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III AIR SAMPLE PUMPS

INTRODUCTION

Equipment used to generate vacuum is similar to air

compressors. It's even possible to generate compressed air
or vacuum with the same machine, depending on how it is
installed. Vacuum pumps generally can be considered as
compressors in which the discharge rather than the intake is
at atmospheric pressure. The vacuum in a chamber is
created by physically removing air molecules and exhausting
them from the system. Removing air from the enclosed
system progressively decreases air density within the
confined space, thus causing the absolute pressure of the
remaining gas to drop and a vacuum is created. Because the
absolute maximum pressure difference that can be produced
is equal to atmospheric pressure (nominally 29.92"Hg at sea
level), it is important to know this value at the work site.

For example, a pump with a maximum vacuum capability

of 24"Hg cannot generate a 24" vacuum when the
atmospheric pressure is 22" Hg (as in Mexico City, for
instance). The proportion of the air evacuated will be the
same, however. This pump therefore will pull
22 x 24/29.92 = 17.6"Hg vacuum in Mexico City.
• The maximum pressure difference produced by pump action
can never be higher than 29.92"Hg (14.7 psi), since this
represents a perfect vacuum.
• The mass of air drawn into the pump on each suction stroke,
and hence the absolute pressure change, decreases as the
vacuum level increases.
• At high vacuum levels, there is significantly less air passing
through the pump. Therefore, virtually all the heat generated
by pump operation will have to be absorbed and dissipated by
the pump structure itself.

III AIR SAMPLE PUMPS

INTRODUCTION

Equipment used to generate vacuum is similar to air

compressors. It's even possible to generate compressed air
or vacuum with the same machine, depending on how it is
installed. Vacuum pumps generally can be considered as
compressors in which the discharge rather than the intake is
at atmospheric pressure. The vacuum in a chamber is
created by physically removing air molecules and exhausting
them from the system. Removing air from the enclosed
system progressively decreases air density within the
confined space, thus causing the absolute pressure of the
remaining gas to drop and a vacuum is created. Because the
absolute maximum pressure difference that can be produced
is equal to atmospheric pressure (nominally 29.92"Hg at sea
level), it is important to know this value at the work site.

For example, a pump with a maximum vacuum capability

of 24"Hg cannot generate a 24" vacuum when the
atmospheric pressure is 22" Hg (as in Mexico City, for
instance). The proportion of the air evacuated will be the
same, however. This pump therefore will pull
22 x 24/29.92 = 17.6"Hg vacuum in Mexico City.
• The maximum pressure difference produced by pump action
can never be higher than 29.92"Hg (14.7 psi), since this
represents a perfect vacuum.
• The mass of air drawn into the pump on each suction stroke,
and hence the absolute pressure change, decreases as the
vacuum level increases.
• At high vacuum levels, there is significantly less air passing
through the pump. Therefore, virtually all the heat generated
by pump operation will have to be absorbed and dissipated by
the pump structure itself.

III AIR SAMPLE PUMPS

INTRODUCTION

Equipment used to generate vacuum is similar to air

compressors. It's even possible to generate compressed air
or vacuum with the same machine, depending on how it is
installed. Vacuum pumps generally can be considered as
compressors in which the discharge rather than the intake is
at atmospheric pressure. The vacuum in a chamber is
created by physically removing air molecules and exhausting
them from the system. Removing air from the enclosed
system progressively decreases air density within the
confined space, thus causing the absolute pressure of the
remaining gas to drop and a vacuum is created. Because the
absolute maximum pressure difference that can be produced
is equal to atmospheric pressure (nominally 29.92"Hg at sea
level), it is important to know this value at the work site.

For example, a pump with a maximum vacuum capability

of 24"Hg cannot generate a 24" vacuum when the
atmospheric pressure is 22" Hg (as in Mexico City, for
instance). The proportion of the air evacuated will be the
same, however. This pump therefore will pull
22 x 24/29.92 = 17.6"Hg vacuum in Mexico City.
• The maximum pressure difference produced by pump action
can never be higher than 29.92"Hg (14.7 psi), since this
represents a perfect vacuum.
• The mass of air drawn into the pump on each suction stroke,
and hence the absolute pressure change, decreases as the
vacuum level increases.
• At high vacuum levels, there is significantly less air passing
through the pump. Therefore, virtually all the heat generated
by pump operation will have to be absorbed and dissipated by
the pump structure itself.

III AIR SAMPLE PUMPS

INTRODUCTION

Equipment used to generate vacuum is similar to air

compressors. It's even possible to generate compressed air
or vacuum with the same machine, depending on how it is
installed. Vacuum pumps generally can be considered as
compressors in which the discharge rather than the intake is
at atmospheric pressure. The vacuum in a chamber is
created by physically removing air molecules and exhausting
them from the system. Removing air from the enclosed
system progressively decreases air density within the
confined space, thus causing the absolute pressure of the
remaining gas to drop and a vacuum is created. Because the
absolute maximum pressure difference that can be produced
is equal to atmospheric pressure (nominally 29.92"Hg at sea
level), it is important to know this value at the work site.

For example, a pump with a maximum vacuum capability

of 24"Hg cannot generate a 24" vacuum when the
atmospheric pressure is 22" Hg (as in Mexico City, for
instance). The proportion of the air evacuated will be the
same, however. This pump therefore will pull
22 x 24/29.92 = 17.6"Hg vacuum in Mexico City.
• The maximum pressure difference produced by pump action
can never be higher than 29.92"Hg (14.7 psi), since this
represents a perfect vacuum.
• The mass of air drawn into the pump on each suction stroke,
and hence the absolute pressure change, decreases as the
vacuum level increases.
• At high vacuum levels, there is significantly less air passing
through the pump. Therefore, virtually all the heat generated
by pump operation will have to be absorbed and dissipated by
the pump structure itself.

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Содержание DLP PT-D12000U

Страница 1: ...RADIATION DETECTION REFERENCE HANDBOOK Bladewerx SabreBPM TM Alpha Beta Air Monitor ...

Страница 2: ...n both algorithm development and attractive but practical software user interface design Our product offerings of SabreBZM SabreAlert 2 SabreASC and SabreBPM illustrate the company focus of merging the needs of the health physics profession to rapidly emerging technologies which make possible the miniaturization and low power requirements found in our instruments Give us a call or drop us an e mai...

Страница 3: ... and alarm indications Voice output of dose and status changes allow hands free monitoring permitting the instrument to be worn on the inside of protective garments With the Remote RadNet Output wireless networking option installed multiple SabreBZMs can report readings to a RadNet client workstation up to 300 feet away A PocketPC provides the horsepower for analyzing the spectrum and quantifying ...

Страница 4: ...surement and alarm indications A self contained pump built in detector head alarm light sonalert and battery operation allow the ultimate in alpha air monitoring portability A solid state ion implanted silicon detector and reliable 1024 channel multi channel analyzer provide the input for an X Scale processor that performs the alpha spectral analysis An integrated 6 LPM pump lithium ion battery an...

Страница 5: ...eterminations on 2 inch planchettes filters or swipes with real time compensation for radon daughter background Samples no longer need to be stored for several days for radon daughters to decay before being able to assess the activity of isotopes of interest and SabreASC is easily calibrated to other alpha emitting isotopes of interest ...

Страница 6: ...gamma guard detector it includes a self contained pump built in detector head alarm light sonalert and battery operation providing the ultimate in beta air monitoring portability A solid state ion implanted silicon detector and reliable 1024 channel multi channel analyzer provide the input for X Scale processor board that performs the alpha spectral analysis and beta concentration determination An...

Страница 7: ...o the nuclear power and nuclear medicine industries and accelerator research facilities Our staff has more than 40 years experience in designing and producing shielding products and are responsive to every request We produce quality products in a timely manner and adapt to the ever changing industry needs with new and innovative solutions WWW SHIELDWERX COM ...

Страница 8: ...ivity vs Particle Size 42 Acute Radiation Effects 5 Air Flow Meter Corrections 109 Air Monitoring 108 Air Pollution Safe Limits 142 Air Sample Collection Analysis Methods 111 Air Sample Pump Power Sources 134 Air Sample Pumps 120 Airborne Activity General Dispersion Model 106 ALI DAC Definitions from 10CFR20 10CFR835 71 Background Radiation 185 Beta Dose Rates 55 Calculating TODE and TEDE 51 Chara...

Страница 9: ... 76 DOE 5400 5 Table 1 67 Dose Equivalent Calculations 46 Dose Equivalent Limits Posting Requirements 51 Dose Equivalent Measurement 51 Dose Rate to Air from a Point Beta Source 61 Dosimetry 46 Elevation vs Air Pressure 143 Elevations of Major Airports and Facilities 144 Electromagnetic Spectrum 159 Emergency Response 1 Energy and Neutron Yield from the alpha n reaction 168 EPA Radon Action Levels...

Страница 10: ...adon 182 International Airport Elevations 146 Inverse Square Law Rule 63 Isotopic Mix of Plutonium 170 Isotopic Mix of Uranium 173 Lung Deposition from ICRP 30 107 Miscellaneous Rules of Thumb 175 Neptunium Decay Chain 27 Neutron Exposure Rate from the Oxide Form of Radionuclides 172 Neutron Fluence per mRem from 10CFR20 166 Neutron Shielding 59 Occupational Doses 185 Percent Resolution of a Gamma...

Страница 11: ...Thumb for Neutron Radiation 165 Shallow Dose Correction Factor 58 Shielding 53 SI US Units 150 Specific Gamma Ray Constant vs Source Activity 61 Spontaneous Fission 167 Stay Time Calculation 54 Surface Area and Volume Calculations 158 Table of the Elements 7 Thorium 232 Decay Chain 22 Tissue Weighting Factors ICRP 60 50 True Count Rate Based on Resolving Time 61 Types of Air Samples 110 Units and ...

Страница 12: ...ospital Guidelines for Control of Emergency Exposures Use a dose limit of EPA 400 5 rem 50 mSv for all emergency procedures 10 rem 100 mSv only for protecting major property 25 rem 250 mSv for lifesaving or protection of large populations 25 rem 250 mSv for lifesaving or protection of large populations only by volunteers and where the risks have been evaluated 1 ...

Страница 13: ...rrived unless the radiological or other hazardous condition presented a greater danger to that person and yourself Stop or Secure operations in the area If applicable secure the operation causing the emergency Warn others in the area as you are evacuating Do not search for potentially missing personnel at this stage of the emergency Isolate the source of the radiation or radioactivity or other con...

Страница 14: ...entifying a Major Injury Consider the following points in determining if the injury should be handled as a major injury Any head injury from base of neck to top of head Any loss of consciousness Any disorientation Any convulsion Any loss of sensation Any loss of motor function Limbs at abnormal angles Amputations Any burn of the face hands feet or genitals chemical thermal or radiation Any burn la...

Страница 15: ...he hands or the feet to a safe area Apply First Aid Only if you are trained to do so Secure help yell or phone but don t leave the victim unless necessary Send someone to meet the ambulance to guide the medical personnel to the victim Prepare the area for access by the medical team Begin a gross hazard evaluation of the immediate area near the victim beginning with the victim Be sure to survey any...

Страница 16: ...increase in risk of dying from cancer to 26 in 100 100 REM 200 REM moderate decrease in white blood cell count 25 of those exposed will experience nausea within a few hours less than 5 of those exposed require hospitalization increase in risk of dying from cancer to 38 in 100 200 REM 600 REM major decrease in white blood cell count 100 of those exposed will experience nausea within a few hours app...

Страница 17: ...survive 2000 REM 100 mortality within a few days Lymphocyte white blood cells Leukopenia abnormally low white blood cell count Purpura purple discoloration of skin caused by blood bleeding into the skin tissue Pneumonia inflammation of lung tissue accompanied by fever chills cough and difficulty in breathing Hematopoietic decrease in the formation of blood cells Ataxia inability to coordinate volu...

Страница 18: ...6 Iron Fe 7 87 48 Cadmium Cd 8 65 36 Krypton Kr 0 0037 20 Calcium Ca 1 55 57 Lanthanum La 6 15 98 Californium Cf 18 103 Lawrencium Lr 18 6 Carbon C 2 05 82 Lead Pb 11 35 58 Cerium Ce 6 67 3 Lithium Li 0 534 55 Cesium Cs 1 873 71 Lutetium Lu 9 84 17 Chlorine Cl 0 0031 12 Magnesium Mg 1 738 24 Chromium Cr 7 19 25 Manganese Mn 7 43 27 Cobalt Co 8 9 101 Mendelevium Mv 18 29 Copper Cu 8 96 80 Mercury H...

Страница 19: ...Th 11 70 88 Radium Ra 5 5 69 Thulium Tm 9 321 86 Radon Rn 0 0097 50 Tin Sn 6 5 75 Rhenium Re 21 02 22 Titanium Ti 4 54 45 Rhodium Rh 12 41 74 Tungsten W 19 3 37 Rubidium Rb 1 532 92 Uranium U 16 95 44 Ruthenium Ru 12 41 23 Vanadium V 6 11 104 Rutherfordium Rf 18 54 Xenon Xe 0 0059 62 Samarium Sm 7 54 70 Ytterbium Yb 6 98 21 Scandium Sc 2 989 39 Yttrium Y 4 47 106 Seaborgium Sg 18 30 Zinc Zn 7 13 3...

Страница 20: ...s to determine the progeny and ancestor of an isotope For example we know Pu is an alpha emitter The alpha 238 decay mode tells us the mass decreases by 4 238 goes to 234 and the Z decreases by two 94 goes to 92 The element with a Z of 92 is Uranium Pu decays to U 238 234 As another example we know Cl is a beta emitter The beta 36 decay mode tells us the mass stays the same and the Z increases by ...

Страница 21: ...t p o d d p d 0 A A x ë ë ë x e e A e ëpt ëdt ëdt d 0 A is the activity of the progeny at the beginning d t A is the activity of the progeny at the end of time t p 0 A is the activity of the parent at the beginning Example What is the activity of Tc 99m 14 hours after its parent Mo 99 was produced Mo 99 half life is 66 02 hours initial activity is 100 uCi Tc 99 half life is 6 0058 hours d t p o d ...

Страница 22: ...undant energies are listed 1 Radiation st Progeny type kev and abundance H He â 18 6 100 3 3 12 32y S Be Li EC 7 7 53 44d S ã 478 10 42 C N â 157 100 14 14 5 730y S O N â 1732 99 9 15 15 122 24s S ã 511 200 N O â 3302 4 9 4288 68 10418 26 16 16 7 13s S ã 6129 69 7115 5 F O â 634 96 73 18 18 109 74m S ã 511 194 Na Ne â 546 89 84 22 22 2 602y S ã 1275 99 94 Ne x rays 1 0 12 Na Mg â 1390 99 935 24 24...

