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Measurement types and applications

Bode 100

allows measuring Gain as well as Impedance, Reflection and Admittance. The following

chapters introduce you to the basics of the

Gain

and

Impedance / Reflection / Admittance

measurements.

For an easy use, the

Bode Analyzer Suite

supports different measurement types / modes for different

applications. The available measurements are listed in the start screen of the

Bode Analyzer Suite

(see

6.1 Start screen

on page 18).

The available measurement modes are grouped in the Vector Network Analysis Tab and the
Impedance Analysis Tab:

Vector Network Analysis

The Vector Network Analysis Tab contains the following measurement types:

Transmission / Reflection

Gain / Phase

Reflection with external coupler

Impedance Analysis

The Impedance Analysis Tab contains the following measurement types:

One-Port

Impedance Adapter

Shunt-Thru

Shunt-Thru with series resistance

Series-Thru

Voltage / Current

External Bridge

In the following chapters all measurement types are explained in detail.

OMICRON Lab

Содержание Bode 100

Страница 1: ...Smart Measurement Solutions Bode 100 User Manual...

Страница 2: ...lectronic data processing systems requires the explicit consent of OMICRON electronics Reprinting wholly or in part is not permitted The product information specifications and technical data embodied...

Страница 3: ...diagram 16 5 3 Functional description 17 5 4 Hardware revisions 17 6 Bode Analyzer Suite introduction 18 6 1 Start screen 18 6 2 Main window 19 6 2 1 Measurement configuration 21 6 2 2 Trace configura...

Страница 4: ...elow 10 Hz 90 8 4 5 Automatic deletion of calibration 91 8 4 6 Saving calibration data 91 9 Bode Analyzer Suite functions 92 9 1 Exporting and saving measurement data or settings 92 9 1 1 Loading and...

Страница 5: ...elevant for working with Bode 100 for example the regulation EN50191 Erection and Operation of Electrical Test Equipment WARNING Bode 100 is a SELV device SELV Safety Extra Low Voltage according to IE...

Страница 6: ...swept frequency measurements of electronic circuits in laboratory and manufacturing environments Examples for typical applications are Measurement of the complex transfer function of amplifiers filter...

Страница 7: ...own expense Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Declaration of compliance Canada This Class...

Страница 8: ...standards Test objects Quartz filter and IF filter on PCB USB Cable 4 pc BNC 50 cable m m BNC straight adapter f f BNC T adapter f f f BNC short circuit m BNC 50 load m Bode 100 Quick Start Guide Mult...

Страница 9: ...adapter for thru hole type components The B WIC extends the impedance measurement range of Bode 100 It enables you to perform impedance measurements for thru hole type components such as inductors or...

Страница 10: ...nt damage of the device Table 4 1 Absolute maximum ratings Characteristic Absolute Maximum Rating DC Power Input DC supply voltage 28 V Max DC supply reverse voltage 28 V INPUT CH 1 INPUT CH 2 connect...

Страница 11: ...2 Vrms at high impedance load Frequency range 1 Hz 50 MHz Wave form sinusoidal Source impedance 50 Connector BNC INPUT CH 1 INPUT CH 2 AC measurement range 100 mVrms full scale with 0 dB input attenu...

Страница 12: ...onductor Ground We strongly recommend you to use the power supply delivered with Bode 100 4 4 System requirements Table 4 4 System requirements Characteristic Minimum PC Configuration Processor Intel...

Страница 13: ...perating 5 40 C 41 104 F For specification 23 C 5 C 73 F 18 F Relative humidity Storage 20 90 non condensing Operating 20 80 non condensing 4 6 Mechanical data Table 4 6 Mechanical data Characteristic...

Страница 14: ...commended to connect Bode 100 to ground using the ground connector at the rear panel at all times NOTICE To avoid damage of Bode 100 make sure that the absolute maximum ratings defined in chapter 4 1...

Страница 15: ...power input input for DC voltages from 10 V to 24 V 5 0 mm power supply plug with 2 5 mm pin USB data interface USB type B port Equipotential ground connector for external ground connection 4 mm banan...

Страница 16: ...rce signal to the receivers Channel inputs Each of the Bode 100 input features adjustable attenuators for best signal noise ratio and software switchable termination Channel termination can be either...

Страница 17: ...dance Reflection Admittance Transmission or complex Gain values of the DUT Device Under Test For a complete list of all possible measurements that you can perform with Bode 100 see 7 Measurement types...

