Philips Electromagnetic Lamp Скачать руководство пользователя страница 4 | Manualshive

Страница: 4 / 48

background image

The most important value for stabilisation is the ballast impedance. It
is expressed as voltage/current ratio in ohm (

Ω

) and defined for a

certain mains voltage, mains frequency and calibration current (normally
the nominal lamp current).

Chokes can be used for virtually all discharge lamps, provided that
one condition is fulfilled: the mains voltage should be about twice the
arc voltage of the lamp. If the mains voltage is too low, another type
of circuit should be used, like the autoleak or constant-wattage circuits.

The advantages of a choke coil are:
- the wattage losses are low in comparison to those of a resistor,
- it is a simple circuit: the ballast is connected in series with the lamp.

Disadvantages of a choke coil are:
- the current in a lamp with choke circuit exhibits a phase shift with

respect to the applied voltage, the current lagging behind the voltage
(see also section 5.3.4: Power factor correction).

- a high starting current: in inductive circuits the starting current is

about 1.5 times the rated current.

- sensitivity to mains voltage fluctuations: variations in the mains

voltage cause variations in the current through the lamp.

Ballast specification and marking

There are two ways of selecting the right ballast for a certain lamp
and/or to compare various ballasts:
1) the ballast marking,
2) the manufacturer’s documentation.
As all ballasts have to comply with the norm IEC 920/921 some data
has to be marked on the ballast and other data can be mentioned in
the documentation.

On the ballast can be found:
- marks of origin, such as the manufacturer’s name or trade mark,

model or reference number, country of origin, production date code,

- rated supply voltage and frequency, nominal ballast current(s),
- type(s) of lamp with rated wattage,
- type(s) of ignitor with wiring diagram and peak voltage if this

exceeds 1500 V,

- t

w

and

∆

t (see section 5.1.6),

- max. cross-section of mains or lamp cable; e.g. 4

means 4 mm2,

- symbols of the officially recognised certification institutes, such as

VDE, SEMKO, SEV, KEMA, if applicable; CE marking for safety,

- in case of an independent ballast: the symbol

; an independent

ballast is a ballast which is intended to be mounted separately outside
a luminaire and without any additional enclosure,

- a symbol like

top if there are mounting restrictions,

- F-marking

if the ballast fulfils the IEC F-requirements; that means

it is suitable to be mounted directly on normally flammable surfaces,

- TS, P-marking

or

if the ballast is thermally protected

(* = thermo-switch temperature in degrees Celsius),

- indication of terminals: L for single phase, N for neutral,

for

protective earth (PE),

for functional earth,

1 5

5

110

1.4 Types of ballasts

«
...
2
3
4
5
6
...
»

Содержание Electromagnetic Lamp

Страница 1: ... Ilamp αlamp where Ilamp the current through the lamp Vmains the mains voltage Vlamp the voltage across the lamp Zballast the impedance of the ballast Plamp the power of the lamp αlamp a constant called lamp factor From these formulae it can be concluded that the power of the lamp and therefore the light output is influenced by the lamp voltageVlamp which in turn is highly dependent on the operati...

Страница 2: ...p voltage as a consequence of the phase shift ensures proper re ignition of the lamp at the moment the current passes the point of reversal zero point A in figure Types of ballasts 1 Resistor ballasts Current limitation by means of resistor ballasts is a very uneconomic form of current limitation because in the resistor electrical energy is dissipated in the form of heat Nevertheless until the adv...

Страница 3: ...r of windings of copper wire on a laminated iron core It operates on the self inductance principle The impedance of such a ballast must be chosen in accordance with the mains supply voltage and frequency the lamp type and the voltage of the lamp to ensure that the lamp current is at the correct value In other words each type of lamp requires for each supply voltage its own choke as a ballast with ...

Страница 4: ...llast for a certain lamp and or to compare various ballasts 1 the ballast marking 2 the manufacturer s documentation As all ballasts have to comply with the norm IEC 920 921 some data has to be marked on the ballast and other data can be mentioned in the documentation On the ballast can be found marks of origin such as the manufacturer s name or trade mark model or reference number country of orig...