Страница 23: ...1 27E9y S Ar EC 40 S ã 1461 10 67 Ar x rays 3 0 94 Ar K â 1198 99 17 2492 0 78 41 41 1 827h S ã 1294 99 16 K Ca â 1684 0 32 1996 17 5 3521 82 1 42 42 12 36h S ã 313 0 319 1525 17 9 K Ca â 422 2 24 827 92 2 1224 3 6 43 43 22 6h S ã 373 87 3 397 11 43 593 11 0 617 80 5 Sc Ti â 357 99 996 46 46 83 83d S ã 889 99 983 1121 99 987 Sc Ti â 441 68 601 32 47 47 3 351d S ã 159 68 12 ...

Страница 24: ...â 575 29 4 52 52 5 591d S ã 511 67 744 82 935 84 1434 100 Cr x rays 1 0 26 5 15 5 6 2 06 Mn Cr EC 54 54 312 5d S ã 835 99 975 Cr x rays 1 0 37 5 22 13 6 2 94 Fe Mn EC 55 55 2 7y S Mn x rays 1 0 42 6 24 5 6 3 29 Mn Fe â 736 14 6 1038 27 8 2849 56 2 56 56 2 5789h S ã 847 98 9 1811 27 2 2113 14 3 Co Fe â 423 1 05 1461 18 7 56 56 78 76d S ã 847 99 958 1038 14 03 1238 67 0 1771 15 5 2598 16 9 Fe x rays...

Страница 25: ...4 1675 0 54 Fe x rays 0 7 0 36 6 23 18 7 3 1 Ni Co EC 59 59 7 5E4y S Co x rays 1 0 47 7 29 8 Fe Co â 131 1 37 273 45 2 466 53 1 59 59 44 53d S ã 192 3 11 1099 56 5 1292 43 2 Co Ni â 318 100 60 60 5 271y S ã 1173 100 1332 100 Cu Ni â 1754 0 132 2927 97 59 62 62 9 673m S ã 876 0 148 1173 0 336 Ni x rays 7 0 7 Zn Cu EC 65 65 243 66d S â 330 1 415 ã 1116 50 75 Cu x rays 1 0 57 8 34 1 9 4 61 Ni Cu â 21...

Страница 26: ...e x rays 1 0 26 10 15 11 2 22 Se As EC 75 75 119 78d S ã 136 59 2 265 59 8 280 25 2 As x rays 1 0 9 11 47 5 12 7 3 Kr Rb â 173 0 437 687 99 563 85 85 10 72y S ã 514 0 434 Rb Sr â 2581 13 3 3479 4 1 5315 78 88 88 17 772m S ã 898 14 1836 21 4 2678 1 96 Rb Sr â 1275 33 2223 34 4503 25 89 89 15 15m 50 53m ã 1031 58 1248 42 2196 13 3 Sr Y â 1491 99 985 89 89 50 53m S ã av 909 0 02 Sr Y â 546 100 90 90 ...

Страница 27: ...18 2 63 21 0 52 Tc Tc ã 141 89 07 99m 99 6 0058h 2 13E5y Tc x rays 2 0 48 18 6 1 21 1 2 Tc Ru â 294 99 998 99 99 2 13E5y S Ru Rh â 39 100 106 106 371 8d 29 9s Rh Pd â 1979 1 77 2410 10 6 3541 86 8 106 106 29 9s S ã 616 0 75 622 9 93 873 0 439 1050 1 56 1128 0 404 1562 0 163 I Te EC 125 125 60 14d S ã 35 6 49 Te x rays 4 15 27 112 2 31 25 4 I Xe â 1258 47 3 126 126 12 928d S ã 389 32 1 491 2 43 666...

Страница 28: ...6 1020 1 81 1230 83 5 1530 1 07 ã 511 1 81 530 86 3 707 1 49 856 1 23 875 4 47 1236 1 49 1298 2 33 Xe x rays 29 0 151 30 0 281 Xe Cs â 267 0 69 346 99 3 133 133 5 248d S ã 530 86 3 875 4 47 1298 2 33 Cs x rays 29 45 7 33 10 6 233 10 3 Ba Cs EC 133 133 10 518y S ã 53 2 14 80 35 55 276 6 9 303 17 8 356 60 384 8 7 Cs x rays 4 17 31 97 6 35 22 8 I Xe â 1280 32 5 1560 16 3 1800 11 2 134 134 52 6m S 242...

Страница 29: ...608 2 89 Cs x rays 4 0 66 31 4 13 35 0 96 Cs Ba â 269 100 135 135 2 31E6y S ã 268 16 0 Ba x rays 4 8 6 32 43 6 36 10 3 Cs Ba â 512 94 6 1173 5 4 137 137m 30 187y 2 552m Ba Ba IT 137m 137 2 552m S ã 662 89 98 Ba x rays 4 1 32 5 89 36 1 39 Ba La â 454 26 991 37 4 1005 22 140 140 12 75d 1 68d ã 30 14 163 6 7 537 25 La x rays 5 15 33 1 51 38 0 36 La Ce â 1239 11 11 1348 44 5 140 140 1 68d S 1677 20 7 ...

Страница 30: ... Rn Ra Th 208 208 212 212 212 216 220 224 228 Ac Ra Th are in the Thorium 232 decay chain 228 228 232 Pb S Tl Po Bi Pb Tl Po Bi Pb 206 206 210 210 210 210 214 214 214 At Po Rn Ra Th U Pa Pa Th 218 218 222 226 230 234 234 234m 234 U are in the Uranium 238 decay chain 238 Bi S Tl Pb Po Bi At Fr Ac Ra 209 209 209 213 213 217 221 225 225 Th U Pa U Np Am Pu are in the 229 233 233 237 237 241 241 Neptun...

Страница 31: ...04 Pu x rays 14 11 5 Pu U á 5593 100 238 234 87 84y 4 47E9y U x rays 14 9 1 Am Np á 5181 1 5234 10 6 5275 87 9 243 239 7 388E3y 2 3565d ã 43 5 5 75 66 118 0 55 Np x rays 14 39 Np Pu â 330 35 7 391 7 1 436 52 239 239 2 3565d 24 125y ã 106 22 7 228 10 7 278 14 1 Pu x rays 14 62 100 14 7 104 23 7 117 11 1 Pu U á 5358 0 1 5456 28 3 5499 71 6 239 235 24 125y 7 08E8y ã 44 0 039 100 0 008 153 0 001 U x r...

Страница 32: ...76 15 2 6118 81 6 252 248 2 639y 333 5d ã av 68 0 03 Cm x rays 15 7 3 spontaneous fission 3 Cm Pu á 5035 16 54 5077 75 1 248 244 333 5d 8 26E7y ã av 68 0 03 Pu x rays 14 7 3 spontaneous fission 8 26 Pu U á 5035 16 54 5077 75 1 244 240 8 26E7y 14 1h ã av 68 0 03 Pu x rays 14 7 3 spontaneous fission 8 26 U Np â 440 100 240 240 14 1h 7 4m ã 44 1 65 Np x rays 14 4 4 Np Pu â 570 2 22 1150 1 18 1170 1 4...

Страница 33: ...â 606 8 1168 32 1741 12 228 228 6 13h ã 338 11 4 911 27 7 969 16 6 Th x rays 13 39 90 2 1 93 3 5 105 1 6 Th Ra á 5212 0 4 5341 26 7 5423 72 7 228 224 1 91y ã 84 1 2 132 0 12 216 0 24 Ra x rays 12 9 6 Ra Rn á 5449 4 9 5686 95 1 224 220 3 62d ã 241 3 95 Rn x rays 12 0 4 81 0 126 84 0 209 Rn is thoron gas usually included with radon gas 220 á Rn Po 6288 99 9 5747 0 1 220 216 56s ã av 550 0 1 22 ...

Страница 34: ...64 07 of the time by â to Po and 35 93 of 212 212 the time by á to Tl208 Bi Tl á 5767 0 6 6050 25 2 6090 9 6 212 208 60 6m Po â 625 3 4 1519 8 2246 48 4 212 ã 727 11 8 785 1 97 1621 2 75 Tl x rays 10 7 7 Po Pb á 8785 100 212 208 304ns Tl Pb â 1283 23 2 1517 22 7 1794 49 3 208 208 3 05m ã 511 21 6 583 84 2 860 12 46 2614 99 8 Pb x rays 11 2 9 73 2 0 75 3 4 85 1 5 Pb is stable 208 23 ...

Страница 35: ...o Pa234 Pa U â 1236 0 7 1471 0 6 2281 98 6 234m 234 1 17m ã 766 0 2 926 0 4 1001 0 6 U x rays 14 0 44 95 0 115 98 0 187 Pa IT 234 Pa U â 484 35 654 16 1183 10 234 234 6 70h ã 131 20 4 882 24 946 12 U x rays 14 114 95 15 7 98 25 4 111 11 8 U Th á 4605 0 2 4724 27 4 4776 72 4 234 230 2 45E5y ã 53 0 118 121 0 04 Th x rays 13 10 5 Th Ra á 4476 0 12 4621 23 4 4688 76 3 230 226 7 7E4y ã 68 0 4 168 0 07 ...

Страница 36: ... 3 05m At â 330 0 02 218 At Bi á 6650 6 6700 94 218 214 2s Pb Bi â 672 48 729 42 5 1024 6 3 214 214 26 8m ã 242 7 49 295 19 2 352 37 2 Bi x rays 11 13 5 75 6 2 77 10 5 87 4 7 Bi decays 99 979 of the time by â to Po 0 021 of 214 214 the time by á to Tl210 Bi Po â 1505 17 7 1540 17 9 3270 17 2 214 214 19 9m ã 609 46 3 1120 15 1 1764 15 8 Po x rays 11 0 5 77 0 36 79 0 6 90 0 3 Tl á 5450 0 012 5510 0 ...

Страница 37: ...1310 21 Pb x rays 11 13 73 2 5 75 4 3 85 1 9 Pb Bi â 17 80 2 63 19 8 210 210 22 3 y ã 47 4 05 Bi x rays 11 24 3 Bi decays 100 of the time by â to Po 0 00013 of 210 210 the time by á to Tl206 Bi Po â 1161 99 9998 210 210 5 01d Tl á 4650 0 00007 4690 0 00005 206 Po Pb á 5305 99 9989 210 206 138 4d Tl Pb â 1520 100 206 206 4 19m Pb is stable 206 26 ...

Страница 38: ... 5 36 Np x rays 14 43 U Np â 248 96 237 237 6 75d ã 26 2 3 59 5 34 208 22 Np x rays 4 71 97 16 101 26 114 12 Np Pa á 4650 12 4780 75 237 233 2 14E6y ã 30 14 86 14 145 1 Pa x rays 13 3 59 92 1 58 96 2 6 108 1 2 Pa U â 145 37 257 58 568 5 233 233 27 0d ã 75 1 2 87 1 9 311 49 U x rays 14 49 96 28 111 8 U Th á 4780 15 4820 83 233 229 1 592E5y Th x rays 13 3 9 Th Ra á 4840 58 4900 11 5050 7 229 225 7 3...

Страница 39: ...s 11 2 3 80 2 92 0 6 At Bi á 7066 99 9 217 213 0 0323s ã 595 0 04 Bi decays 97 84 of the time by â to Po 2 16 of the 213 213 time by á to Tl209 Bi Po â 320 1 06 980 32 1420 64 213 213 45 65m ã 293 0 7 440 28 1100 0 5 Po x rays 11 1 8 78 3 4 90 1 Tl á 5549 0 16 5870 2 209 Po Pb á 8377 100 0 213 209 4 2E 6s Tl Pb â 1825 100 0 209 209 2 20m ã 117 77 465 96 6 1567 99 7 Pb x rays 10 6 8 7 74 16 85 4 4 ...

Страница 40: ... á 4950 22 5010 24 5020 23 231 227 3 48E4y ã 27 6 29 6 Ac decays 98 62 of the time by â to Th 1 38 of the 227 227 time by á to Fr223 Ac Th â 43 98 6 227 227 21 77y ã 70 0 08 Fr á 4860 0 18 4950 1 2 223 Th Ra á 5760 21 5980 24 6040 23 227 223 18 72d ã 50 8 237 15 31 8 Fr Ra â 1150 100 223 223 21 8m ã 50 8 80 13 234 4 Ra Rn á 5610 26 5710 54 5750 9 223 219 11 435d ã 33 6 149 10 270 10 29 ...

Страница 41: ... 1 778ms At â 740 0 00023 215 At Bi á 8010 100 215 211 0 1ms Pb Bi â 290 1 4 560 9 4 1390 87 5 211 211 36 1m ã 405 3 4 427 1 8 832 3 4 Bi decays 99 73 of the time by á to Tl 0 273 of the 211 207 time by â to Po 211 Bi Tl á 6280 16 6620 84 211 207 2 13m ã 351 14 Po â 600 0 28 211 Po Pb á 7450 99 211 207 0 516s ã 570 0 5 900 0 5 Tl Pb â 1440 99 8 207 207 4 77m ã 897 0 16 Pb is stable 207 30 ...

Страница 42: ...6 25E 5 242 Am 7370y 0 20 0 23 7 40 6 22E 5 243 Ar 35 04d 1 01E5 N A 3 73E6 N A 37 Ar 269 0y 34 14 N A 1 26E3 N A 39 Ar 1 82h 4 20E7 7 73 1 55E9 2 09E 3 41 Ar 32 90y 259 20 N A 9 59E3 N A 42 As 17 8d 9 91E4 0 586 3 67E6 1 58E 4 74 At 0 100us 5 25E14 N A 1 94E16 N A 215 At 300us 1 74E14 N A 6 44E15 N A 216 At 1 6s 3 23E10 N A 1 20E12 N A 218 Au 2 695d 2 12E10 0 279 7 84E11 7 55E 5 198 Ba 11 5d 8 68...

Страница 43: ...64E3 N A 6 07E4 N A 249 Br 17 68m 1 33E8 2 15 4 92E9 5 82E 4 82 Br 31 8m 7 05E7 0 172 2 61E9 4 66E 5 84 C 1223s 8 38E8 6 815 3 10E10 1 84E 3 11 C 5730y 4 46 N A 165 N A 14 Ca 1 03E5y 0 085 N A 3 14 N A 41 Ca 4 536d 6 13E5 0 198 2 27E7 5 36E 5 47 Cd 7 70E15y 4 12E 13 N A 1 52E 11 N A 113 Cd 50 3m 3 17E7 N A 1 17E9 N A 118 Ce 32 5d 2 85E4 0 422 1 06E6 1 14E 4 141 Ce 33 1h 6 63E5 1 19 2 45E7 3 22E 4 ...

Страница 44: ... Cs 2 0648y 1 29E3 10 25 4 79E4 2 77E 3 134 Cs 2 903h 8 06E6 0 0986 2 98E8 2 67E 5 134m Cs 2 30E6y 1 15E 3 N A 0 0427 N A 135 Cs 13 16d 7 30E4 6 85 2 70E6 1 85E 3 136 Cs 30 17y 86 6 See Ba 3 20E3 N A 137 137m Cs 33 41m 4 08E7 2 31 1 51E9 6 25E 4 138 Cu 3 333h 1 54E7 1 05 5 71E8 2 84E 4 61 Cu 9 74m 3 11E8 7 85 3 39E7 2 12E 3 62 Cu 12 7h 3 86E6 1 228 1 43E8 3 33E 4 64 Dy 3 00E6y 7 75E 4 N A 0 0287 N...