Страница 18: ...ng examples are available in this manual Perform a Transmission Reflection measurement on the IF filter DUT see Transmission Reflection measurement example on page 42 Perform a one port impedance meas...

Страница 19: ...e available measurement modes 3 and start a measurement Hint If you prefer to automatically start a measurement instead of entering the Start screen choose your default startup measurement mode by cli...

Страница 20: ...is displayed in a trace Additional memory traces or math traces are also controlled in this region Lear more about how to configure traces and memories in 9 5 Using the memory traces on page 111 and...

Страница 21: ...source levels for different frequency points To learn more about the source control refer to 9 2 Signal source settings on page 98 Attenuators Set the input attenuators for Receiver 1 Channel 1 and R...

Страница 22: ...or See also 7 2 Impedance measurement introduction on page 37 Note that this field is only visible if a reflection measurement is performed Measurement mode Shows what measurement mode is currently us...

Страница 23: ...of the y axis displayed in the diagram Y axis scale Log Y Currently the y axis is set to a logarithmic scaling Learn more about the trace configuration box in 9 6 Using the trace configuration on pag...

Страница 24: ...Figure 6 3 Collapsing the measurement and trace configuration areas 24 OMICRON Lab...

Страница 25: ...easurement Single Performs one single measurement Stop Stops a running measurement Transmission Gain Open the hardware setup used for the gain measurement Impedance Reflection Open the hardware setup...

Страница 26: ...nfigure the diagrams on page 101 Arrange multiple diagrams side by side Arrange multiple diagrams from top to bottom other Open a text field to add text notes to the current measurement Cursor ribbon...

Страница 27: ...ndicators show the signal level at the receivers of Bode 100 Red color indicates an overload of the receiver An overload warning will be shown in the chart in such a case Internal device calibration i...

Страница 28: ...Resets the Y axes to their pre defined startup values See 9 3 3 Optimize the axis scaling on page 106 for detail on these functions Copy image to clipboard Copies a image of the current chart to the...

Страница 29: ...t level unit allows you to change the unit for Bode 100 s source level setting You can choose dBm Vpp or Vrms dBm defines the power dissipated into 50 load Vpp and Vrms are the voltage output levels p...

Страница 30: ...ddition the position of the cursor grid in the exported chart and the image file format can be defined Data In this section you can choose the decimal separator and the field separator for the clipboa...

Страница 31: ...ect the maximum number of memory traces the default memory line pattern e g solid or dashed as well as if the deletion of a memory trace needs to be confirmed or not Alternating memory trace color mod...

Страница 32: ...by clicking on the icons shown in the Hardware setup dialog Figure 6 5 Hardware setup dialog in Gain Phase measurement mode Depending on the measurement mode some of the following settings can be chan...

Страница 33: ...input attenuators Reference switch Receiver 1 and Receiver 2 can be connected either internally or externally depending on the measurement mode Termination switch When switched on the Channel 1 and C...

Страница 34: ...te see 6 1 Start screen on page 18 The available measurement modes are grouped in the Vector Network Analysis Tab and the Impedance Analysis Tab Vector Network Analysis The Vector Network Analysis Tab...

Страница 35: ...to Bode 100 output and port 2 is connected to Bode 100 Channel 2 If Channel 2 is set to high impedance a Thru connection from Output to Channel 2 will result in 6 dB To normalize to 0 dB you can use T...

Страница 36: ...red Gain in a polar chart Real Displays the real part of the measured Gain Imaginary Displays the imaginary part of the measured Gain Nyquist Displays the measured Gain in a Nyquist chart Q Tg Display...

Страница 37: ...epending on the chosen measurement the following result formats are available Impedance Result Formats Magnitude Displays the magnitude of the measured impedance in Ohms Magnitude dB Displays the magn...

Страница 38: ...admittance in radians Tg Displays the group delay of the measured admittance in seconds see Gain result equations for details Polar Displays the measured admittance in a polar chart Real Displays the...

Страница 39: ...ficient in a polar chart Smith Displays the measured reflection coefficient respectively impedance in a Smith chart VSWR Displays the voltage standing wave ratio of the measured reflection coefficient...

Страница 40: ...stance Rs equals the real part of impedance Series equivalent capacitance Cs Series equivalent inductance Ls Series circuit quality factor Q tan d of impedance Admittance Y where G is the real part of...

