted admittance As a result converted Y parameters cannot completely describe general n port DUTs A reflection parameter Yii completely describes a one port DUT ...

Страница 79: ... 2 7 2 Port Y Parameters In analogy to S parameters Y parameters are expressed as Y out in where out and in denote the output and input port numbers of the DUT In analogy to Z parameters the Y parameters for a two port are based on a circuit model that can be expressed with two linear equations 2 22 1 21 2 2 12 1 11 1 V Y V Y I V Y V Y I Meaning of Y parameters The four 2 port Y parameters can be ...

Страница 80: ...ential Mode the analyzer can also determine bal anced wave quantities and ratios 3 3 2 9 Wave Quantities A wave quantity measurement provides the power of any of the transmitted or received waves The power can be displayed in voltage units e g V or dBmV or equivalent power units e g W or dBm Examples for using wave quantities The wave quantities provide the power at the different receive ports of ...

Страница 81: ...he test setup or some of its components e g active components or non reciprocal devices do not allow a system error correction so that a complete S parameter mea surement is not possible The test setup contains frequency converting components so that the transmitted and the received waves are at different frequencies A ratio of two arbitrary waves that is not an element of the S matrix e g a ratio...

Страница 82: ...oth the simulated balanced mode and the true differential mode To perform balanced measurements a pair of physical analyzer ports is combined to form a logical port The balanced port of the DUT is directly connected to the analyzer ports Unbalance balance conversion avoids the disadvantages of real transformers There is no need to fabricate test fixtures with integrated baluns for each type of DUT...

Страница 83: ... Balanced port Log NWA port Bal port Differential mode Zref Z0d Common mode Zref Z0c Balanced port Log NWA port A balanced port configuration is defined by simply selecting the pairs of physical ports that are combined to form balanced ports and defining the two reference impedances for the differential and common mode at each balanced port All this is done in a single dialog refer to the help sys...

Страница 84: ... reverse transmission coefficient defined as the ratio of the wave quantities b1 mode mout reverse measurement with matched input b1 in the figure above and a1 0 to a2 mode min S mout min 22 is the mixed mode output reflection coefficient defined as the ratio of the wave quantities b2 mode mout reverse measurement with matched input b2 in the figure above and a1 0 to a2 mode min measured at PORT 2...

Страница 85: ... In some calibration procedures TRL TNA TRM part of the characteristics of the standards can be auto determined due to implicit redun dancy self calibration 2 The analyzer compares the measurement data of the standards with their known ideal response The difference is used to calculate the system errors using a particular error model calibration type and derive a set of system error correction dat...

Страница 86: ... error correction has been switched off deliberately Correction Off The analyzer provides other labels to indicate the status of the current calibration refer to the Help system for details 3 4 1 Calibration Standards and Calibration Kits A calibration kit is a set of physical calibration standards for a particular connector type The magnitude and phase response of the calibration standards i e th...

Страница 87: ...Through S12 S21 or S13 Transmission track ing Medium Transmission meas urements in any direction and between any combi nation of ports Full One Port Open Short Match1 S11 or S22 Reflection tracking Source match Directivity High Reflection measure ments on any port One Path Two Port Open Short Match1 at source port Through2 S11 S21 or S22 Reflection tracking Source match Directivity Transmission tr...

Страница 88: ...circuits 1 Or any other 3 known one port standards To be used in a guided calibration the known standards must be declared to be open short and match irrespective of their properties 2 Or any other known two port standard See remark above The calibration type must be selected in accordance with the test setup Select the cali bration type for which you can obtain or design the most accurate standar...

Страница 89: ...the analyzer can calculate the error terms and apply the calibration without any further input Advantages of automatic calibration Automatic calibration is generally faster and more secure than manual calibration because Advantages of automatic calibration Automatic calibration is generally faster and more secure than manual calibration because There is no need to connect several standards manuall...

Страница 90: ...nce plane and the DUT The analyzer can also auto determine length and loss parameters assuming that the actual values should minimize the group delay and loss across the sweep range 3 5 Optional R S ZVA Extensions The network analyzer can be upgraded with a number of hardware and software options providing enhanced flexibility and an extended measurement functionality The available options are lis...

Страница 91: ...B16 Direct Generator Receiver Access Give direct access to various RF input and output signals e g to insert external components into the signal path or develop custom measurements see Front Panel Jumpers R S ZVA frequency Bxxx Receiver Step Attenuators Control the received power e g to avoid damage to the analyzer see Step Attenuators R S ZVB8 B21 22 23 Generator Step Attenuators Control the sour...