Страница 45: ... 54E 4 67 Gd 75y 32 2 N A 1 19E3 N A 148 Gd 1 79E6y 1 33E 3 N A 0 0493 N A 150 Gd 1 08E14y 2 18E 11 N A 8 07E 10 N A 152 Ge 270 8d 7 09E3 N A 2 62E5 N A 68 H 12 3y 9 70E3 N A 3 59E5 N A 3 Hf 2 00E15y 1 03E 12 N A 3 81E 11 N A 174 Hg 46 612d 1 38E4 1 29 5 11E5 3 49E 4 203 Ho 4 57E3y 0 48 N A 17 8 N A 163 Ho 26 8h 7 05E5 0 1164 2 61E7 3 15E 5 166 Ho 1200y 1 80 5 39 66 5 1 46E 3 166m I 13 27h 1 92E6 ...

Страница 46: ...E 4 2 46E 4 40 K 12 36h 6 04E6 1 4 2 23E8 3 78E 4 42 K 22 3h 3 27E6 5 6 1 21E8 1 51E 3 43 Kr 10 73y 392 0 0 02 1 45E4 5 40E 6 85 Kr 4 48h 8 24E6 0 96 3 05E8 2 60E 4 85m Kr 76 3m 2 84E7 3 18 1 05E9 8 61E 4 87 Kr 2 84h 1 26E7 8 9 4 64E8 2 41E 3 88 Kr 3 15m 6 71E8 3 96 2 48E10 1 07E 3 89 La 1 678d 5 56E5 13 61 2 06E7 3 68E 3 140 La 91 1m 1 46E7 0 675 5 38E8 1 83E 4 142 Lu 6 73d 1 10E5 0 170 4 06E6 4 ...

Страница 47: ... 63 Ni 2 52h 1 91E7 3 4 7 07E8 9 19E 4 65 Ni 54 6h 8 71E5 N A 3 22E7 N A 66 Np 2 14E6y 7 05E 4 0 0868 0 0261 2 35E 5 237 Np 2 117d 2 59E5 0 018 9 59E6 4 87E 6 238 Np 2 355d 2 32E5 0 594 8 58E6 1 61E 4 239 Np 61 9m 1 27E7 0 863 4 68E8 2 34E 4 240 O 122 2s 6 15E9 7 98 2 29E11 2 16E 3 15 Os 2E15y 9 62E 13 0 613 3 56E 11 1 66E 4 186 P 14 28d 2 86E5 N A 1 06E7 N A 32 P 25 34d 1 56E5 N A 5 78E6 N A 33 P...

Страница 48: ...22E14 6 71E 4 1 19E16 1 81E 7 214 Po 145ms 3 60E11 9 95E 5 1 33E13 2 69E 9 216 Po 3 10m 2 78E8 N A 1 03E10 N A 218 Pr 14 6m 9 08E7 N A 3 36E9 N A 142m Pt 6 50E11y 2 90E 9 N A 1 07E 7 N A 190 Pt 44 0h 3 53E5 N A 1 30E7 N A 202 Pu 2 87y 528 N A 1 95E4 N A 236 Pu 87 7y 17 1 N A 633 N A 238 Pu 2 41E4y 0 062 2 11E 4 2 30 5 71E 8 239 Pu 6560y 0 227 N A 8 40 N A 240 Pu 14 4y 103 N A 3 81E3 N A 241 Pu 3 7...

Страница 49: ...74E 4 106 Rn 23 9m 3 71E7 N A 1 37E9 N A 212 Rn 45 0us 1 16E15 N A 4 30E16 N A 216 Rn 3 96s 1 30E10 0 329 4 81E11 8 91E 5 219 Rn 55 6s 9 21E8 3 99E 3 3 41E10 1 08E 6 220 Rn 3 8235d 1 54E5 3 03E 3 5 70E6 8 19E 7 222 Ru 2 9d 4 65E5 1 32 1 72E7 3 57E 4 97 Ru 39 26d 3 23E4 2 65 1 20E6 7 17E 4 103 Ru 4 44h 6 73E6 1 93 2 49E8 5 22E 4 105 Ru 1 02y 3 31E3 N A 1 22E5 N A 106 S 87 51d 4 27E4 N A 1 58E6 N A ...

Страница 50: ... 9 64d 1 09E5 0 33 4 01E6 8 93E 5 125 Sr 64 84d 2 37E4 3 06 8 78E5 8 28E 4 85 Sr 2 803h 1 32E7 1 92 4 87E8 5 20E 4 87m Sr 50 52d 2 90E4 5 29E 3 1 07E6 1 43E 6 89 Sr 29 1y 137 0 N A 5 07E3 N A 90 Sr 9 63h 3 58E6 0 635 1 32E8 1 72E 4 91 Sr 2 71h 1 26E7 7 8942 4 65E8 2 14E 3 92 Tb 72 3d 1 13E4 0 635 4 18E5 1 72E 4 160 Tc 2 13E5y 0 017 N A 0 629 N A 99 Tc 6 01h 5 27E6 0 896 1 95E8 2 42E 4 99m Tc 14 2m...

Страница 51: ... Th 25 55h 5 32E5 0 0480 1 97E7 1 30E 5 231 Th 1 40E10y 1 10E 7 7 62E 4 4 07E 6 2 06E 7 232 Th 24 10d 2 32E4 0 0356 8 58E5 9 62E 6 234 Tl 72 912h 2 14E5 0 122 7 91E6 3 30E 5 201 Tl 3 78y 464 0 0 0124 1 72E4 3 35E 6 204 Tl 4 20m 2 17E8 N A 8 03E9 N A 206 Tl 3 053m 2 96E8 18 89 1 10E10 5 11E 3 208 Tl 2 161m 4 16E8 4 17 1 54E10 1 13E 3 209 Tl 1 30m 6 88E8 7 82 2 55E10 2 11E 3 210 U 20 8d 2 73E4 2 00E...

Страница 52: ...9E7 1 36 3 58E9 3 68E 4 138 Y 106 65d 1 39E4 14 83 5 15E5 4 01E 3 88 Y 64 1h 5 43E5 N A 2 01E7 N A 90 Y 3 54h 9 63E6 0 126 3 56E8 3 41E 5 92 Y 10 18h 3 31E6 0 11 1 23E8 2 98E 5 93 Yb 32 026d 2 41E4 1 219 8 93E5 3 30E 4 169 Zn 243 8d 8 24E3 3 575 3 05E5 9 68E 4 65 Zr 78 41h 4 50E5 5 65 1 66E7 1 53E 3 89 Zr 1 53E6y 2 52E 3 N A 0 0931 N A 93 Zr 64 02d 2 15E4 5 16 7 96E5 1 39E 3 95 Zr 16 91h 1 91E6 0 ...

Страница 53: ... 3 8E 4 0 38 3 8E2 52 Mn 1 7E 4 1 7E 1 1 7E2 1 7E 6 1 7E 3 1 7 54 Mn 8 3E 1 8 3E2 8 3E5 8 3E 3 8 3 8 3E3 56 Co 2 9E 3 2 9 2 9E3 2 9E 5 2 9E 2 29 56 Co 6 6E 5 6 6E 2 6 6E1 6 6E 7 6 6E 4 0 66 57 Co 1E 3 1 1E3 1E 5 1E 2 10 58 Fe 1 5E 3 1 5 1 5E3 1 5E 5 1 5E 2 15 59 Co 8E 5 8E 2 8E1 8E 7 8E 4 0 8 60 Zn 1 1E 4 1 1E 1 1 1E2 1 1E 6 1 1E 3 1 1 65 Se 3 5E 4 3 5E 1 3 5E2 3 5E 6 3 5E 3 3 5 75 Y 6 3E 4 6 3E 1...

Страница 54: ... 10 5 4E 7 234 U 8 1E 14 8 1E 11 8 1E 8 8 1E 16 8 1E 13 8 1E 235 10 Np 3 9E 11 3 9E 8 3 9E 5 3 9E 13 3 9E 10 3 9E 7 237 Pu 1 6E 7 1 6E 4 1 6E 1 1 6E 9 1 6E 6 1 6E 3 238 Pu 2 2E 10 2 2E 7 2 2E 4 2 2E 12 2 2E 9 2 2E 6 239 Pu 2E 9 2E 6 2E 3 2E 11 2E 8 2E 5 240 Am 1 3E 7 1 3E 4 1 3E 1 1 3E 9 1 3E 6 1 3E 3 241 1000 ì 1 mm millimeter 0 03937 inches 100 ì is easily discernible with the naked eye 50 ì is ...

Страница 55: ...s M V x density 4 Activity of the particle is A M x specific activity Correct the activity of the particle for the oxide form if you need that the molecular weight of Pu is 238 the activity of the 238 dioxide form must be reduced by the ratio of the molecular weight of the dioxide form to the molecular weight of Pu 238 Multiply the calculated activity by 238 270 to get the activity of the dioxide ...

Страница 56: ... who received doses greater than 50 rem showed an extra 300 incidences of cancer COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY O 65 Rb 0 00046 I 1 6E 5 C 18 Sr 0 00046 Au 1 4E 5 H 10 Br 0 00029 Ni 1 4E 5 N 3 Pb 0 00017 Mo 1 3E 5 Ca 1 5 Nb 0 00016 Ti 1 3E 5 P 1 0 Cu 0 00010 Te 1 2E 5 S 0 25 Al 0 000087 Sb 1 1E 5 K 0 20 Cd 0 000072 Li 3 11E 6 Cl 0 15 B 0 000069 Cr 2 4E 6 Na 0 15 Ba 0 000031 Cs 2 1E 6 Mg 0 05 As 0 0...

Страница 57: ...thermal 2 fast 10 alpha 20 DOSE EQUIVALENT CALCULATIONS 1 Roentgen 2 58E 4C kg or 1 esu cm3 87 ergs g or 2 082 E9 ip cm3 7 02 E4 MeV cm in air STP 3 or 98 ergs g in tissue 1 R hr 1 E 13 Amperes cm3 1 rad 100 ergs g in any absorber air ñ 0 001293 g cm3 air W 33 7 eV 1 Ampere 1 Coulomb sec air STP 760mm Hg 0 C or 14 7lb in 32 F 0 2 0 46 ...

Страница 58: ...ivalent i 1 T OR CEDE 3 W n CEDE 50 yr committed effective dose equivalent to individual tissue T W tissue weighting factor E T T Effective Dose Equivalent EDE H 3W H D E rate Sv hr 0 15 A TBq E r2 Calculating DAC and DAC hours DAC ALI 2000 hr at 1 2 E6 ml hr 1 DAC h 2 5 mrem 25 ìSv CEDE if based on sALI OR 25 mrem 0 25 mSv ref ICRP 26 CDE to an organ or tissue if based on nALI i DAC Fraction j co...

Страница 59: ... SEE is the Specific Effective Energy modified by a quality factor for radiation absorbed in the target organ T for each transformation in the source organ S expressed in MeV g T SEE 3YCECAFCQ M where Y yield of radiations per transformation E average energy of the radiation AF absorbed fraction of energy absorbed in the target organ T per emission of radiation in the source organ S Q quality fact...

Страница 60: ...se T i T T remainder T K T T E 50 3 W H 50 W 3 m H 50 T j T 1 T K T 3 m T 1 E 50 committed effective dose T i j W tissue weighting factor for tissues organs T to T T K 1 m mass of the remainder tissues T to T remainder T W 0 05 the W assigned to the remainder tissues ICRP 23 REFERENCE MAN Daily Water Intake 2 2 liters day Breathing Rate 2 E4 ml min Skin surface area 18 000 cm 2 There are approxima...

Страница 61: ... heavy nuclei 20 All values relate to the radiation incident on the body or for 1 internal sources emitted from the source The choice of values for other radiation is discussed in Annex 2 A of Publication 60 Excluding Auger electrons emitted from nuclei bound to DNA 3 ICRP 60 Tissue Weighting Factors T Tissue or organ Tissue weighting factor W Gonads 0 20 Bone marrow red 0 12 Colon 0 12 Lung 0 12 ...

Страница 62: ... Dose Equivalent Annual Limit TEDE 5 rem 50 mSv TODE 50 rem 0 5 Sv LDE Lens Dose Equivalent 15 rem 0 15 Sv SDE WB 50 rem 0 5 Sv SDE ME 50 rem 0 5 Sv TEDE general public 0 1 rem 1 mSv DOSE EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENT Abbreviations from USNRC Reg Guide 8 7 Measurement Depth for Density Thickness External Sources cm mg cm 2 TEDE 1 1000 TODE 1 1000 LDE 0 3 300 SDE WB 0 007 7 1 SDE ME 0 007 7 2 SDE WB is th...

Страница 63: ... f Gamma or X ray photons Photoelectric Effect generally 1 MeV Compton Scattering generally 200 keV 5 MeV Pair Production minimum 1 022 MeV Scattered Photon 0 2 T T 1 T 1 cos è m c where c 931 5 MeV amu 2 Bremsstrahlung emitted energy is 1 3 of the electron energy x 0 Photon Attenuation I I eµx Interaction Probability per gram Photoelectric Z E 3 3 Compton independent of Z Pair Production Z1 Total...

Страница 64: ...9 1 08 Sn 0 06 1 20 1 38 1 80 2 65 2 20 Cu 0 18 1 01 1 70 1 65 2 49 2 38 Fe 0 25 1 15 1 32 1 55 2 88 2 85 Al 1 12 3 30 4 45 5 90 9 67 11 7 Concrete 1 8 3 8 4 6 6 2 11 2 10 4 Water 4 20 7 80 9 60 14 2 25 0 35 7 This table applies to a thin shield and no provision is made for buildup factor Always perform a radiation measurement to confirm adequacy of shield Tenth value Thickness Simply multiply the...

Страница 65: ...x 0 5 n for half value thickness Radiation Streaming Consider the potential for radiation streaming thru gaps in the shielding Design the shielding to minimize gaps and perform a comprehensive survey after the shielding is in place Stay Time Calculation Stay time calculations are typically used to determine how long an individual can remain in an area with elevated radiation fieldsu ntil they reac...

Страница 66: ... a shallow dose and should not be summed with deep doses This chart should also be used to determine beta doses from positron emitters Half value Thickness vs Beta Energy Isotope Emax MeV Half Value Thickness mg cm 2 C 14 0 156 2 Tc 99 0 292 7 5 Cl 36 0 714 15 Sr Y 90 0 546 2 284 150 U 238 Betas from short lived progeny 0 191 2 281 130 P 32 1 710 150 Estimate the half value thickness for a beta em...

Страница 67: ... 3 378 81 8 Several of the positron emitters are useful in PET studies That usefulness is somewhat offset by the cost of producing the radionuclides and the added complexity of radiation protection For all of the positron emitters the energy of the Beta must be considered Refer to the table of Beta Dose Rates for estimates of beta radiation exposure Also consider the annihilation photons when the ...