Страница 41: ...he Impedance measurement Also the hardware setup dialog is available twice Once for the Gain measurement and once for the impedance measurement For details on how the Gain is calculated please check 7...

Страница 42: ...e Transmission Reflection measurement mode is the only measurement mode that allows changing the Receiver 1 connection Measuring Gain of RF amplifiers in the 50 domain Transmission Reflection measurem...

Страница 43: ...nd Stop frequency the Center frequency as well as the frequency Span are set automatically Alternatively you can enter the Span and Center and the Start and Stop frequency are updated accordingly Now...

Страница 44: ...the Magnitude of Reflection Magnitude of S11 You can change Format for both traces to display other results such as Phase or Real and Imaginary components To optimize the chart you can right click on...

Страница 45: ...Figure 7 3 Context menu of chart Measurement types and applications OMICRON Lab 45...

Страница 46: ...ons you have performed your first measurement with the Bode 100 You can load the settings for the measurement by clicking File Open and then navigating to APPDATA OMICRON Lab Bode Analyzer Suite Demo...

Страница 47: ...an be found in 7 1 Gain measurement introduction on page 35 Calibration The Gain Phase measurement mode does not require calibration to perform a measurement However to remove the influence of probes...

Страница 48: ...an external amplifier and protect the inputs of Bode 100 by using an external directional coupler Calibration Please note that the external coupler measurement mode requires an impedance calibration O...

Страница 49: ...ration is required Bode 100 can measure impedance directly at the output port Measurement information Bode 100 derives the impedance by evaluating the internal source voltage and the output voltage Re...

Страница 50: ...surement mode does not require calibration to perform a measurement However to achieve highest accuracy a calibration is recommended Furthermore a calibration allows to move the reference plane from t...

Страница 51: ...2 of the test object Quartz Filter to the OUTPUT of Bode 100 using a BNC cable Further on connect the BNC short delivered with Bode 100 to the corresponding output OUT 2 The complete setup is shown i...

Страница 52: ...r frequency frequency Span and the Number of points to the values shown below Further on select sweep linear Now click in the home ribbon As a result you will see a first measurement comparable to the...

Страница 53: ...inuing the measurement please switch of Trace 2 by unchecking the corresponding check box To determine the parallel and series resonance of the Quartz filter we need to zoom in You can do this by clic...

Страница 54: ...zoomed window Right Click into the chart and select Optimize Repeat these steps until you achieve a chart as shown in 7 8 on page 54 Figure 7 8 Optimizing the frequency resolution with Get from zoom F...

Страница 55: ...to the red curve and choose Cursor 1 and then Jump to Min Trace 1 Then right click into the chart area once more and choose Cursor 2 and then Jump to Max Trace 1 Figure 7 9 Using the cursor jump func...

Страница 56: ...11 998572 MHz Offset between the series and parallel resonance frequency Delta C2 C1 1 8 kHz Your measurement results can be slightly different since each quartz filter behaves a little bit different...

Страница 57: ...cts The Smith chart is used to determine the impedance at a certain point of the reflection curve To display the Smith chart of our quartz filter s impedance apply the settings shown below to Trace 1...

Страница 58: ...quency points and the frequency resolution resulting from it Fell free to use more points and zooming to determine the exact frequencies at which the imaginary part of the impedance becomes 0 Congratu...

Страница 59: ...onnect B WIC or B SMC to the Bode 100 B WIC and B SMC are designed to measure physically small DUTs Stray fields between the DUT and the grounded housing of the impedance adapters might introduce a sy...

Страница 60: ...to perform a Full range calibration To do so please follow the steps described in Impedance Adapter Calibration on page 82 After having performed the calibration please put the inductor you want to m...

Страница 61: ...ee a first measurement comparable to the one shown in the figure below For sure your result will look different since you are using a different inductor Figure 7 13 Impedance measurement of an Inducto...

Страница 62: ...B per decade this indicates that we are really measuring an inductor To measure the resistance Rs and inductance Ls of the inductor simply change the format for Trace 1 and Trace 2 as shown To get a b...

Страница 63: ...information on the measured inductor The inductor has an inductance of 15 H up to 220 kHz The resistance of the inductor starts around 20 m and rises up to 2 at 220 kHz Above 220 kHz the inductance st...