Страница 5: ...so chosen that below that temperature the life specified for the ballast is achieved A tw value of 130 ºC is usual nowadays with a coil insulating class F 150 ºC or class H 180 ºC Under standard conditions an average ballast life of ten years may be expected in the case of continuous operation at a coil temperature of tw ºC As a rule of thumb a 10 ºC temperature rise above the tw value will halve ...

Страница 6: ...irculation or cooling has to be applied The so called ambient temperature mentioned in this chapter is not the room or outside temperature but the temperature of the micro environment of the ballast Built into a luminaire or ballast box the air temperature around the ballast is higher than the outside ambient temperature This higher temperature has to be added to the coil temperature rise t to fin...

Страница 7: ...sts of one or two bimetallic electrodes enclosed in a glass container filled with noble gas The starter is connected parallel across the lamp in such a way that the preheat current can run through the lamp electrodes when the starter is closed Fig 106 At the moment of switching on the mains voltage the total mains voltage is across the open glow switch starter This results in a glow discharge star...

Страница 8: ...e five types of glow switch starters specified for a certain mains voltage and or lamp wattage S2 10 11 12 16 There are also resettable glow switch starters SiS2 Si S3 and SiS10 These starters switch off after a certaintime in case the lamps do not ignite and have to be reset manually by a push button Switching the mains supply does not reactivate a switched off resettable starter 5 114 Fig 106 Wo...

Страница 9: ... makes the electronic starter independent of mains voltage fluctuations In the Philips programme there are two types of electronic starters one in the canister of the glow switch starters two pin types S2 E and S10 E Perform version and one in a plastic housing four pin type ES08 Lifetime The lifetime of fluorescent lamp starters is expressed in the number of switches At present the glow switch st...

Страница 10: ...acitors is mentioned here The remaining system related components and subjects mentioned above will be described in the following sections Capacitors Two types of capacitors are possible in fluorescent lamp circuits One type is the parallel compensating capacitor for power factor improvement connected across the mains The second type is the series capacitor which also determines the lamp current S...

Страница 11: ...d that the value is not more than 20 per cent above specification Two general types of capacitors are currently in use the wet and the dry type Wet capacitors available today contain a non PCB oil and are equipped with internal interrupters to prevent can rupture and resultant oil leakage in the event of failure So a clearance of at least 15 mm above the terminals has to be provided to allow for e...

Страница 12: ... the capacitor connected parallel to the mains This filter coil as it is termed presents a reactance that increases with rising signal frequency The coil reactance is therefore chosen such as to balance out the reactance of the capacitor at 200 Hz the resonance frequency see Fig 108 For currents with a frequency of 50 Hz the circuit is predominantly capacitive which is necessary for power factor c...

Страница 13: ...ge across the filter coils is rather low approx 14 to 20V the filter coils have to be regarded as ballasts as they are directly connected to the mains They also cause some additional watt losses The amount of third and fifth harmonics in the mains current will rise in cases where the mains supply voltage is disturbed with third or fifth harmonics when applying a filter coil The total impedance for...

Страница 14: ... is less accurate than 1 In any case the energy supply authority has to deliver an apparent power ofVm Il to the system on which the distribution network must be based cabling transformers The energy meter only records the in phase componentVm Il cos ϕ so the supply authority does not get paid for the so called blind part Il sin ϕ Vm Fig 113 For this reason the supply authority demands compensatio...

Страница 15: ...ound and calculated by means of the vector diagram This is only valid for the fundamentals and does not take into account the harmonics The same analogy is valid for the lamp there is practically no phase shift between lamp voltage and lamp current both are zero at the same time So the phase angle α is zero and cos α 1 The product of lamp voltage and lamp current does not equal the lamp wattage th...

Страница 16: ... expensive than parallel capacitors the lamp power and so the light output from the capacitive branch is slightly higher than that from the inductive branch In some countries practically all multi lamp luminaires have built in duo circuits for each pair of lamps also called a dual lamp or lead lag circuit Mono compensation on the other hand is generally left to the installer although there are als...