Страница 68: ...ium 22 will clarify this concept Na 22 2 605 y Beta 0 546 MeV 89 8 Abundance 1 mCi Gamma 1 275 MeV 99 9 Abundance From the table of Beta Dose Rates we find 320 rad hr at 1 cm and 0 4 rad hr at 30 cm The near contact dose rate is much higher than the dose rate at 30 cm Using 6CEN for the gamma dose rate we find 6CEN 6 x 1 mCi x 1 275 MeV x 0 999 7 64 mRem hr at 30 cm We can also use 6CEN for the an...

Страница 69: ...a moveable shield with a density thickness of 1 000 mg cm 2 Determining the need to report a shallow dose If the Open Shield Reading divided by the Closed Shield Reading is equal to or greater than 1 2 then perform a shallow dose survey Calculate the shallow dose rate using this equation Open Shield Reading Closed Shield Reading x CF Obtain the CF Correction Factor from experimental or published d...

Страница 70: ...weight is hydrogen Assume a density of 1 and a shield cross section of hydrogen of 0 1 barns A barn is 1E 24 cm N the number of atoms per cm is 10 of 2 3 Avogadro s number so N equals 6E22 hydrogen atoms per cm Assume the phantom thickness is 3 30 cm 0 I 5 000 n cm s 2 F 1E 25 cm 0 1 barns 2 N 6E22 atoms per cm3 x 30 centimeters thick FNx 1E 25 times 6E22 times 30 0 18 0 I I e FNx I 5 000 n cm s e...

Страница 71: ...ene are needed to attenuate a 100 mRem hr 5 MeV neutron source to 5 mRem hr How thick does the polyehylene need to be 0 I I x 0 5n I 5 mRem hr 0 I 100 mRem hr n the number of half value layers 0 I I 0 5n 5 100 0 05 0 5n ln 0 05 n x ln 0 5 ln 0 05 ln 0 5 n 2 996 0 693 n 4 32 n It will take 4 32 half value layers of polyethylene to reduce attenuate the neutron source 4 32 half value layers is 4 32 x...

Страница 72: ...olving Time of a Gas Filled Detector C 0 0 R R 1 R Y true count rate 0 R observed count rate Y resolving time Specific Gamma Ray Constant Ã for Source Activity A ã en air Ã öE ì ñ e W Ã specific gamma constant R cm hr A 2 ö photon fluence rate ã cm hr 2 ã E gamma photon energy MeV en ì ñ density thickness of air g cm 2 e electron charge Coulombs W average amount of energy to produce an ion pair in...

Страница 73: ... from a Line Source 1 1 2 2 Inside L 2 X d X d 1 1 2 2 Outside L 2 X d X d 2 2 1 d distance from source at location 1 2 d distance from source at location 2 L length of line Note that outside of L 2 the equation is the same as the inverse square law Exposure Rate X from a Disk Source a X R hr ð R A Ã x ln R D D R 2 2 2 2 2 Ã R hr 1 meter per Ci a A activity per unit area curies per sq meter R radi...

Страница 74: ...distances Y and Y 100 cm Let us assume 100 mr hr and 50 mr hr for those two points Y 50 Y 100 cm 100 0 5Y 100Y 5 000 2 2 2 simplify this to Y 200Y 10 000 0 2 This quadratic equation can be factored into two answers The positive answer for Y is 241 42 cm 2 Now we know the distance for exposure rate X and we can calculate the exposure rate at any distance The exposure rate at 30 cm would be 6 476 mR...

Страница 75: ...undance of that photon expressed as a decimal example A 5 Curie Ir 192 source which has gamma energies and abundances of 0 296 MeV at 29 0 308 MeV at 29 68 0 317 MeV at 82 85 and 0 468 MeV at 48 1 Change the to decimals for the equation W e need to sum the photon energy times their abundances R hr at 1 foot 30 cm 6 x 5 x 0 296x0 29 0 308x0 2968 0 317x0 8285 0 468x0 481 R hr at 1 foot 30 cm 30x 0 0...

Страница 76: ...nd abundances of 1 173 MeV at 100 and 1 332 MeV at 100 Change the to decimals for the equation W e need to sum the photon energy times their abundances Sv hr at 30 cm 1 6 x 3 x 1 173x1 1 332x1 Sv hr at 30 cm 4 8 x 2 5 12 Sv hr 12 Sv hr is 1 200 Rem hr In an example of the use of the Inverse Square Rule a 100 Curie Co 60 source could be used The 6CEN calculation for that source yields 1 500 Rem hr ...

Страница 77: ... 27 3 0 717 Ne 36 2 0 9 Xe 21 5 5 9 Ne 0 5 Ar 25 3 0 909 2 2 Ar 0 5 C H 20 3 1 75 4 Ar 0 8 CH 26 0 1 78 4 Ar 10 CH P 10 26 0 1 616 Use this equation to calculate the current flow in amps for an ion chamber 1 mR hr 8 71E 16 x V x P x fill gas g l T x ù for fill gas where V is chamber volume in cc P is chamber pressure in mm Hg T is 273 15 C 0 fill gas density in grams per liter ù for fill gas 66 ...

Страница 78: ...r 1 spontaneous fission except Sr and others noted above 90 applicable to surface and subsurface 2 Appendix D of 10CFR835 Total fixed Nuclide Removable removable Natural U U U and 1 000 alpha 5 000 alpha 235 238 associated decay products Transuranics Ra Ra 20 500 226 228 Th Th Pa Ac I I 230 228 231 227 125 129 Natural Th Th Sr Ra 200 1 000 232 90 223 Ra U I I I 224 232 126 131 133 Beta gamma emitt...

Страница 79: ...roscopy Si Li Gamma spectroscopy HPGe CZT HgI CsI LaBr Alpha spectroscopy Frisch Grid Solid state Silicon Beta spectroscopy BGO Plastic Scintillator Silicon 1 Select an instrument appropriate for the isotope s to be surveyed for 2 Check instrument for a valid calibration sticker and for damage that would prevent it them from operating acceptably 3 Check the battery condition 4 Perform an operation...

Страница 80: ...0 2 Powered Air Purifying Respirator PAPR 50 1 000 4 25 25 1 000 3 Supplied Air Respirator SAR or Airline Respirator Demand mode 10 50 Continuous flow mode 50 1 000 4 25 25 1 000 Pressure demand or other positive pressure mode 50 1 000 4 Self Contained Breathing Apparatus SCBA Demand mode 10 50 50 Pressure demand or other positive pressure mode e g open closed circuit 10 000 10 000 69 ...

Страница 81: ... must have evidence provided by the respirator manufacturer that testing of these respirators demonstrates performance at a level of protection of 1 000 or greater to receive an APF of 1 000 This level of performance can best be demonstrated by performing a WPF or SWPF study or equivalent testing Absent such testing all other PAPRs and SARs with helmets hoods are to be treated as loose fitting fac...

Страница 82: ...ffective dose of 5 rems 0 05 sieverts Sv 1 rem 0 01 Sv or a committed equivalent dose of 50 rems 0 5 Sv to any individual organ or tissue Derived air concentration DAC means for the radionuclides listed in appendix A of this part the airborne concentration that equals the ALI divided by the volume of air breathed by an average worker for a working year of 2000 hours assuming a breathing volume of ...

Страница 83: ... line respirator Facepiece half Demand 10 Facepiece half Continuous Flow 50 Facepiece half Pressure Demand 50 Facepiece full Demand 100 Facepiece full Continuous Flow 1000 Facepiece full Pressure Demand 1000 Helmet hood Continuous Flow 1000 Facepiece loose fitting Continuous Flow 25 Suit Continuous Flow g 2 Self contained breathing Apparatus SCBA Facepiece full Demand h 100 Facepiece full Pressure...

Страница 84: ...ned by external dose limits b Air purifying respirators with APF 100 must be equipped with particulate filters that are at least 95 percent efficient Air purifying respirators with APF 100 must be equipped with particulate filters that are at least 99 percent efficient Air purifying respirators with APFs 100 must be equipped with particulate filters that are at least 99 97 percent efficient c The ...

Страница 85: ...le the filter medium is at least 95 percent efficient and all other requirements of this Part are met f The assigned protection factors for gases and vapors are not applicable to radioactive contaminants that present an absorption or submersion hazard For tritium oxide vapor approximately one third of the intake occurs by absorption through the skin so that an overall protection factor of 3 is app...

Страница 86: ...y be used as an emergency device in unknown concentrations for protection against inhalation hazards External radiation hazards and other limitations to permitted exposure such as skin absorption shall be taken into account in these circumstances This device may not be used by any individual who experiences perceptible outward leakage of breathing gas while wearing the device 75 ...

Страница 87: ...7 3E 4 X X 6 C 14 7E 04 7E 04 2E 7 X 2E 6 7 C 14 9E 05 8E 05 3E 6 X 2E 5 8 C 14 1E 06 X X 2E 3 2E 3 9 F 18 3E 05 3E 06 1E 5 5E 4 7E 4 38 Na 22 3E 07 2E 07 1E 4 4E 2 6E 2 Na 24 2E 06 4E 07 1E 4 4E 3 5E 3 Mg 28 5E 07 3E 07 1E 4 7E 2 1E 3 Al 26 3E 08 4E 08 1E 3 4E 2 60 Si 31 1E 06 5E 06 1E 5 9E 3 3E 4 Si 32 2E 09 1E 08 3E 2 2E 3 5 P 32 2E 07 5E 07 7E 3 6E 2 4E 2 P 33 1E 06 4E 06 1E 4 6E 3 3E 3 S 35 6...

Страница 88: ... 2E 2 Sc 47 1E 06 7E 07 2E 4 2E 3 3E 3 Sc 48 6E 07 2E 07 1E 4 8E 2 1E 3 Sc 49 2E 05 8E 06 3E 5 2E 4 5E 4 38 Ti 44 2E 09 7E 09 2E 2 3E 2 6 Ti 45 1E 05 2E 06 1E 5 9E 3 3E 4 V 47 3E 05 6E 06 2E 5 3E 4 8E 4 38 V 48 3E 07 2E 07 7E 3 6E 2 6E 2 V 49 8E 06 1E 05 7E 5 7E 4 2E 4 Cr 48 3E 06 2E 06 8E 4 6E 3 7E 3 Cr 49 4E 05 5E 06 2E 5 3E 4 8E 4 38 Cr 51 8E 06 1E 05 5E 5 4E 4 2E 4 Mn 51 2E 05 7E 06 2E 5 2E 4 ...

Страница 89: ...Co 61 2E 05 6E 06 2E 5 2E 4 6E 4 38 Co 62m 6E 05 6E 06 2E 5 4E 4 2E 5 38 Ni 56 5E 07 X X 1E 3 1E 3 Ni 56 X 4E 07 1E 4 X X 11 Ni 56 X 4E 07 1E 4 X X 12 Ni 57 1E 06 X X 2E 3 3E 3 Ni 57 X 5E 07 2E 4 X X 11 Ni 57 X 7E 07 2E 4 X X 12 Ni 59 8E 07 X X 2E 4 2E 3 Ni 59 X 2E 06 9E 4 X X 11 Ni 59 X 6E 07 2E 4 X X 12 Ni 63 3E 07 X X 9E 3 2E 3 Ni 63 X 1E 06 4E 4 X X 11 Ni 63 X 2E 07 1E 4 X X 12 Ni 65 7E 06 X X...

Страница 90: ...5 38 Ga 66 1E 06 7E 07 2E 4 1E 3 3E 3 Ga 67 4E 06 2E 06 7E 4 7E 3 1E 4 Ga 68 2E 05 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 4E 4 38 Ga 70 7E 05 1E 05 4E 5 5E 4 2E 5 38 Ga 72 1E 06 5E 07 2E 4 1E 3 3E 3 Ga 73 6E 06 2E 06 1E 5 5E 3 2E 4 Ge 66 8E 06 2E 06 9E 4 2E 4 2E 4 Ge 67 4E 05 7E 06 2E 5 3E 4 9E 4 38 Ge 68 4E 08 7E 08 2E 3 5E 3 1E 2 Ge 69 3E 06 1E 06 3E 4 1E 4 8E 3 Ge 71 2E 05 5E 05 1E 6 5E 5 4E 4 Ge 75 3E 05 7E 06 2E 5 ...

Страница 91: ... 38 Se 83 5E 05 5E 06 1E 5 3E 4 1E 5 38 Br 74m 2E 05 2E 06 1E 5 1E 4 4E 4 38 Br 74 3E 05 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 7E 4 38 Br 75 2E 05 3E 06 1E 5 3E 4 5E 4 38 Br 76 2E 06 5E 07 2E 4 4E 3 4E 3 Br 77 8E 06 2E 06 7E 4 2E 4 2E 4 Br 80m 6E 06 5E 06 2E 5 2E 4 1E 4 Br 80 8E 05 2E 05 7E 5 5E 4 2E 5 38 Br 82 2E 06 3E 07 1E 4 3E 3 4E 3 Br 83 3E 05 6E 06 2E 5 5E 4 6E 4 Br 84 2E 05 5E 06 2E 5 2E 4 6E 4 38 Rb 79 5E 05 8...

Страница 92: ...E 09 2E 2 30 4 Sr 91 1E 06 9E 07 3E 4 2E 3 4E 3 Sr 92 3E 06 1E 06 6E 4 3E 3 7E 3 Y 86m 2E 05 6E 06 2E 5 2E 4 5E 4 38 Y 86 1E 06 4E 07 1E 4 1E 3 3E 3 Y 87 1E 06 8E 07 3E 4 2E 3 3E 3 Y 88 1E 07 1E 07 6E 3 1E 3 2E 2 Y 90m 5E 06 4E 06 1E 5 8E 3 1E 4 Y 90 3E 07 3E 07 1E 4 4E 2 6E 2 Y 91m 7E 05 2E 05 7E 5 1E 5 2E 5 38 Y 91 5E 08 9E 08 3E 3 5E 2 1E 2 Y 92 3E 06 2E 06 7E 4 3E 3 8E 3 Y 93 1E 06 9E 07 3E 4 ...

Страница 93: ...4 38 Nb 98 2E 05 3E 06 1E 5 1E 4 5E 4 38 Mo 90 2E 06 7E 07 2E 4 2E 3 5E 3 Mo 93m 6E 06 1E 06 3E 4 4E 3 1E 4 Mo 93 8E 08 2E 07 7E 3 2E 4 2E 2 Mo 99 6E 07 5E 07 1E 4 1E 3 1E 3 Mo 101 6E 05 6E 06 2E 5 4E 4 1E 5 38 Tc 93m 6E 05 7E 06 2E 5 3E 4 2E 5 38 Tc 93 3E 05 3E 06 1E 5 3E 4 7E 4 Tc 94m 2E 05 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 4E 4 38 Tc 94 8E 06 1E 06 3E 4 9E 3 2E 4 Tc 95m 8E 07 6E 07 2E 4 4E 3 2E 3 Tc 95 8E 06 1E ...