Страница 64: ...arameter Measurement information Bode 100 measures S21 gain and calculates impedance Z using the equation The Shunt Thru measurement configuration emulates a 4 wire kelvin connection The output drives...

Страница 65: ...unt Thru measurement mode is the ESR measurement of ultra low ESR decoupling caps 7 4 4 Shunt Thru with series resistance Shunt Thru with series resistance is very similar to the normal Shunt Thru mea...

Страница 66: ...g a Shunt Thru or Series Thru measurement on page 84 7 4 5 Series Thru The Series Thru measurement configuration is especially suitable to measure very high impedance values It is basically an S21 tra...

Страница 67: ...is treated as an impedance result offers all impedance result formats such as L C and Q calculations Measurement information Bode 100 measures Gain and transforms it directly to impedance Z using The...

Страница 68: ...anualAppNotes 7 4 7 External Bridge The external bridge measurement mode offers you the possibility to use an arbitrarily designed impedance measurement bridge specifically designed for your special p...

Страница 69: ...ation 8 1 Internal device calibration Internal device calibration is required by the system and is automatically performed at the first use of a Bode 100 on a computer Bode 100 performs an internal pa...

Страница 70: ...ransformed to impedance Performing the calibration In order to calibrate a gain measurement please proceed as follows 1 Build up the calibration setup For details on the calibration setup please see 8...

Страница 71: ...tion is only applied to the gain measurement If you want to calibrate the Impedance Reflection or Admittance measurement refer to 8 3 1 Calibrating a Reflection or One Port measurement see page 78 In...

Страница 72: ...connector Figure 8 1 Gain respectively Thru calibration setup in a transmission measurement The factory calibration of Bode 100 moves the reference plane exactly between two cables of 0 5 m length So...

Страница 73: ...and Channel 2 to the DUT introduce a gain and phase shift to the measurement signal The connection introduces a measurement error if the gain and phase shift of the two probes or cables is not identi...

Страница 74: ...nterest and adjust the probe compensation until you receive a flat 0 dB and 0 line Mark the probes with Channel 1 and Channel 2 such that you can re use the similarly adjusted probes Hint When measuri...

Страница 75: ...ration In order to perform an Open Short Load calibration please proceed as follows 1 Build up the calibration setup For details on the correct calibration setup please check the following chapters 2...

Страница 76: ...hows a green background fill This means that the calibration is active now You can connect your DUT and perform a calibrated measurement Advanced Settings in Open Short Load calibration The calibratio...

Страница 77: ...2 Short Delay Time is the time delay of the Short element used for Short calibration The default settings for Load Resistor and Short Delay Time depend on the measurement mode If you change a value f...

Страница 78: ...ibrating a Transmission S21 measurement see page 71 In the Transmission Reflection measurement mode or in the One Port impedance measurement mode both receivers are internally connected to the 50 sour...

Страница 79: ...Load Resistance Setting 50 default Connect Load and press Start Wait until the Load calibration has performed Hint The load delivered with the Bode 100 is marked with its exact impedance You can impro...

Страница 80: ...e g the frequency response of the coupler or bridge By using Open Short and Load calibration a Reference plane at the output of the coupler or bridge can be established such that all frequency depende...

Страница 81: ...fits to the Short Delay Time Setting 50 ps default Connect Short and press Start Wait until the Short calibration has performed Check if your Load element fits the Load Resistance Setting 50 default...

Страница 82: ...SMC impedance test fixtures from OMICRON Lab B WIC and B SMC contain a resistive measurement bridge which is specifically optimized for Bode 100 The Impedance Adapter measurement mode requires impedan...

Страница 83: ...Open B WIC Open B SMC Short B WIC Short B SMC Load B WIC Load B SMC Calibration OMICRON Lab 83...

Страница 84: ...ference plane directly to the DUT Shunt Thru and Series Thru allow both Thru or Open Short Load calibration However only one calibration can be active at a time Even if both calibrations have been per...

Страница 85: ...value is 50 Series Thru calibration connections Calibrating Thru Thru calibration can e g remove the gain and phase error introduced by the connection cables Calibrating Open Short Load Open calibrat...

Страница 86: ...e plane directly to the DUT The Voltage Current measurement allows both Thru or Open Short Load calibration However only one calibration can be active at a time Even if both calibrations have been per...

Страница 87: ...n www omicron lab com 8 4 Further calibration information 8 4 1 Difference between Full Range and User Range calibration Full Range calibration and User Range calibration differ only in the frequencie...