Страница 17: ...e supply voltage This means that two lamps each with an arc voltage of no more than 65 volt can be connected in series via a common ballast to the 220 240V mains This restricts the maximum lamp length to 600 mm 2 ft or the lamp power to 18 20 W 26 or 38 mm diameter lamps only The series circuit can be compensated in the normal way by using a parallel or series capacitor 3 5 5 123 Fig 116 Voltage c...

Страница 18: ... lamp 3 see Fig 118 can pass via capacitor C1 to phase L3 So lamp 3 is energised by 400V and stabilised by a ballast with a capacitor in series This will surely destroy components A good neutral is essential Moreover when the neutral is interrupted and the loads on the phases are not completely balanced i e the same wattage then the voltage across the smallest load will increase and much more powe...

Страница 19: ...tive and capacitive circuits in the same installation In the capacitive circuit the impedance of the capacitor is twice the impedance of the inductive ballast So when an inductive and a capacitive circuit get in series the total impedance will be zero resulting in an unlimited current resonance This can happen in a delta network when one phase is interrupted Fig 120 or in a star network with commo...

Страница 20: ...s Fig 121 Resonance in a star network 1 One lamp inductive or compensated with electronic or glow switch starter TL TL D TL E TL U PL L PL T PL T S C 4 pins 2 Two lamps inductive or compensated with electronic or glow switch starter TL TL D PL L 3 One lamp inductive or compensated without starter PL S PL C PL T starter incorporated ...

Страница 21: ... four lamps with electronic or glow switch starter TL D PL L 4 Two lamps inductive or compensated without starter PL S PL C starter incorporated 5 One or two lamps inductive capacitive or compensated with electronic starter ES08 TL TL D The capacitor C must be of the X2 type 100 nF 250 V 6 Duo circuit two lamps with electronic or glow switch starter TL D TL E TL U PL L ...

Страница 22: ... lamp will extinguish As the fluorescent lamp re ignites in only a few seconds or even less these phenomena hardly give problems in practice see also section 4 1 14 Effects of mains voltage fluctuations Harmonic distortion All gas discharge lamps stabilised by copper iron ballasts have harmonics in the lamp current The first reason for this is that the lamp voltage the voltage across the discharge...

Страница 23: ...quencies so in practice only odd harmonics up to the seventh are of any importance for the lamp current Practical values in percentage of the fundamental for most inductively stabilised discharge lamps are fundamental 100 third harmonic 10 fifth harmonic 3 seventh harmonic 2 ninth and higher harmonics 1 or lower When the supply voltage contains harmonics these values can change somewhat but the ba...

Страница 24: ...onnecting filter coils in series with the capacitors But adding the filter coils will result in higher third and fifth harmonics because the total impedance for the combination of capacitor and filter coil is lower for these frequencies than the impedance of only the capacitor see Fig 108 in section 5 3 3 So a filter coil does not help to suppress third and fifth harmonics The presence of harmonic...

Страница 25: ...The supply cables can emit interference radiation when they are not buried in the ground or laid in earthed steel piping which is the best screening against interference However it sometimes happens that an interference signal reaches the receiver by way of its mains input The interference signal can consist of high frequency harmonics of the mains frequency or high amplitude pulses The former are...

Страница 26: ...urs at their marked voltage 250 or 450V and their maximum case temperature 85 or 100 ºC Higher voltages will shorten the capacitor life as follows Voltage 1 15 1 25 1 30 1 35 1 40 1 45 1 50 timesVmark Lifetime h 8500 4000 2900 2000 1500 1100 780 A failure rate of 5 per cent is then accepted and the capacitance loss must be less than 10 per cent for parallel and 5 per cent for series capacitors Tem...

Страница 27: ...nd the resulting ignition time can be found for the various circuits Below these specified temperatures smooth ignition cannot be guaranteed In the table below the ignition time of a PL L 24W lamp in sec is given as a function of lagging or leading circuitry nominal or sub nominal supply voltage type of starter and ambient temperature 3 12 5 133 Fig 127a Relative values of luminous flux Φ lamp vol...