Страница 94: ...01 6E 08 1E 07 6E 3 2E 3 2E 2 Rh 102m 5E 08 1E 07 4E 3 1E 3 1E 2 Rh 102 2E 08 6E 08 2E 3 6E 2 60 Rh 103m 5E 04 2E 04 8E 6 4E 5 1E 6 38 Rh 105 2E 06 1E 06 4E 4 4E 3 6E 3 Rh 106m 1E 05 1E 06 5E 4 8E 3 3E 4 Rh 107 1E 04 9E 06 3E 5 7E 4 2E 5 38 Pd 100 5E 07 5E 07 2E 4 1E 3 1E 3 Pd 101 1E 05 3E 06 1E 5 1E 4 3E 4 Pd 103 1E 06 1E 06 6E 4 6E 3 4E 3 Pd 107 2E 07 1E 06 7E 4 3E 4 4E 2 Pd 109 2E 06 1E 06 4E 4...

Страница 95: ...4E 07 1E 4 9E 2 1E 3 Cd 117m 5E 06 1E 06 4E 4 5E 3 1E 4 Cd 117 5E 06 2E 06 7E 4 5E 3 1E 4 In 109 2E 05 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 4E 4 In 110 2E 05 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 4E 4 15 38 In 110 7E 06 9E 07 3E 4 5E 3 2E 4 16 In 111 3E 06 1E 06 5E 4 4E 3 6E 3 In 112 3E 04 1E 05 6E 5 2E 5 6E 5 In 113m 6E 05 1E 05 3E 5 5E 4 1E 5 38 In 114m 3E 08 5E 08 1E 3 3E 2 60 In 115m 2E 05 6E 06 2E 5 1E 4 4E 4 In 115 6E 10 1E 09 40 40 ...

Страница 96: ...m 3E 05 2E 06 1E 5 2E 4 7E 4 38 Sb 116 1E 04 1E 05 3E 5 7E 4 3E 5 38 Sb 117 9E 05 1E 05 3E 5 7E 4 2E 5 Sb 118m 8E 06 1E 06 4E 4 5E 3 2E 4 Sb 119 1E 05 6E 06 2E 5 2E 4 3E 4 Sb 120 2E 04 2E 05 7E 5 1E 5 4E 5 17 Sb 120 5E 07 3E 07 1E 4 9E 2 1E 3 18 Sb 122 4E 07 4E 07 1E 4 7E 2 1E 3 Sb 124m 2E 04 3E 05 1E 6 2E 5 6E 5 38 Sb 124 1E 07 1E 07 4E 3 5E 2 2E 2 Sb 125 2E 07 1E 07 6E 3 2E 3 5E 2 Sb 126m 8E 05 ...

Страница 97: ...7E 3 1E 3 4E 2 Te 125m X 1E 07 3E 3 X X 10 Te 127m 1E 07 9E 08 3E 3 6E 2 3E 2 Te 127m X 6E 08 2E 3 X X 10 Te 127 7E 06 3E 06 1E 5 7E 3 2E 4 Te 127 X 7E 06 2E 5 X X 10 Te 129m 1E 07 1E 07 3E 3 5E 2 2E 2 Te 129m X 1E 07 5E 3 X X 10 Te 129 3E 05 7E 06 2E 5 3E 4 6E 4 38 Te 129 X 1E 05 5E 5 X X 10 Te 131m 2E 07 3E 07 1E 4 3E 2 4E 2 Te 131m X 1E 07 5E 3 X X 10 Te 131 2E 06 7E 06 2E 5 3E 3 5E 3 38 Te 131...

Страница 98: ... 06 1E 5 X X 10 I 121 X 5E 06 2E 5 X X 21 I 123 3E 06 2E 06 1E 5 3E 3 6E 3 I 123 X 1E 06 5E 4 X X 10 I 123 X 1E 06 7E 4 X X 21 I 124 3E 08 4E 08 1E 3 50 80 I 124 X 2E 08 9E 2 X X 10 I 124 X 3E 08 1E 3 X X 21 I 125 3E 08 3E 08 1E 3 40 60 I 125 X 2E 08 7E 2 X X 10 I 125 X 2E 08 9E 2 X X 21 I 126 1E 08 2E 08 7E 2 20 40 I 126 X 1E 08 4E 2 X X 10 I 126 X 1E 08 5E 2 X X 21 I 128 5E 05 1E 05 6E 5 4E 4 1E...

Страница 99: ...E 07 1E 07 5E 3 1E 2 3E 2 I 133 X 7E 08 2E 3 X X 10 I 133 X 9E 08 3E 3 X X 21 I 134 2E 05 3E 06 1E 5 2E 4 5E 4 38 I 134 X 3E 06 1E 5 X X 10 I 134 X 8E 06 2E 5 X X 21 I 135 7E 07 6E 07 2E 4 8E 2 2E 3 I 135 X 3E 07 1E 4 X X 10 I 135 X 4E 07 1E 4 X X 21 Cs 125 6E 05 1E 05 4E 5 5E 4 1E 5 38 Cs 127 4E 05 4E 06 1E 5 6E 4 9E 4 Cs 129 1E 05 2E 06 9E 4 2E 4 3E 4 Cs 130 8E 05 1E 05 6E 5 6E 4 2E 5 38 Cs 131 ...

Страница 100: ... 4 38 Ba 140 6E 07 3E 07 1E 4 5E 2 1E 3 Ba 141 3E 05 1E 05 4E 5 2E 4 7E 4 38 Ba 142 6E 05 9E 06 3E 5 5E 4 1E 5 38 La 131 5E 05 8E 06 3E 5 5E 4 1E 5 38 La 132 4E 06 1E 06 5E 4 3E 3 1E 4 La 135 4E 05 1E 05 4E 5 4E 4 9E 4 La 137 3E 08 4E 08 1E 3 1E 4 60 La 138 1E 09 3E 09 1E 2 9E 2 4 La 140 5E 07 3E 07 1E 4 6E 2 1E 3 La 141 4E 06 2E 06 9E 4 4E 3 9E 3 La 142 9E 06 2E 06 8E 4 8E 3 2E 4 38 La 143 4E 05 ...

Страница 101: ...5 38 Nd 136 2E 05 4E 06 1E 5 1E 4 5E 4 38 Nd 138 2E 06 1E 06 5E 4 2E 3 5E 3 Nd 139m 6E 06 1E 06 5E 4 5E 3 1E 4 Nd 139 1E 04 1E 05 6E 5 9E 4 3E 5 38 Nd 141 3E 04 3E 05 1E 6 2E 5 6E 5 Nd 147 4E 07 2E 07 9E 3 1E 3 8E 2 Nd 149 1E 05 4E 06 1E 5 1E 4 2E 4 38 Nd 151 8E 05 9E 06 3E 5 7E 4 2E 5 38 Pm 141 7E 05 1E 05 4E 5 5E 4 2E 5 38 Pm 143 2E 07 5E 07 2E 4 5E 3 6E 2 Pm 144 5E 08 1E 07 3E 3 1E 3 1E 2 Pm 14...

Страница 102: ... 2E 3 Eu 146 5E 07 3E 07 1E 4 1E 3 1E 3 Eu 147 7E 07 5E 07 2E 4 3E 3 2E 3 Eu 148 1E 07 2E 07 9E 3 1E 3 4E 2 Eu 149 1E 06 2E 06 9E 4 1E 4 3E 3 Eu 150 4E 06 2E 06 7E 4 3E 3 8E 3 22 Eu 150 8E 09 1E 08 6E 2 8E 2 20 23 Eu 152m 3E 06 1E 06 6E 4 3E 3 6E 3 Eu 152 1E 08 2E 08 7E 2 8E 2 20 Eu 154 8E 09 1E 08 5E 2 5E 2 20 Eu 155 4E 08 7E 08 2E 3 4E 3 90 Eu 156 2E 07 1E 07 6E 3 6E 2 5E 2 Eu 157 2E 06 1E 06 4E...

Страница 103: ...6m 1E 05 4E 06 1E 5 7E 3 8E 3 25 Tb 156 6E 07 4E 07 1E 4 1E 3 1E 3 Tb 157 1E 07 2E 07 8E 3 5E 4 3E 2 Tb 158 8E 09 1E 08 6E 2 1E 3 20 Tb 160 9E 08 1E 07 3E 3 7E 2 2E 2 Tb 161 7E 07 4E 07 1E 4 2E 3 2E 3 Dy 155 1E 05 2E 06 1E 5 9E 3 3E 4 Dy 157 3E 05 5E 06 1E 5 2E 4 6E 4 Dy 159 1E 06 2E 06 8E 4 1E 4 2E 3 Dy 165 2E 05 6E 06 2E 5 1E 4 5E 4 Dy 166 3E 07 3E 07 1E 4 6E 2 7E 2 Ho 155 6E 05 1E 05 4E 5 4E 4 ...

Страница 104: ...m 170 9E 08 1E 07 4E 3 8E 2 2E 2 Tm 171 1E 07 2E 07 9E 3 1E 4 3E 2 Tm 172 5E 07 4E 07 1E 4 7E 2 1E 3 Tm 173 5E 06 2E 06 8E 4 4E 3 1E 4 Tm 175 1E 04 8E 06 2E 5 7E 4 3E 5 38 Yb 162 1E 04 1E 05 5E 5 7E 4 3E 5 38 Yb 166 8E 07 5E 07 2E 4 1E 3 3E 3 Yb 167 3E 04 3E 05 1E 6 3E 5 7E 5 38 Yb 169 3E 07 2E 07 8E 3 2E 3 7E 2 Yb 175 1E 06 8E 07 2E 4 3E 3 3E 3 Yb 177 2E 05 5E 06 2E 5 2E 4 5E 4 38 Yb 178 2E 05 5E...

Страница 105: ...Hf 177m 2E 05 1E 06 6E 4 2E 4 6E 4 38 Hf 178m 5E 10 8E 10 30 3E 2 10 Hf 179m 1E 07 1E 07 6E 3 1E 3 3E 2 Hf 180m 9E 06 1E 06 6E 4 7E 3 2E 4 Hf 181 7E 08 1E 07 4E 3 1E 3 2E 2 Hf 182m 4E 05 4E 06 1E 5 4E 4 9E 4 38 Hf 182 3E 10 5E 10 20 2E 2 0 8 Hf 183 2E 05 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 5E 4 38 Hf 184 3E 06 1E 06 4E 4 2E 3 6E 3 Ta 172 4E 05 5E 06 1E 5 4E 4 1E 5 38 Ta 173 7E 06 3E 06 1E 5 7E 3 2E 4 Ta 174 4E 05 5E ...

Страница 106: ... W 185 3E 06 2E 06 9E 4 2E 3 7E 3 W 187 4E 06 1E 06 5E 4 2E 3 9E 3 W 188 5E 07 6E 07 2E 4 4E 2 2E 3 Re 177 1E 04 1E 05 4E 5 9E 4 3E 5 38 Re 178 1E 04 1E 05 3E 5 7E 4 3E 5 38 Re 181 4E 06 1E 06 4E 4 5E 3 8E 3 Re 182 9E 07 3E 07 1E 4 1E 3 1E 4 26 Re 182 5E 06 1E 06 4E 4 1E 3 2E 3 27 Re 184m 2E 07 1E 07 4E 3 2E 3 4E 2 Re 184 6E 07 3E 07 1E 4 2E 3 2E 3 Re 186m 6E 08 7E 08 2E 3 1E 3 2E 2 Re 186 7E 07 4...

Страница 107: ...E 5 X X 29 Ir 186 2E 06 X X 2E 3 6E 3 Ir 187 1E 05 3E 06 1E 5 1E 4 3E 4 Ir 188 1E 06 6E 07 2E 4 2E 3 3E 3 Ir 189 1E 06 1E 06 4E 4 5E 3 4E 3 Ir 190m 8E 05 X X 2E 5 2E 5 38 Ir 190m X 2E 06 7E 4 X X 30 Ir 190m X 5E 05 1E 6 X X 31 Ir 190 4E 07 2E 07 8E 3 1E 3 9E 2 Ir 192m 6E 09 1E 07 1E 3 3E 3 90 Ir 192 9E 08 1E 07 4E 3 3E 2 2E 2 Ir 194m 3E 08 8E 08 2E 3 6E 2 90 Ir 194 8E 07 7E 07 2E 4 1E 3 2E 3 Ir 19...

Страница 108: ... 3 Au 199 2E 06 7E 07 2E 4 3E 3 4E 3 Au 200m 1E 06 4E 07 1E 4 1E 3 3E 3 Au 200 3E 05 7E 06 2E 5 3E 4 6E 4 Au 201 9E 05 9E 06 3E 5 7E 4 2E 5 Hg 193m 5E 06 1E 06 4E 4 4E 3 1E 4 32 Hg 193m 3E 06 1E 06 4E 4 3E 3 8E 3 Hg 193m 4E 06 1E 07 6E 3 X 8E 3 10 Hg 193 3E 05 5E 06 1E 5 2E 4 6E 4 32 Hg 193 2E 05 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 4E 4 Hg 193 1E 05 5E 07 1E 4 X 3E 4 10 Hg 194 1E 08 2E 08 1E 3 20 30 32 Hg 194 2E 05 3...

Страница 109: ... 1E 3 Hg 203 4E 07 8E 08 2E 3 X 8E 2 10 Tl 194m 6E 05 5E 06 2E 5 5E 4 2E 5 38 Tl 194 2E 04 2E 05 8E 5 3E 5 6E 5 38 Tl 195 5E 05 6E 06 2E 5 6E 4 1E 5 38 Tl 197 5E 05 8E 06 2E 5 7E 4 1E 5 Tl 198m 2E 05 2E 06 9E 4 3E 4 5E 4 38 Tl 198 1E 05 1E 06 5E 4 2E 4 3E 4 Tl 199 4E 05 5E 06 2E 5 6E 4 8E 4 Tl 200 5E 06 8E 07 3E 4 8E 3 1E 4 Tl 201 9E 06 4E 06 1E 5 2E 4 2E 4 Tl 202 2E 06 1E 06 5E 4 4E 3 5E 3 Tl 204...

Страница 110: ...3E 06 7E 07 2E 4 2E 3 6E 3 Bi 205 5E 07 4E 07 1E 4 1E 3 1E 3 Bi 206 4E 07 2E 07 8E 3 6E 2 9E 2 Bi 207 1E 07 1E 07 6E 3 1E 3 4E 2 Bi 210m 3E 10 2E 10 9 40 0 7 Bi 210 1E 08 9E 09 3E 2 8E 2 30 Bi 212 1E 07 8E 09 3E 2 5E 3 2E 2 38 Bi 213 1E 07 7E 09 2E 2 7E 3 3E 2 38 Bi 214 3E 07 1E 08 4E 2 2E 4 8E 2 38 Po 203 3E 05 4E 06 1E 5 3E 4 6E 4 38 Po 205 2E 05 3E 06 1E 5 2E 4 4E 4 38 Po 207 1E 05 1E 06 6E 4 8...

