XPS-Q8
Tcl Manual
2.2.4
Math Expressions
The Tcl interpreter itself does not evaluate math expressions. Tcl just performs
grouping, substitutions and command invocations. The
expr
command must be used
to parse and evaluate math expressions.
Example 1–4: Simple arithmetic.
expr
7.2
/
4
⇒
1.8
The math syntax supported by
expr
is the same as the C expression syntax. The
expr
command deals with integer, floating point, and boolean values. Logical operations
return either 0 (false) or 1 (true). Integer values are promoted to floating point values as
needed. Octal values are indicated by a leading zero (e.g.,
033
is
27
decimal).
Hexadecimal values are indicated by a leading
0x
. Scientific notation for floating point
numbers is also supported. A summary of the operator precedence is provided on page
20.
You can include variable references and nested commands in math expressions.
The following example uses
expr
to add the value of
x
to the length of the string
foobar
. As a result of the innermost command substitution, the
expr
command sees
6
+
7
, and
len
gets the value
13
:
Example 1–5: Nested commands.
set
x
7
set
len [
expr
[
string
length foobar] + $x]
⇒
13
The expression evaluator supports a number of built-in math functions. Example 1–6
computes the value of
pi
:
Example 1–6: Built-in math functions.
set
pi [
expr
2
*
asin
(
1.0
)]
⇒
3.1415926535897931
The implementation of
expr
is careful to preserve accurate numeric values and avoid
conversions between numbers and strings. However, you can make
expr
operate more
efficiently by grouping the entire expression in curly braces. The explanation has to do
with the byte code compiler that Tcl uses internally, the effects of which are explained
in more detail on page 15. For now, you should be aware that these expressions are all
valid and run a bit faster than the examples shown above:
Example 1–7: Grouping expressions with braces.
expr
{
7.2
/
4
}
set
len [
expr
{[
string
length
foobar] + $x}]
set
pi [
expr
{
2
*
asin
(
1.0
)}]
2.2.5
Backslash Substitution
The final type of substitution done by the Tcl interpreter is
backslash
substitution
. This is used to quote characters that have special meaning to the
interpreter. For example, you can specify a literal dollar sign, brace, or bracket by
quoting it with a backslash. As a rule, however, if you find yourself using a lot of
backslashes, there is probably a simpler way to achieve the effect you are striving
for. In particular, the
list
command will do quoting for you automatically. In
Example 1–8 backslash is used to get a literal
$
:
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