Страница 88: ...tain only one frequency In a frequency sweep measurement the User Range calibration contains exactly the same amount of points as the sweep measurement Advantage of the Full Range calibration Full Ran...

Страница 89: ...ce there is no background fill the calibration is not active This can happen if a User Calibration overrules the Full Range calibration Both calibrations have been enabled but the software decides to...

Страница 90: ...Hz and 50 MHz at factory pre defined frequencies Full Range calibration normally starts at 10 Hz to reduce calibration time If you decide that frequencies between 1 Hz and 10 Hz must be included in th...

Страница 91: ...al External probe factor 8 4 6 Saving calibration data User Range and Full Range calibration data is saved to the bode3 file The calibration data correction values as well as the calibration states ac...

Страница 92: ...lly A file saved by the Bode Analyzer Suite 3 has the file extension bode3 The Bode Analyzer Suite 3 supports loading files with the following file extensions bode3 files created with Bode Analyzer Su...

Страница 93: ...tor Use this number to increase the weight of the trace line in the copied diagram Image format Bode Analyzer Suite will use the vector graphics format EMF for the diagram image if possible In case yo...

Страница 94: ...clude settings header Include a header in the csv file that contains device settings Note The height of the header is not constant Please take care when parsing the csv file automatically Include acti...

Страница 95: ...e Might be important for shaped level measurements Include real imaginary values Real and Imaginary are included independently of the currently chosen display format in the GUI Open file after saving...

Страница 96: ...e selected since Touchstone only allows one frequency column for all network parameters Network data format MA Magnitude and Angle Default DB Magnitude in dB and Angle RI Real and imaginary Frequency...

Страница 97: ...nalyzer Suite automatically selects the optimal report template for your measurement Yes Bode Analyzer Suite uses the custom template that can be modified Note In this case the custom template will be...

Страница 98: ...is on Source mode is Always on but source is still in off state Source will be switched on as soon as the next measurement has been executed Output level unit Bode 100 by default uses dBm as the outpu...

Страница 99: ...aped level curve Use your mouse to enter new shaped level points by double clicking or right clicking into the diagram Shaped level points can be moved by drag and drop in the diagram The blue line in...

Страница 100: ...n the maximum output level of Bode 100 or lower than the minimum output level of Bode 100 In such a case the level is automatically limited to the device limits This is indicated by an orange limit li...

Страница 101: ...3 1 Configure the diagrams A normal diagram with frequency on the x axis can have up to two y axes This allows to display two measurement traces in one diagram as shown in the figure below Figure 9 3...

Страница 102: ...te diagrams To do so click on the ribbon and select One axis per chart as shown below This results in two separate diagrams as shown below Figure 9 4 Displaying two traces in a separate diagram settin...

Страница 103: ...rt and hold the mouse clicked to drag a zoom window from top left to bottom right as shown in the following figure Figure 9 5 Zooming in by click and drag from top left to bottom right Whenever you ha...

Страница 104: ...ottom right to top left as shown in the figure below Figure 9 6 Zooming out by click and drag from bottom right to top left Alternatively you can right click into the chart and use the function in the...

Страница 105: ...h the maximum and minimum frequency of the current zoom window After clicking on Get from zoom you can start a new sweep with the full number of points in the current zoom window The following figure...

Страница 106: ...axis settings A normal diagram with frequency on the x axis has two y axis settings Ymax and Ymin as shown below Figure 9 8 Manually configuring the axis limits via the trace configuration Diagrams s...

Страница 107: ...timize the axes of your measurement curve right click into the chart and click After clicking optimize the axis settings are automatically adjusted as shown below Figure 9 9 Use Optimize to automatica...

Страница 108: ...ults change To display that the Auto Optimize is activated the Ymax and Ymin text color is changed to green Each of the following user interactions will deactivate the Auto Optimize Zooming in the dia...

Страница 109: ...he Trace column You can also enter a delta value and the second cursor will try to find a frequency where the delta value can be achieved If an entered value cannot be found the following information...

Страница 110: ...ll always move the cursor that was last moved using the mouse Jump to Max Min or Zero To find a maximum minimum or zero crossing of a curve you can use the functions in the context menu Right click a...

Страница 111: ...bon This will lead to a new curve in the diagram as shown in the figure below Figure 9 11 Using of memory curves to see changes in the measurement and to compare different curves You can use multiple...