Страница 111: ... Ac 226 1E 09 5E 10 20 1E 2 3 Ac 227 2E 13 2E 13 1E 2 0 2 4E 4 Ac 228 4E 09 6E 09 2E 2 2E 3 9 Th 226 6E 08 4E 09 1E 2 5E 3 1E 2 38 Th 227 1E 10 7E 11 2 1E 2 0 3 Th 228 4E 12 2E 11 0 7 6 1E 2 Th 229 4E 13 2E 12 7E 2 0 6 9E 4 Th 230 3E 12 3E 12 0 1 4 6E 3 Th 231 3E 06 1E 06 5E 4 4E 3 6E 3 Th 232 5E 13 3E 12 0 1 0 7 1E 3 Th 234 6E 08 9E 08 3E 3 3E 2 2E 2 Pa 227 4E 08 4E 09 1E 2 4E 3 1E 2 38 Pa 228 5E...

Страница 112: ... 3E 06 1E 5 1E 5 5E 2 38 Np 233 1E 03 7E 05 2E 6 8E 5 3E 6 38 Np 234 1E 06 5E 07 2E 4 2E 3 3E 3 Np 235 3E 07 1E 06 4E 4 2E 4 8E 2 Np 236 9E 12 4E 11 1 3 5E 2 36 Np 236m 1E 08 5E 08 1E 3 3E 3 30 37 Np 237 2E 12 8E 12 0 3 0 5 4E 3 Np 238 3E 08 1E 07 4E 3 1E 3 60 Np 239 9E 07 5E 07 1E 4 2E 3 2E 3 Np 240 3E 05 2E 06 8E 4 2E 4 6E 4 38 Pu 234 8E 08 3E 08 1E 3 8E 3 2E 2 Pu 235 1E 03 8E 05 3E 6 9E 5 3E 6 ...

Страница 113: ...E 3 4E 3 80 Am 243 3E 12 5E 12 0 1 0 8 6E 3 Am 244m 2E 06 3E 06 1E 5 6E 4 4E 3 38 Am 244 8E 08 1E 07 5E 3 3E 3 2E 2 Am 245 3E 05 5E 06 2E 5 3E 4 8E 4 Am 246m 8E 05 6E 06 2E 5 5E 4 2E 5 38 Am 246 4E 05 2E 06 9E 4 3E 4 1E 5 38 Cm 238 5E 07 1E 07 4E 3 2E 4 1E 3 Cm 240 2E 10 2E 10 7 60 0 6 Cm 241 1E 08 2E 08 8E 2 1E 3 30 Cm 242 1E 10 1E 10 5 30 0 3 Cm 243 4E 12 7E 12 0 2 10 9E 3 Cm 244 5E 12 9E 12 0 3...

Страница 114: ...0 5 4E 3 Cf 250 4E 12 7E 12 0 2 10 9E 3 Cf 251 2E 12 3E 12 0 1 0 5 4E 3 Cf 252 8E 12 1E 11 0 6 20 2E 2 Cf 253 7E 10 5E 10 20 2E 2 20 Cf 254 7E 12 2E 11 0 8 20 2E 2 Es 250 2E 07 4E 07 1E 4 4E 4 5E 2 Es 251 4E 07 3E 07 1E 4 7E 3 9E 2 Es 253 6E 10 2E 10 9 2E 2 10 Es 254m 4E 09 1E 09 50 3E 2 10 Es 254 3E 11 6E 11 2 80 7E 2 Fm 252 5E 09 2E 09 80 5E 2 10 Fm 253 4E 09 1E 09 60 1E 3 10 Fm 254 4E 08 6E 09 ...

Страница 115: ... 9E 06 7E 04 Kr 83m 2E 02 9E 08 1E 02 Kr 85 2E 04 9E 06 1E 04 Kr 85m 9E 06 3E 05 2E 05 Kr 87 1E 06 5E 04 5E 06 Kr 88 6E 07 2E 04 2E 06 Xe 120 3E 06 1E 05 1E 05 Xe 121 7E 07 2E 04 2E 06 Xe 122 2E 05 1E 06 7E 05 Xe 123 2E 06 8E 04 6E 06 Xe 125 5E 06 2E 05 2E 05 Xe 127 5E 06 2E 05 1E 05 Xe 129m 6E 05 2E 06 2E 04 Xe 131m 1E 04 6E 06 4E 04 Xe 133 4E 05 1E 06 1E 04 Xe 133m 4E 05 1E 06 1E 04 Xe 135 5E 06...

Страница 116: ...half life lived progeny 15 69 min half life 34 with progeny removed 16 5 h half life 35 with progeny present 17 16 min half life 36 1E 05 yr half life 18 6 d half life 37 22 h half life 19 9 h half life 38 half life less than 20 10 min half life 2 hours For any radionuclide not listed in these tables with decay mode other than alpha emission or spontaneous fission and with radioactive half life le...

Страница 117: ...reach distance R 13 sec 43 sec 7 15 min 1 CFM sample for 1 week equals 10 080 CF 285 4 M 3 2 CFM sample for 1 week equals 20 160 CF 571 M 3 Calculating Airborne Radioactivity long lived S N C R V x î x SA x CE x CF S C activity concentration at end of sample run time N R net counting rate V sample volume î detector efficiency SA self absorption factor CE collection efficiency CF conversion from di...

Страница 118: ...ur given room dimensions of 30 feet by 30 feet by 10 feet Volume of the room is 30 x 30 x 10 9 000 cubic feet Seven volume turnovers per hour would be 7 times 9 000 cubic feet or 63 000 cubic feet per hour 1 050 CFM room ventilation rate Lung Deposition from ICRP 30 AMAD NP TB ì Naso pharanx Trachea bronchus Alveolar 0 1 0 01 0 08 0 61 1 0 3 0 08 0 25 10 0 9 0 08 0 04 Naso Pharyngeal Regions of De...

Страница 119: ...me in M 3 3 uCi ml CPM Eff x 2 22 E6 DPM uCi x total sample volume in ml Bq M CPM Eff x 60 DPM Bq x total sample 3 volume in M 3 DAC uCi ml uCi ml per DAC DAC Factor 1 DAC h 1 DAC exposure for 1 hour 1 DAC h 2 5 mrem 25 uSv 1 DAC for Pu239 is 11 1 DPM M 3 Calculate the number of DAC h on a filter by this formula DAC h of DPM on filter Sample flow rate in LPM x 1 332E11 x DAC factor Calculate the D...

Страница 120: ...ed Note If the pressure inside the rotameter is less than standard the rotameter will indicate higher than the true standard flow rate but less than the ambient actual or volumetric flow rate If the rotameter is downstream from the sampling head then the ambient pressure inside the rotameter will be less than the local atmospheric pressure The ambient pressure inside the rotameter should be used i...

Страница 121: ...cs The gases sampled are single molecules but may be heavier than air Special Cases Air sampling may involve both particulates and gases in the same sample There are radioactive isotopes that are gases but have particulate progeny Those progeny initially exist as single molecules but will quickly agglomorate onto dust particles in the air then they react as true particulates for air sampling purpo...

Страница 122: ... SAMPLE COLLECTION ANALYSIS METHODS A Passive and Diffusion B Flow Through C Grab D Filtration E Absorption and Adsorption F Bubblers G Impactors H Particle Separators I Affect of Sample Inlets on Collection ...

Страница 123: ...igrate The radon and thoron in the air will ionize the air inside this container due to the radioactive decay of these gases and their progeny The ionization of the air then causes the charged disc to lose part of its charge When the Electret is collected later the remaining charge on the disc is determined and the amount of charge lost is related to the radon and thoron concentration of the air t...

Страница 124: ...ine the actual concentration of the radioactive substance Sampling for toxic substances using a flow through chamber generally requires an electrochemical detection method Some flow through detectors for toxic substances have the capability of detecting more than one type of toxic substance Sampling for oxygen deficient atmospheres is another application for flow through chambers C Grab The basic ...

Страница 125: ...out 40 cfm for environmental or short term workplace sampling to low volume lapel samplers 1 lpm or less for collecting aerosols in the breathing zone of individual workers Low pressure drop cellulose filters are commonly used and samples can be easily reduced to ash or dissolved for analysis without the filter material interferring with the analysis Concerns for penetration of particles into the ...

Страница 126: ...sapor 3000 3 0 um 2 3 Hg 450 Hollingsworth Vose HV LB5211 0 3 um 1 0 Hg 650 The rated pore size is for 99 99 collection efficiency for that size particle and greater All of these filters have 99 collection efficiency for particles as small as 0 3 um The stated pressure drop is for a 40 mm collection diameter with an air flow rate of 2 ACFM and barometric pressure of 23 1 Hg The FWHM is for Po 214 ...

Страница 127: ...ritium oxide is collected by passing an air stream through a cartridge containing the anhydrous calcium sulfate The moisture content of air can then be measured by gravimetric or other methods and tritium oxide in the air can be measured directly or indirectly using either a radiation detector or liquid scintillation counting Silica gel zeolites and activated charcoal are examples of adsorption wh...

Страница 128: ...es real time analysis of the substances being collected are possible by using chemicals in the liquid which will react with the substances being collected The substance collected in the liquid may be analyzed at some later time also An example of a bubbler sample collection technique is the elemental tritium and tritium oxide bubbler Elemental tritium is used in several applications and must be ad...

Страница 129: ...t of elemental tritium and tritium oxide can be derived G Impactors Impactors are used to collect aerosols either solid or liquid particles An air pump pulls air through a opening small enough to increase the velocity of the air stream to a level such that large particles in the air cannot deviate from their straight flight and therefore impact on a plate Smaller particles can go around the impact...

Страница 130: ...f the sample inlet is critical to the efficacy of the collection system The use of non conductive materials should be avoided for the collection of aerosol particles due to electrostatic collection of those particles on the sample inlet before they get to the point of collection The use of non reactive materials should always be used regardless of whether sampling for gases or aerosols The length ...

Страница 131: ...uced is equal to atmospheric pressure nominally 29 92 Hg at sea level it is important to know this value at the work site For example a pump with a maximum vacuum capability of 24 Hg cannot generate a 24 vacuum when the atmospheric pressure is 22 Hg as in Mexico City for instance The proportion of the air evacuated will be the same however This pump therefore will pull 22 x 24 29 92 17 6 Hg vacuum...

Страница 132: ...rating conditions The major disadvantages are somewhat limited capacities and high noise levels accompanied by vibrations that may be transmitted to the base structure In general the reciprocating piston design is best suited to pulling relatively small volumes of air through a high vacuum range Diaphragm Pumps The diaphragm unit creates vacuum by flexing of a diaphragm inside a closed chamber Sma...

Страница 133: ...sors bridge the gap between positive and non positive displacement units Air flow is high but vacuum capabilities are limited to about 15 Hg Capabilities can be improved with staging Non positive Displacement Vacuum Pumps Non positive displacement vacuum pumps use changes in kinetic energy to remove air from a system The most significant advantage of this design is its ability to provide very high...

Страница 134: ...ermittent duty cycles Most vacuum pumps can t come near the theoretical maximum vacuum 29 92 Hg at sea level because of internal leakage For a reciprocating piston pump the upper vacuum limit may be 28 or 28 5 Hg roughly 93 to 95 of the maximum theoretical value Internal leakage and clearance volume establish the highest vacuum a pump can produce For some pumps this is also the vacuum rating In ot...

Страница 135: ... system is given by its volumetric efficiency a measure of how close the pump comes to delivering its calculated volume of air This equation is applied in two different ways True or Intake Volumetric Efficiency The volume of air removed during a given time period is converted to an equivalent volume at the temperature and absolute pressure existing at the intake Atmospheric Volumetric Efficiency T...

Страница 136: ...ric efficiency and the volume of air that can be drawn into the pumping chamber To repeat a basic characteristic of positive displacement pumps is that capacity drops as the vacuum level increases The same principle holds for diaphragm pumps Effects of Temperature Rise Vacuum pump performance is significantly affected by heating of the pump itself At higher vacuum levels there is very little air f...

Страница 137: ... cycle be continuous or intermittent What is the atmospheric pressure at the work site What is the ambient temperature Are there any space limitations Vacuum Ratings and Typical Pump Capacities Max Vacuum CFM Rating Hg Range 27 5 to 28 5 1 to 1 000 Piston multistage 25 5 to 29 0 1 to 2 Rocking piston 24 to 29 0 1 to 8 Diaphragm single multistage 10 to 28 0 5 to 50 Rotary vane 14 to 22 5 to 2 000 M...

Страница 138: ... K Gas Law Units Positive Gauge Pressure is the pressure above atmospheric pressure measured in psig Negative Gauge Pressure vacuum is the difference between atmospheric pressure and the pressure remaining in the evacuated system measured in Hg or negative psig Absolute Pressure is the pressure above a perfect vacuum condition measured in psia When using gas laws pressure must be absolute pressure...

Страница 139: ...that all volumes be given in the same units Gas Laws The relationships of pressure volume and temperature of a quantity of air are interrelated The first three laws cover conditions where the quantity or mass of air is constant The fourth law General Law provides for computation involving change in the mass of air Boyle s Law P1V1 P2V2 This basic law covers the relationship between changes in pres...

Страница 140: ...its weight in grams equals the molecular weight of the gas This makes R independent of the gas involved In metric units T in degrees Kelvin V in liters and P in atmospheres R has the value 0 08207 Flow Measurements The volume of air delivered by a compressor or removed by a vacuum pump is given in cubic feet per minute cfm This may be either cfm at actual temperature and pressure or standard cubic...

Страница 141: ...unds per square inch absolute psia Adiabatic A change such as expansion or compression without loss or gain of heat Any sufficiently fast process is approximately adiabatic Atmosphere Unit of pressure that will support a column of mercury 29 92 inches high at 0 C sea level and latitude 45 Actual day to day atmospheric pressure fluctuates about this value Atmospheric Pressure Pressure exerted by th...

Страница 142: ...cent Free Air Air under the atmospheric conditions including temperature at any specific location Gauge Pressure Positive The pressure differential above atmospheric pressure see pressure gauge Gauge Pressure Negative The difference between pressure remaining in an evacuated system and atmospheric pressure see vacuum gauge Also known as gauge vacuum or vacuum level In effect it is the pressure dro...

Страница 143: ...t moves a specific volume of air for each cycle of operation Pressure Differential Difference in pressure between two points in a system or component Pressure Drop Any reduction in pressure from normal value Pressure Gauge A device that displays the pressure level in a system Most gauges use atmospheric pressure as a reference level and measure the difference between the actual pressure and atmosp...

Страница 144: ...ve humidity of 36 percent Vacuum A space containing air or other gas at less than atmospheric pressure usually expressed in Hg Vacuum Gauge Device for determining the pressure level in a partial vacuum Vacuum Pump A device that pulls air out of a closed container or system Vacuum Relief Valve A valve that controls system vacuum level It operates by providing a modulated flow of atmospheric air int...