Страница 28: ...low temperatures and should then be handled with care Maximum temperatures 1 Lamps For fluorescent lamps the temperature of the glass tube wall is of prime importance especially with regard to the applied phosphors It will be clear that the actual lamp temperature very much depends on the luminaire in which the lamps are placed Lamps must only be used in luminaires which are constructed for that p...

Страница 29: ... can rise considerably It is advisable to mount the starter on the coolest spot possible c Capacitors Capacitors have a maximum permissible temperature which is marked on the case and is usually 85 or 100 ºC Above this temperature they can break down or lose capacitance They hardly produce heat by themselves and must be placed away from the hot ballast Additional temperature measures are advisable...

Страница 30: ...tive way of removing the heat generated by the lamp and ballast Effects of mains voltage fluctuations The lamp voltage of a fluorescent lamp mainly depends on the lamp construction length and diameter and the gas filling It hardly changes as a consequence of voltage variations in the mains which means that fluctuations of the mains supply must be compensated for by the ballast An increasing mains ...

Страница 31: ... more suitable than stranded wire for the internal wiring in a luminaire Fig 132 Single core wire is however not suited for use in luminaires that are subjected to vibrations and shock The vibrations can be transmitted along the wire causing fixing screws to be loosened or the wire to fracture and break Here stranded wire must be used Being more flexible it is able to absorb vibrations harmlessly ...

Страница 32: ...itions of operation but also in the presence of a fault condition Not all sorts of insulation are suitable for use in luminaires For example simple PVC polyvinyl chloride insulation is only heat resistant up to 90 ºC It contains a softener which can vaporise making the insulation brittle and therefore prone to damage Moreover the evaporated softening agent attacks a number of plastics used in the ...

Страница 33: ...or applications e g shops the hum level caused by control gear should be as low as possible The electric current passing through the coil of a ballast causes a magnetic field which arranges the disorderly arranged elementary magnetic particles of the ballast iron So we find in the iron magnetostriction and magnetic poles The ordering of the elementary magnets causes a certain deformation of the ir...

Страница 34: ...edance of this Resistors are now rarely used for dimming purposes because they are inefficient and produce a lot of heat Variable transformers are appreciated because of their high power handling capacity but at the same time they are heavy and expensive In the case of fluorescent lamps operated on electromagnetic gear dimming is mostly achieved by the extra inductive coil in series or by the thyr...

Страница 35: ... dimmed The disadvantage of thyristor dimming where lamp circuits incorporating glow discharge starters are concerned is that the dimmed lamp will cause the starter to become conductive At what degree of dimming this will happen is difficult to predict but the result is that the starter will make repeated attempts to ignite the lamp This is the main reason why dimming of fluorescent lamps in a glo...

Страница 36: ...e circuit the lamp current will lag behind the supply voltage by approx 60º while in the capacitive circuit the current will be ahead of the voltage by approx 60º This means that the light output of a twin lamp duo circuit has two components mutually shifted by 120º The best solution for preventing the stroboscopic effect is spreading the lighting over the three phases of the supply Fig 136c where...

Страница 37: ...scent lamp is flashing 100 times per second Due to the lag of our eye viewing a scene illuminated with TL lamps gives the impression of a white and continuous light output At the dip of the light output the excitation of the fluorescent powders is with minimum energy At this point the light output is therefore not white the colour depending on the properties of the non saturated excitation of the ...

Страница 38: ...d that cameras be locked to mains frequency and the phase of the camera synchronisation be adjusted such that the camera signal output is maximum If mains lock is not possible in such an application the lens iris should be closed to the point where the colour fading just disappears Now the shutter speed is less full frame integration and the additional benefit is that the sensor smear effect is le...

Страница 39: ...n a peak current of 15 to 25 times the nominal current This surge current will depend on the lamp and ballast type and the number of lamps per circuit as well as of course on the resistance and impedance of the lamp and supply cables and the impedance of the mains supply network This latter part varies greatly in practice It is recommended that a surge current of 20 to 25 times the nominal current...