Страница 112: ...ou to change the name of the memory When you hover over the memory name on the memory configuration box the corresponding memory curve will be highlighted in the diagram The memory configuration box g...

Страница 113: ...memory options Maximum number of memory traces The maximum number of memory traces is by default limited to 10 If you need more memory curves increase this number Increasing the number of memory trac...

Страница 114: ...mat how to display the measurement or math result For more details on the possible result formats please refer to Gain Result Formats on page 36 and Impedance Result Formats on page 37 Axis limits Con...

Страница 115: ...ter on derived from the outcome of the math result Please note that a division equals a subtraction in logarithmic domain So if you choose Measurement Memory 1 in the Magnitude dB plot you will see th...

Страница 116: ...alculation two cursors NISM is based on the fact that the phase response is very sensitive to the quality factor of a resonator Assuming a second order closed loop feedback system the quality factor o...

Страница 117: ...regulator with low Q respectively high phase margin the peak of Q Tg and the peak in impedance are not at the same frequency anymore The higher the phase margin the higher the distance between the imp...

Страница 118: ...the y value at higher frequency The Cursor 2 frequency then equals the resonance frequency fres The distance between Cursor 1 and Cursor 3 equals the bandwidth B The quality factor Q is then calculat...

Страница 119: ...and the result in the cursor bar Figure 9 14 Contactless resonance frequency and q factor measurement of a 125 kHz RFID tag The result in this example indicates a resonance frequency of 129 25 kHz and...

Страница 120: ...NOTICE Bode 100 inputs are AC coupled with a maximum allowed DC voltage of 50 VDC A standard passive 10 1 probe with 9 M tip resistor cannot be used to connect Bode 100 to higher DC voltages The DC v...

Страница 121: ...e factor you can use the combo box Click on the arrow and select one of the pre defined probe factors Alternatively you can enter an arbitrary probe factor by marking the text and entering your probe...

Страница 122: ...s you perform a User Range calibration or a Full Range calibration the probe factor has no direct effect on the measurement result anymore An external calibration compensates the gain and phase respon...

Страница 123: ...shift of a DUT exceeds 180 or 180 this fact causes a strange looking phase jump in the diagram The following figure shows the Gain and Phase curve of the IF filter DUT delivered with Bode 100 Figure...

Страница 124: ...to an continuos phase display as shown below Figure 9 17 Unwrapped phase result shows the total phase shift of the IF filter DUT Hint Optionally you can limit the unwrapping to a specific frequency r...

Страница 125: ...he info icon This will enter the info pane and check for available updates If your version is up to date this will be indicated as shown below If a newer version is available the Bode Analyzer Suite w...

Страница 126: ...single PC Fast repetitive measurements including sweep and single point measurements Pre configured measurement modes similar to Bode Analyzer Suite Supports events to program real time applications F...

Страница 127: ...se execute the steps below a Check if the USB cable is properly plugged into the computer and the Bode 100 b Try disconnecting and re connecting the USB cable c If this does not help avoid USB hubs an...

Страница 128: ...line you can reach well educated technicians for all of your questions Competent and free of charge Make use of our technical support hotlines Americas 1 713 830 4660 or 1 800 OMICRON Asia Pacific 852...

Страница 129: ...nge 69 User Range 69 Calibration 69 78 80 82 84 86 89 90 Chart Context menu 28 Chart 101 Cleaning 6 COM 126 Compensation 69 Compliance CE 7 EMC 7 RoHS 7 Connectors 14 Contact information OMICRON addre...

Страница 130: ...formats 35 37 Impedance Analysis One Port 49 Shunt Thru 64 Internal device calibration 69 Internal path compensation 69 J Jump to Max 109 Jump to Zero 109 Jump to Min 109 L LabVIEW 126 Level unit 98 L...

Страница 131: ...tion 78 Report templates 97 Resonance Frequency 118 Result formats 35 37 S S21 calibration 71 SAFETY Designated use 6 Disclaimer 6 Operator qualifications 5 Rules for use 6 Safety instructions 5 Savin...

Страница 132: ...ments 12 Temperature range 13 Technical support 128 Thru calibration 71 73 Touchstone 96 Trace configuration 23 114 Trace math 114 Transmission Reflection 41 Troubleshooting 127 U Unwrap phase 123 Upd...

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