Страница 145: ...IV AIR SAMPLE PUMP POWER SOURCES A AC Powerline B Battery C Generator D Solar Power E Wind Power 134 ...

Страница 146: ...7 Determine what size of electric motor you need for your vacuum system You can refer to the vacuum pump manufacturers data sheets after you determine your vacuum and air flow rate requirements to determine the power requirements If the manufacturer states the electric motor rating in horsepower convert that to watts by multiplying Horsepower by 746 watts per horsepower to calculate the watts requ...

Страница 147: ...auge powerline to operate a vacuum pump that uses 3 7 amps calculate the voltage loss using this equation V I x R V 3 7 x 0 4 x 4 5 92 Volts less than the standard 120 VAC at the source This causes your vacuum pump to operate with lower efficiency and greater heat generation You must also consider the starting current of your vacuum pump which may be three times its running current 136 ...

Страница 148: ...from your battery system is 250 watts times 8 hours 2 000 watt hrs Battery Watt hrs per kg Battery Watt hrs per kg Type battery weight Type battery weight Li Ion 135 NiCd 47 NiMH 78 Alkaline 80 NiZn 52 Lead Acid 37 The batteries with the highest power density will be the lightest for your application but the price will be the highest The lowest price for a battery system will be Lead Acid but will...

Страница 149: ...3 000 watt hrs per gallon of fuel If you choose a gasoline generator with a capacity of 1 000 watts or more your generator would use about 2 gallons of fuel to operate your vacuum pump for 8 hours continuously Typical diesel generators will deliver about 10 000 watt hrs per gallon of fuel If you choose a diesel generator with a capacity of 1 000 watts or more your generator would use less than 1 g...

Страница 150: ...our sunlight availability at the location is 6 hours per day You want to continuously operate your vacuum pump and you want to plan for a lack of useable sunlight for only one day You need a battery system that will operate the vacuum pump for 36 or more hours but then you must also size the solar panel system to generate enough power to operate the vacuum pump and recharge the battery system You ...

Страница 151: ...ve a capacity of 10 watts per square foot Therefore you need 300 square feet of solar panels for this example My wife and I use 20 000 watt hours per day at our home and that is fairly typical for a small home in northern New Mexico 18 000 watt hrs 6 hours 3 000 watts per hour 3 000 watts 10 watts per square foot 300 square feet Refer to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory website at WWW NREL...

Страница 152: ...uare of the rotor diameter and the cube of the wind speed The wind speed typically is higher at 50 feet and higher above the ground surface than it is at 20 feet above the ground surface Example You have a wind machine with a 12 foot diameter rotor and your wind speed is 20 mph Watts 12 squared times 20 cubed divided by 500 144 times 8 000 divided by 500 2 300 watts If this wind system generated t...

Страница 153: ...O 29 Methanol 0 2 Carbon tetrachloride 31 Nitric oxide 30 2 Chlorine 1 5 NO 5 6 Chloroform 49 Selenium 0 2 2 Cresol 22 SO 5 2 Ethanol 1 880 Sulfuric acid 1 Fluorine 1 6 Tellurium 0 1 Formaldehyde 0 37 Tetraethyl lead 0 1 Gasoline 890 Toluene 188 Hydrogen cyanide 11 Turpentine 560 Iodine 1 Vinyl chloride 13 Zinc oxide fume 5 Asbestos 0 2 fibers cc Suspected human carcinogen Animal carcinogen Confir...

Страница 154: ...5 9 204 6 335 6 751 4 500 1 372 644 85 9 95 4 203 7 334 8 749 5 000 1 524 632 84 3 94 9 202 9 334 4 748 5 500 1 676 619 82 5 94 4 202 0 333 8 747 6 000 1 829 609 81 2 93 9 201 1 333 2 745 6 500 1 981 597 79 6 93 3 200 0 332 6 744 7 000 2 134 586 78 1 92 8 199 1 332 2 743 7 500 2 286 575 76 7 92 4 198 3 331 4 741 8 000 2 438 564 75 2 91 8 197 4 330 8 740 9 000 2 743 543 72 4 90 9 195 6 330 1 738 10...

Страница 155: ... MD Hagerstown 704 CA Sacramento 24 MD Salisbury 52 CA Los Angeles 126 ME Portland 74 CO Denver 5 431 ME Presque Island 534 CO Leadville 9 927 MI Detroit 626 CO Pueblo 4 726 MI Hancock 1 095 CT Bridgeport 10 MN Duluth 1 428 CT New Haven 14 MN Minneapolis 841 DC Washington 313 MO Saint Louis 605 FL Gainesville 152 MO Springfield 1 267 FL Miami 11 MS Biloxi 28 GA Atlanta 1 026 MS Tupelo 346 GA Savan...

Страница 156: ... WA Richland 195 NV Ely 6 255 WI La Crosse 654 NV Las Vegas 2 175 WI Oshkosh 808 NY Jamestown 1 724 WI Rhinelander 1 623 NY New York 13 WV Bluefield 2 857 OH Akron 1 228 WV Huntington 828 OH Cincinnati 897 WY Laramie 7 276 OH Cleveland 584 WY Sheridan 4 021 OK Oklahoma City 1 295 OK Tulsa 677 OR Portland 27 OR Redmond 3 077 PA Johnstown 2 284 PA Philadelphia 21 RI Providence 55 SC Columbia 236 SC ...

Страница 157: ...sablanca Morocco 656 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 16 Damascus Syria 2 020 Rome Italy 7 Darwin Australia 94 Santiago Chili 1 554 Dublin Ireland 222 Seoul South Korea 58 Geneva Switzerland 1 411 Shanghai China 15 Helsinki Finland 167 Shannon Ireland 47 Istanbul Turkey 92 Singapore Singapore 65 Jakarta Indonesia 86 Stockholm Sweden 123 Jo burg South Africa 5 557 Sydney Australia 6 Karachi Pakistan 100 Taipe...

Страница 158: ...0 9002 Helium He 5 2 PPM 0 1785 4 Methane CH 2 0 PPM Krypton Kr 1 1 PPM 3 7 2 Sulfur Dioxide SO 1 0 PPM 2 927 2 Hydrogen H 0 5 PPM 0 0899 2 Nitrous Oxide N O 0 5 PPM 1 977 Xenon Xe 0 09 PPM 5 9 3 Ozone O 0 0 to 0 07 PPM 2 144 3 Ozone winter O 0 0 to 0 02 PPM 2 144 2 Nitrogen Dioxide NO 0 02 PPM 1 4494 2 Iodine I 0 01 PPM Carbon Monoxide CO 0 0 to trace 1 2500 3 Ammonia NH 0 0 to trace 0 7710 147 ...

Страница 159: ...el month 1 rem PROPOSED EPA ACTION LEVELS FOR RADON IN DRINKING WATER Maximum Contaminant Level MCL is 300 pCi L of radon in water of community water systems CWS Alternative Maximum Contaminant Level AMCL is 4 000 pCi L of radon in water of community water systems To comply with the AMCL limit the state or the CWS Community Water System must implement a Multi Media Mitigation plan to address the r...

Страница 160: ...es risk of dying lung cancer from poison 1 3 pCi L 20 could get Av indoor radon level lung cancer 0 4 pCi L 3 could get Av outdoor radon level lung cancer If You ve Never Smoked 20 pCi L 36 35 times risk of drowning 10 pCi L 18 20 times risk of dying in a home fire 8 pCi L 15 4 times risk of dying in a fall 4 pCi L 7 Same as risk of dying in a car crash 2 pCi L 4 Same as risk of dying from poison ...

Страница 161: ... 1 mCi 37 MBq 1 mrem 10 ìSv 1 ìCi 37 kBq 1 mrem 0 01 mSv 1 nCi 37 Bq 1 ìrem 0 01 ìSv 1 nCi 37 dps 1 ìrem 10 nSv 1 nCi 2220 dpm 1 pCi 0 037 Bq 1 pCi 2 22 dpm Absorbed Dose Dose Rate 1 kGy 100 krad 1 Sv h 100 rem h 1 Gy 100 rad 1 mSv h 100 mrem h 1 mGy 100 mrad 1 mSv h 0 10 rem h 1 ìGy 100 ìrad 1 ìSv h 100 ìrem h 1 ìSv h 0 1 mrem h 1 krad 10 Gy 1 krem h 10 Sv h 1 rad 10 mGy 1 rem h 10 mSv h 1 mrad 1...

Страница 162: ...r m or cu m 3 curie Ci day day or d degree deg or 0 disintegrations per minute dpm foot ft gallon gal gallons per minute gpm gram g or gm hour h or hr inch in liter liter or L meter m micron ì ìm or mu minute min or m pounds per square inch lb in or psi 2 roentgen R second sec or s square centimeter cm or sq cm 2 square foot ft sq ft 2 square meter m or sq m 2 volt V or v watt W or w year yr or y ...

Страница 163: ...4 cm 1 cm 1E24 barn 2 2 1 cm 0 1550 in 1 in 6 452 cm 2 2 2 2 1 m 10 764 ft 1 ft 0 0929 m 2 2 2 2 1 m 3 861E 7 mile 1 mile 2 59E6 m 2 2 2 2 1 mile 640 acres 1 acre 1 5625E 3 mile 2 2 Volume 1 cm cc 3 5315E 5 ft 1 ft 28 316 cm 3 3 3 3 1 cm 1E 6 m 1 m 1E6 cm 3 3 3 3 1 cm 0 03381 ounces 1 ounce 29 58 cm 3 3 1 ft 28 316 liters 1 liter 0 035315 ft 3 3 1 ft 7 481 gallons 1 gal 0 1337 ft 3 3 1 liter 1 057...

Страница 164: ...i cc 2 22E12 DPM M3 1 DPM M 4 5045E 13ìCi cc 3 1 ìCi cc 3 7E10 Bq M3 1 Bq M 2 7027E 11 ìCi cc 3 1 pCi ft 3 5315E 11 ìCi cc 3 1 ìCi cc 2 8316E10 pCi ft3 Pressure 1 atmosphere 1 01325 bars 1 bar 0 9869 atm 1 atmosphere 101 325 kPa 1 kPa 0 009869 atm 1 atmosphere 14 696 lbs in 1 lbs in 0 06805 atm 2 2 1 atmosphere 760 mm Hg 1 mm Hg 0 001316 atm 1 atmosphere 29 9213 Hg 1 Hg 0 033421 atm 2 2 1 atmosphe...

Страница 165: ...1 roentgen 0 98 rads in soft tissue 1 rad in soft tissue 1 02 roentgen 1 rem 100 ergs g in tissue 1 erg g in tissue 0 01 rem 1 sievert Sv 100 rem 1 rem 0 01 Sv 1 sievert 1 J kg 1 curie Ci 3 7E10 dps 1 dps 2 7027E 11 Ci 1 curie 2 22E12 dpm 1 dpm 4 5045E 13 Ci 1 ìCi m 222 dpm cm 2 2 1 dpm cm 0 0045 ìCi m 2 2 1 megaCi sq mile 0 386 Ci m2 1 Ci m 2 59 megaCi sq mile 2 1 dpm m 4 5E 13 ìCi cm 3 3 1 ìCi c...

Страница 166: ... 9058E 18 kW hours 1 kW hrs 1 123E17 fissions 1 fission 3 204E 4 ergs 1 erg 3 121E3 fissions 1 fission 6 9E 21 Megatons TNT 1 Megatons TNT 1 45E20 fissions 1 gray 100 rads 1 rad 0 01 gray 1 joule J 6 24E18 eV 1 eV 1 602E 19 joule Others 1 ampere 2 998 E9 electrostatic units sec 3 336E 10 amp 1 electrostatic unit sec 1 ampere 6 242 E18 electronic charges sec 1 602E 19 amp 1 electronic charge sec 1 ...

Страница 167: ...rg 1E 7 joule 1 calorie g 0 003971 BTU 1 BTU 251 8 calories g MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES 1E18 Exa E 1E2 hecto h 1E 6 micro ì 1E15 Peta P 1E1 deka da 1E 9 nano n 1E12 tera T 1E0 1 1 1E 12 pico p 1E9 giga G 1E 1 deci d 1E 15 femto f 1E6 mega M 1E 2 centi c 1E 18 atto a 1E3 kilo k 1E 3 milli m GREEK ALPHABET A á Alpha I é Iota R ñ Rho B Beta K 6 Kappa S ó Sigma G Gamma L ë Lambda T ô Tau D Delta Ì ì ...

Страница 168: ...22 414 cm mole STP 3 neutron mass 1 67482E 24 g proton mass 1 67252E 24 g ratio of proton to electron mass 1836 13 natural base of logarithms e 2 71828 p 3 14159 1C 6 2418E18 esus 1A 1 C sec 1 barn b 1E 24 cm2 charge e 1 6E 19 C 1 W for air 33 8 eV ion pair Universal gas constant R 8 32E7 ergs C gram mol 0 A gram molecular weight of any gas contains Avogadro s 0 number N 6 02252 E23 atoms and occu...

Страница 169: ...ngle between the sides Trapezoid a 4 sided figure with two sides parallel A area x h a b where a and b are the length of the sides and h is the height Regular polygon of n sides A area 1 4 x n x a x cotangent 180 n 2 0 where a is the length of a side and n is the number of sides Circle A area p x r or 1 4 x p x d 2 2 where r is the radius and d is the diameter Cube A area 6 x a 2 V volume a 3 wher...

Страница 170: ...4 3E16 1 24E5 X Ray _________ gamma 1E 10 3E12 1 24E1 _________ _________ UV 1E 6 3E8 1 24E 3 ______ visible IR _________ 1E 2 3E4 1 24E 7 _____________ microwave radar TV 1E2 3 1 24E 11 TV shortwave radio 1E6 3E 4 1 24E 15 ë meters wavelength 300 F 1 24E 9 keV F frequency MHz 300 ë 2 419E11 x keV E keV 1 24E 9 ë F 2 419E11 ...

Страница 171: ...equilibrium a 234 Includes Th in equilibrium Depending upon the time since b 228 chemical separation Th can decrease to give a net 228 disintegration rate lower than 0 5 With 2p 50 geometry the surface of a thick uranium metal c tuballoy source gives 2400 alpha counts min per cm 2 Depleted uranium D 38 gives 800 alpha cpm cm 2 3 Alpha particles lose about 0 8 MeV per mg cm density 2 thickness of t...

Страница 172: ...cond factor is the relatively shallow depth of the air proportional detector compared to the path length of the alpha particle in air which leads to the alpha pulses being of similar height for any alpha particle energy above a threshold 6 Alpha particle energy transfer to air 6 MeV alpha particles produce 40 000 Ion Pairs per cm 4 MeV alpha particles produce 55 000 Ion Pairs per cm ù for air is 3...

Страница 173: ...rgies and high atomic numbers 5 The exposure rate in rads per hour in an infinite medium uniformly contaminated by a beta emitter is 2 12 EC r where E is the average beta energy per disintegration in MeV C is the concentration in ìCi cm and r is the 3 density of the medium in grams cm The dose rate at the 3 surface of the mass is one half the value given by this relation In such a large mass the r...