Страница 92: ...tionality Configuration of the RF and LO signals and measurement of the generated IF signal Power calibration of the signal sources and of the IF receiver The mixer mode can be used also to test important performance parameters of RF mixers such as frequency ranges conversion loss compression and isolation Harmonics are signals at an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency The funda mental i...

Страница 93: ... source signals with defined phase and amplitude relation 3 5 6 Measurements on Pulsed Signals R S ZVA K7 Measurements on pulsed RF signals are required in many areas of RF and microwave technology Pulsed signals are used in mobile phone applications and radar systems and amplifiers are typically designed for pulsed rather than continuous wave CW con ditions The analyzer performs pulsed measuremen...

Страница 94: ...using a calibration mixer 3 5 9 Long Distance Mixer Delay R S ZVA K10 The mixer delay measurement can be performed with two different R S ZVA or R S ZVT network analyzers one providing the source ports the other the receive port The two instruments can communicate with each other via LAN using LXI event messages This can be advantageous e g for measurements on DUTs with large dimensions where the ...

Страница 95: ...5 1090 62 10 The test setup is as simple as for a basic transmission measurement The DUT must be connected only once Moreover it is possible to perform S parameter measure ments in parallel to the noise figure measurement Optional R S ZVA Extensions ...

Страница 96: ...channel that has been selected as the active trace CALCulate Ch PARameter SELect trace name Many com mands e g TRACE act on the active trace It can be different from the active trace in manual control C Calibration The process of removing systematic errors from the measurement system error correction See also TOSM TOM TRM TRL TNA Calibration kit Set of physical calibration standards for a particul...

Страница 97: ...ent data and updated after each sweep dynamic trace Diagram area Rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces Diagram areas are arranged in windows they are independent of trace and channel settings Directivity error Measurement error caused by a coupler or bridge in the analyzer s source port causing part of the generated signal to leak through the forward path into the receive path i...

Страница 98: ...and lower tone frequencies and their integer multiples Intermodulation suppression The ratio of the power of an intermoulation product to the power of the lower tone fundamental wave Isolation error Measurement error caused by a crosstalk between the source and receive port of the analyzer L Limit check Comparison of the measurement results with the limit lines and display of a pass fail indicatio...

Страница 99: ...epending on the measurement type several partial measurements may be needed to obtain a measurement point A full n port S parameter measurement requires n partial measurements with n different drive ports Peak Local maximum or local minimum dip on the trace In the Trace Search menu it is possible to define a minimum excursion that both types of peaks must have to be considered valid Power calibrat...

Страница 100: ...ue of the sweep variable stimulus value frequency power time where a measurement is taken Sweep range Continuous range of the sweep variable frequency power time contain ing the sweep points where the analyzer takes measurements In a Segmented Fre quency sweep the sweep range can be composed of several parameter ranges or single points Sweep segment Continuous frequency range or single frequency p...

Страница 101: ...he ratio of the trans mitted wave to the reference wave at a test port when an ideal transmission coefficient 1 is measured The transmission tracking error can be corrected by means of a trans mission normalization or one of the more sophisticated calibration methods TRL A calibration type using a through and a line standard plus a possibly unknown reflect standard The calibration range is limited...

Страница 102: ...splay formats 65 E Electrostatic discharge ESD 13 EMI Suppression 19 Evaluation of data 35 EXT TRIGGER 15 F Factory calibration 29 Firmware update 29 Front panel 7 Front panel keys 37 Fuses 21 G Getting Started 30 Global resource 45 Ground connector 13 H Hardkey bar 54 I IEC Bus 15 Impedance 76 Instrument calibration 33 Instrument Setup 18 31 Internal pulse generators R S ZVA K27 94 Inverted Smith...

Страница 103: ...OUT 14 Remote desktop 28 Removable Hard Disk 14 Rotary knob 12 S S parameter 74 multiport 75 S parameter wizard 30 Saving data 36 Scalar mixer and harmonics R S ZVA K4 92 Scaling diagrams 41 Screen elements 50 Screen saver 8 Setup 46 Setup keys 9 Single ended mode 82 83 Smith chart 68 Softkey bar 52 SOURCE OUT 14 Source power calibration 90 Standby and ready state 21 Standby key 12 Startup and shu...

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