Страница 40: ...value It is effective after approx minimum 2 to 5 seconds for the smaller overload currents 2 The electromagnetic part being a magnet coil which is effective for the high overload currents and reacts within milliseconds see Fig 140 For lighting applications the less sensitive types of circuit breakers are advised such as the U K C or D types Taking the 10A MCB type C as a reference with a load ass...

Страница 41: ...ircuiting of the ballast As there is no current limit in this case the lamp current will rise immediately to an undefined high value in the inductive circuit If the current is not switched off by the mains fuse the lamp will normally become an open circuit because one of the lamp electrodes will melt In most cases this process is so quick that there will be no extra danger or damage In practice ho...

Страница 42: ...he circuit is not compensated so the mains current will rise Regular control of mains current and or power factor is advisable 5 Short circuiting of the series capacitor In fact there are no visible signs or critical effects when the series capacitor is short circuited The lamp circuit will function normally but only the power factor will change and will shift 3 Earth leakage There are two differe...

Страница 43: ...o earth there are devices of 300 mA and higher Fault finding When a lighting installation becomes inoperative a complex thorough trouble shooting procedure may prove overly time consuming In many cases a simple check of the power switches lamps and gear may provide the quickest response to the problem In some cases however it may be necessary to isolate the problem systematically and perform compl...

Страница 44: ...ing After the visual inspection and repair replace any defective component starting with the lamp and glow switch starter 3 Trouble shooting checklist When after following points 1 and 2 a failure still exists some tests will have to be carried out Fault I lamp shows bright flash and does not ignite again Possible cause no ballast incorrect ballast short circuited ballast capacitor across the lamp...

Страница 45: ...urs used 4 Electrical tests Voltage and current measurements present the possibility of exposure to hazardous voltages and should be performed only by qualified personnel To measure the correct effective values true RMS voltmeters have to be used Measurements with non true RMS meters can give up to 50 per cent lower values especially during measurements of the lamp voltage or other non sine wave v...

Страница 46: ...1 5 times the nominal lamp current Measurements of the lamp electrodes can be done at the 4 pin versions with a standard ohmmeter The resistance of the electrodes varies for the different lamp types but is less than 50 Ω when cooled down Measurements on the lamp in operation can only be done if the starter is not operative As the lamp voltage is not a sine wave and subject to the tolerances in the...

Страница 47: ...uctor this neutral wire must have the same cross section as the phase wires Use stranded wire in places that are subjected to vibrations or where the wire must be able to bend in use as in a spotlight Most ballasts starter and lampholders are equipped with either single or double insert contacts suited for solid core wire of 0 5 1 0 mm2 which should be stripped properly At ambient temperatures bel...

Страница 48: ...o a capacitance in µF and a frequency As long as the power supply voltage is lower than the marked filter coil voltage the filter coil can be used In large lighting installations in most cases there is a possibility to transform the non standard voltage centrally into a standard voltage In small projects a local solution has to be found If the power supply voltage for fluorescent lamp circuits is ...

Отзывы:

Нет отзывов

Похожие инструкции для Electromagnetic Lamp

Бренд: Safco Страницы: 5

Бренд: MANCHESTER WOOD Страницы: 4

Бренд: Valco baby Страницы: 4

Бренд: Zaor Страницы: 5

Бренд: East West Furniture Страницы: 6

Бренд: DAVIS DIRECT Страницы: 2

Бренд: MAISONS DU MONDE Страницы: 6

Barcelona 9379023

Бренд: Bouclair Страницы: 2

Бренд: Yardistry Страницы: 60

Бренд: Accentrics Home Страницы: 9

Бренд: SAFAVIEH COUTURE Страницы: 2

Бренд: Vanico Maronyx Страницы: 16

Бренд: Balt Страницы: 3

XTREME Ocean Breeze Table

Бренд: Xtreme Collection Страницы: 28

Бренд: FURNITUREBOX Страницы: 8

Бренд: Walker Edison Страницы: 44

Бренд: Habitat Страницы: 12

Kensington 69279C

Бренд: deVRIES Страницы: 8

Бренды по названию

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Популярные бренды

Загрузить еще бренды