Страница 174: ...the surface contamination you wish to estimate the energy of c A single sheet of notepaper will stop all but the most energetic of alpha particles will have virtually no effect on gamma radiation and will only stop very low energy beta particles such as C 14 d A single sheet of notepaper will reduce the count rate from Tc by 99 e Continue adding more sheet of notepaper until the net count rate is ...

Страница 175: ...rate in rem h per hour in an infinite medium uniformly contaminated by a gamma emitter is 2 12 EC r where C is the number of microcuries per cubic centimeter E is the average gamma energy per disintegration in MeV and r is the density of the medium At the surface of a large body the dose rate is about half of this At ground level one half of an infinite cloud the dose rate from a uniformly contami...

Страница 176: ...the neutron exposure rate is approximately equal to 1 mrem hr at 1 meter for each 1E6 neutrons per second emission rate Multiply the neutron mrem hr at 1 meter by 11 1 to calculate the neutron exposure rate for the same source at a distance of 30 cm 4 For spontaneous fission the gamma exposure rate for an unshielded source is approximately twice the neutron exposure rate 5 The range of neutrons in...

Страница 177: ...nergy and moves at the same velocity as a gas molecule does at a temperature of 20 degrees C The velocity of a thermal neutron is 2200 m sec 5 000 mph Neutron Fluence per mrem 10CFR20 n cm n cm s n cm n cm s 2 2 2 2 per per per per MeV mrem mrem hr MeV mrem mrem hr thermal 10 2 4E4 6 7 to 9E5 250 14 1 7E4 4 7 1E 2 20 1 6E4 4 4 1E 1 1 7E5 47 40 1 4E4 6 7 5E 1 3 9E4 11 60 1 6E4 4 4 1 2 7E4 7 5 100 2...

Страница 178: ...0 2 238 U 1 9E17 3 15E2 8 51 0 1 0 1 235 U 2E16 1 05 2 84E 2 0 1 0 1 234 U 8E13 0 07 1 89E 3 0 1 0 1 232 Th 1E21 1 18 3 19E 2 0 1 0 1 232 These neutron and gamma exposure rates are approximate values for the spontaneous fission process When you are making exposure rate measurements you should take into account shielding of the source including self shielding individual instrument response to both ...

Страница 179: ...1 Am O 1 9 250 9 23E3 0 1 241 Pu O 1 7 2 13E 4 7 88E 3 8 7E 8 242 Pu O 1 9 0 86 32 3 6E 4 240 Pu Be 4 5 6 1E4 2 3E6 28 5 239 Pu O 1 9 0 06 2 36 2 6E 5 239 Pu Be 4 5 7 9E4 2 9E6 32 2 238 Pu O 1 9 6 19E3 2 29E5 2 5 238 Pu F 1 4 5 4E3 2E5 2 2 239 Pu Li 0 6 38 1 4E3 0 008 238 Pu C 3 6 1 1E4 4 1E4 0 46 238 13 Pu O 2 0 54 2E3 0 02 236 Np O 1 2 54 2E3 0 02 237 U O U O U O U O and U O have similar alpha 2...

Страница 180: ... Po Li 0 48 1 2E3 4 4E4 0 49 210 Po B 2 5 1 0E3 3 7E5 4 1 210 Po F 0 42 3E3 1 1E5 1 2 210 Ra and Ac include progeny effects 226 227 Energy Yield for 5 2 MeV alpha particles for various elements á ç sources ç energy MeV n s GBq n s Ci Li 0 3 1 13E3 4 2E4 Be 4 2 6 5E4 2 4E6 B 2 9 1 75E4 6 5E5 C 4 4 7 8E1 2 9E3 O 1 9 5 9E1 2 2E3 F 1 2 5 9E3 2 2E5 Na 1 1E3 4 1E4 Mg 2 7 8 9E2 3 3E4 Al 1 0 4 1E2 1 5E4 S...

Страница 181: ...240 241 242 Weight 90 0 9 10 0 60 0 30 0 01 Activity 97 99 0 036 0 009 1 972 3 6E 6 Curies for a 1 kilo gram mixture of RTG Pu238 1 54E4 5 65 1 36 309 6 48E 3 exposure rates in rem hr at 30 cm ã 2 46 7 3E 4 1 6E 3 3 2E 5 ç 6 4E 5 Total ã ç 2 46 Isotopic Mix of Reactor Grade Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu 238 239 240 241 242 Weight 1 50 58 1 24 1 11 4 4 90 Activity 2 12 0 30 0 45 97 13 1 6E 3 Curies for a 1 kil...

Страница 182: ...t 79 94 10 06 9 10 0 60 0 14 0 01 0 16 Act 99 00 1 2E 3 3 7E 5 9 1E 5 0 99 3 7E 8 3 7E 4 Curies for a 1 kilo gram mixture of 15 years old RTG Pu238 1 37E4 0 626 5 65 1 36 144 2 6 5E 3 5 49 exposure rates in rem hr at 30 cm ã 2 19 1 9E 4 7 3E 4 1 6E 3 3 3E 5 0 933 ç 6 6E 5 Total ã ç 3 13 Reactor Grade Pu 15 years after fabrication Pu U Pu Pu Pu Pu Am 238 234 239 240 241 242 241 Wt 1 33 0 17 58 1 24...

Страница 183: ... hr per Primary per Ci S F Ci 30 cm Half life Ci g 30 cm Half life ã ç Pu 87 7 y 17 1 0 16 4 9E10 y 238 U 2 45E5 y 6 22E 3 0 3 2E16 y 234 Pu 2 41E4 y 6 21E 2 0 13 5 5E15 y 239 Pu 6 56E3 y 0 227 0 16 1 39E11 y 1 240 Pu 14 4 y 103 241 Am 432 7 y 3 43 170 2E14 y 241 Pu 3 75E5 y 3 94E 3 7E10 y 5 10 242 U 4 47E9 y 3 36E 7 0 4 7E15 y 0 6 1 2 238 Th 24 1 d 2 32E4 35 6 234 Pa 1 17 m 6 86E8 50 234m U 7 04E...

Страница 184: ...6 0 03 Activity 11 23 11 23 11 23 2 27 2 27 61 76 Curies for a 1 kilo gram mixture of commercial uranium 3 3E 4 3 3E 4 3 3E 4 6 4E 5 6 4E 5 1 9E 3 gamma exposure rates in rem hr at 30 cm 1 3E 7 1 1E 5 1 7E 5 4 8E 5 3 1E 6 5 7E 7 Total gamma exposure rate 7 9E 5 Rem hr at 30 cm Isotopic Mix of 10 Enriched U U Th Pa U Th U 238 234 234m 235 231 234 Weight 89 87 10 0 0 13 Activity 3 25 3 25 3 25 2 32 ...

Страница 185: ...4 Weight 99 75 0 25 0 0005 Activity 32 01 32 01 32 01 0 53 0 53 2 90 Curies for a 1 kilo gram mixture of depleted uranium 3 4E 4 3 4E 4 3 4E 4 5 4E 6 5 4E 6 3 1E 5 gamma exposure rates in rem hr at 30 cm 1 4E 7 1 2E 5 1 7E 5 4 1E 6 2 6E 7 9 3E 9 Total gamma exposure rate 3 3E 5 Rem hr at 30 cm Isotopic Mix of HEU U Th Pa U Th U 238 234 234m 235 231 234 Weight 6 7 93 2 0 01 Activity 0 5 0 5 0 5 42 ...

Страница 186: ... unsealed ion chambers to STP 0 C 0 and 760 mm of Hg is f t 273 273 x 760 P where t is the ambient temperature in degrees C and P is the ambient barometric pressure in mm of Hg 4 The activity of an isotope without radioactive daughter is reduced to less than 1 after seven half lives 5 NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES Primordial Cosmogonic K Tritium 40 Rb Be 87 7 Natural U and Th C14 6 Unified Tim...

Страница 187: ...d into the atom shell Z K K L L 89 Ac 90 89 102 85 12 65 15 71 47 Ag 22 16 24 94 2 98 3 15 13 Al 1 49 1 55 X X 95 Am 106 35 120 16 14 62 18 83 18 Ar 2 96 3 19 X X 33 As 10 54 11 73 1 28 1 32 85 At 81 53 92 32 11 42 13 87 79 Au 68 79 77 97 9 71 11 44 5 B 0 185 X X X 56 Ba 32 19 36 38 4 47 4 83 4 Be 0 110 X X X 83 Bi 77 10 87 34 10 84 13 02 97 Bk 111 90 126 36 15 31 19 97 35 Br 11 92 13 29 1 48 1 53...

Страница 188: ... F 0 677 X X X 26 Fe 6 40 7 06 0 70 0 72 100 Fm 120 60 136 08 16 38 21 79 87 Fr 86 12 97 48 12 03 14 77 64 Gd 42 98 48 97 6 06 6 71 31 Ga 9 25 10 26 1 10 1 12 32 Ge 9 89 10 98 1 19 1 21 1 H 105 Ha 2 He 72 Hf 55 76 63 21 7 90 9 02 80 Hg 70 82 80 26 9 99 11 82 67 Ho 47 53 53 93 6 72 7 53 53 I 28 61 32 29 3 94 4 22 49 In 24 21 27 27 3 29 3 49 77 Ir 64 89 73 55 9 19 10 71 19 K 3 31 3 59 X X 36 Kr 12 6...

Страница 189: ...26 0 85 0 87 102 No 93 Np 101 00 114 18 13 95 17 74 8 O 0 526 X X X 76 Os 62 99 71 40 8 91 10 36 15 P 2 02 2 14 X X 91 Pa 95 85 108 41 13 29 19 70 82 Pb 74 96 84 92 10 55 12 61 46 Pd 21 18 23 82 2 84 2 99 61 Pm 38 65 43 96 5 43 5 96 84 Po 79 30 89 81 11 13 13 44 59 Pr 36 02 40 75 5 03 5 49 78 Pt 66 82 75 74 9 44 11 07 94 Pu 103 65 117 15 14 28 18 28 88 Ra 88 46 100 14 12 34 15 23 37 Rb 13 39 14 96...

Страница 190: ... 38 Sr 14 16 15 83 1 81 1 87 73 Ta 57 52 65 21 8 15 9 34 65 Tb 44 47 50 39 6 28 6 98 43 Tc 18 41 19 61 2 42 2 54 52 Te 27 47 30 99 3 77 4 03 90 Th 93 33 105 59 12 97 16 20 22 Ti 4 51 4 93 0 45 0 46 81 Tl 72 86 82 56 10 27 12 21 69 Tm 50 73 57 58 7 18 8 10 74 W 59 31 67 23 8 40 9 67 92 U 98 43 111 29 13 61 17 22 23 V 4 95 5 43 0 51 0 52 54 Xe 29 80 33 64 4 11 4 42 39 Y 14 96 16 74 1 92 2 00 70 Yb 5...

Страница 191: ...cimal S B R sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection D L is the Decision Level C L is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts or signal level above background K 0 674 1 1 645 1 96 2 58 3 00 C L 50 68 3 90 95 99 99 7 B If R is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations A k of 1 645 is used as the 95 confidence level for a two tailed distribution Gaussi...

Страница 192: ...is 1 645 Eff POISSON STATISTICS For Poisson distributions the following logic applies n P is the probability of getting count n n P e n n n the hypothetical count true mean counts If the true mean is 3 then there is a 5 probability that we will get a zero count and a 95 probability that we will get greater than zero counts There is a 65 probability that we will get 3 or more counts 181 ...

Страница 193: ...eny determine the overall half life of the alpha emitters in those decay chains The overall half life of the particulate progeny alpha emitters in the radon chain is 30 minutes while the overall half life of the particulate progeny alpha emitters in the thoron decay chain is 10 6 hours 636 minutes The following table indicates the decay rates you should observe if you measure the activity on your ...

Страница 194: ... the count rate rafter 300 minutes will be 7 200 cpm If you have an unknown mixture of radon and thoron then after 300 minutes there is no longer any radon so the measurements should follow the 10 6 hour half life for thoron only after that initial 300 minute interval IF there is a potential for other airborne radioactivity and you have ONLY radon you may be able to determine the presence or absen...

Страница 195: ... ICRP 26 H Dose Equiv D absorbed dose x Q quality factor x N any other modifying factors DEFINITIONS Acute any dose in a short period of time Chronic any dose in a long period of time Somatic effects in the exposed individual Genetic effects in the offspring of the exposed individual Teratogenic effects in the exposed unborn embryo fetus Stochastic effects for which a probability exists and increa...

Страница 196: ...m 0 28 mSv yr Rocks 28 mrem 0 28 mSv yr Internal 36 mrem 0 36 mSv yr Medical x rays 20 to 30 mrem 0 2 to 0 3 mSv yr Nuclear medicine 2 mrem yr TOTAL US Ave 120 mrem yr E US Ave H from radon 200 mrem yr E Ave H from medical x ray procedures Skull 20 mrem 0 2 mSv Upper GI 245 mrem 2 45 mSv Hip 65 mrem 0 65 mSv Chest 6 mrem 60 ìSv Kidney 55 mrem 0 55 mSv Dental 55 mrem 0 55 mSv Occupational Doses mre...

Страница 197: ...l exposure 5 0 rem 50 mSv year 32 0 5 rem 5 mSv year 3 OCCUPATIONAL RISKS Estimated Days Occupation of Life Lost demolition 1 500 mining 1 100 firefighting 800 railroad 500 farming 300 construction 200 transportation public utilities 160 average of all occupations 60 government 55 radiation dose of 1 rem 10 mSv per year 50 service 45 trade 30 single radiation dose of 1 rem 10 mSv 1 5 186 ...

Страница 198: ...ning 1 in 1 008 Motorcycle accident 1 in 1 020 Fire or smoke 1 in 1 113 Bicycle accident 1 in 4 919 Air space accident 1 in 5 051 Accidental firearm discharge 1 in 5 134 Accidental electrocution 1 in 9 968 Alcohol poisoning 1 in 10 048 Hot weather 1 in 13 729 Hornet wasp or bee sting 1 in 56 789 Legal execution 1 in 62 468 Lightning 1 in 79 746 Earthquake 1 in 117 127 Flood 1 in 144 156 Fireworks ...

Страница 199: ...o creating the original data Without their work this document could not have been assembled My family has given me their unlimited support in my development of this reference book and in my projects all through my career Sandy my wife of 30 some years and our two daughters Susan and Sarah and their excellent husbands Bill Gilson and Rolfe Bergstrom our son in laws continue to provide me with a ste...

Страница 200: ...ene Lead Free Gamma Shielding Poly Biz rigid panels and bricks Flexi Biz flexible panels and sheets Clays and Putties Neutron Putty Gamma Putty Castable and Pre Cast Neutron Shielding High Temperature Boron Silicone PolyKast Dry Mix Field Castable Heat Resistant Flexible Neutron Shielding Borated Flexi Panel Flexi Boron Neutron Activation Foils and Wires www shieldwerx com Ph 01 505 892 5144 ...

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