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Specifications

Keysight

N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer, User’s Guide

141

Explanation of Terms

Responsivity

For electro- optical devices (e.g. modulators ) this describes
the ratio of the optical modulated output signal amplitude
compared to the RF input amplitude of the device.

For opto- electrical devices (e.g. photodiodes) this describes
the ratio of at the RF amplitude at the device output to the
amplitude of the modulated optical signal input.

Relative Frequency Response Uncertainty

Describes the maximum deviation of the shape of a
measured trace from the (unknown) real trace. This
specification has strong influence on the accuracy of the



3 dB cut- off frequency determined for the device under test.

Absolute Frequency Response Uncertainty

Describes the maximum difference between any amplitude
point of the measured trace and the (unknown) real value.
This specification is useful to determine the absolute
responsivity of the device versus modulation frequency.

Frequency Response Repeatability

Describes the deviation of repeated measurement without
changing any parameter or connection relative to the average
of this measurements.

Minimum Measurable Frequency Response

Describes the average measured responsivity when no
modulation signal is present at the device under test. This
represents the noise floor of the measurement system.

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Содержание N4375D

Страница 1: ...Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide ...

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Страница 4: ...ping charges duties and taxes for products returned to Keysight from another country Keysight warrants that its software and firmware designated by Keysight for use with an instrument will execute its pro gramming instructions when properly installed on that instrument Keysight does not warrant that the operation of the instru ment software or firmware will be uninter rupted or error free Limitati...

Страница 5: ...rs 29 Enabling and disabling the laser output 30 Starting the LCA 31 Accessing the User s Guide 31 Performance Quick Check 33 Preparation 34 Network analyzer settings and electrical calibration 34 Verifying your Electrical Calibration 35 Verifying the Optical Connections and Optical CW Operation 36 Verifying the Electrical Connection and Electro optical Operation 39 Measurement Concepts 43 General...

Страница 6: ...measurements 59 OE measurements 60 OO measurements 60 User Interface Reference 61 The LCA Function Keys 62 Default and Advanced Measurement Parameters 64 Saving and Loading Setups 64 Saving setups 64 Loading setups 66 The Measurement Parameters 66 Measure Mode 66 LCA System Settings 67 Optical Path Deembedding 70 RF Path Deembedding 71 Tools 72 Laser Source 73 Receiver 73 RF Power 74 RF Switches 7...

Страница 7: ...t 100 Making OO measurements 104 Measuring Optical Power 104 Maintenance 105 Cleaning 106 Safety precautions 106 Why is it important to clean optical devices 107 What do I need for proper cleaning 107 Preserving connectors 112 Cleaning instrument housings 113 Which cleaning procedure should I use for optical components and connectors 113 Replacing the Fuse 121 Troubleshooting 123 Checking the Oper...

Страница 8: ...l Measurements at 1310 nm E O Mode 145 Specifications for Electro Optical Measurements at 1550 nm E O Mode 146 Specifications for Opto Electrical Measurements at 1310 nm O E Mode 147 Specifications for Opto Electrical Measurements at 1550 nm O E Mode 148 Specifications for Optical to Optical Measurements at 1310 nm O O Mode 149 Specifications for Optical to Optical Measurements at 1550 nm O O Mode...

Страница 9: ...Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 7 Ordering Information 165 Index 169 ...

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Страница 11: ...Introduction 1 Introduction Documentation 10 General Safety Considerations 11 Optical Test Set Front and Rear Panels 18 ...

Страница 12: ...analyzer Refer to it for using the network analyzer for electrical to electrical measurements or for the configuration of the network analyzer The documentation for the optical test set and the Lightwave Component Analyzer application Refer to this documentation for information on using the optical test set together with the network analyzer for optical to optical electrical to optical and optical...

Страница 13: ...n and to maintain the product in a safe condition Safety symbols The caution sign denotes a hazard It calls attention to a procedure which if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in damage to or destruction of the product Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met The warning sign denotes a hazard It calls attention to a procedure...

Страница 14: ...e Canadian Standards Association If this product is not used as specified the protection provided by the equipment could be impaired This product must be used in a normal condition in which all means for protection are intact only No operator serviceable parts inside Refer servicing to qualified service personnel To prevent electrical shock do not remove covers This is a Safety Class 1 Product pro...

Страница 15: ...nvection must be used Install the instrument so that the power switch is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator This is the instrument disconnecting device It disconnects the mains circuit from the mains supply before other parts of the instrument Alternatively an externally installed switch or circuit breaker which is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator ...

Страница 16: ...er to meet the requirements of IEC 60825 1 we recommend that you stick the laser safety labels in your language onto a suitable location on the outside of the instrument where they are clearly visible to anyone using the instrument N4375D 100 102 101 102 Laser wavelength range 1310 20 nm 1550 20 nm Laser Type DFB DFB Laser Class according to IEC 60825 1 1M 1M Maximum CW output power of LCAa a CW o...

Страница 17: ... and authorized personnel Introduction Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 15 Line power requirements The Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer complies with overvoltage category II and can operate from the single phase AC power source that supplies between 100 V and 240 V at a frequency in the range 50 to 60 Hz The maximum power consumption of the optical test set is ...

Страница 18: ... personnel must not remove instrument covers Component replacement and internal adjustments must be made only by qualified service personnel Instruments that appear damaged or defective should be made inoperative and secured against unintended operation until they can be repaired by qualified service personnel Defective damaged or malfunctioning instruments must be returned to an Keysight Technolo...

Страница 19: ...tes that you must not discard this electrical electronic product in domestic household waste Product Category With reference to the equipment types in the WEEE Directive Annex I this product is classed as a Monitoring and Control instrumentation product Do not dispose in domestic household waste To return unwanted products contact your local Keysight office or see about keysight com en companyinfo...

Страница 20: ...ation on the front panel of the network analyzer please refer to the documentation supplied with the network analyzer 1 Power switch Turns on the optical test set To turn on the PNA press the PNA s power key 2 Port A Caution Be sure you do not exceed the RF power values and DC levels noted on the front panel of the instrument This is the RF port used for electrical calibration and to connect to E ...

Страница 21: ...g Laser Radiation can damage your eyesight Refer to Laser Safety on page 14 for safety instructions This is the output of the optical transmitter of the lightwave component analyzer 5 Optical Input 1 low power Caution Do not apply more than 7 dBm maximum safe average input power This input is the standard optical input to the optical test set for optical powers up to 4 dBm 6 Optical Input 2 high p...

Страница 22: ...ys Used to control the Lightwave Component Analyzer Press the Macro Local Utility button on the network analyzer to display the LCA function keys Setup an LCA Measurement Perform a single sweep measurement with the current measurement setup Perform continuous sweep measurements with the current measurement setup Start the optical power meter Start the LCA server if not already running ...

Страница 23: ... network analyzer please refer to the documentation supplied with the network analyzer 1 Power switch Turns on the optical test set To turn on the PNA press the PNA s power key 2 Port A Caution Be sure you do not exceed the RF power values and DC levels noted on the front panel of the instrument This is the RF port used for electrical calibration and to connect to single ended or differential E O ...

Страница 24: ... on page 14 for safety instructions This is the output of the optical transmitter of the lightwave component analyzer 5 Optical Input 1 low power Caution Do not apply more than 7 dBm maximum safe average input power This input is the standard optical input to the optical test set for optical powers up to 4 dBm 6 Optical Input 2 high power Caution Do not apply more than 17 dBm maximum safe average ...

Страница 25: ...form continuous sweep measurements with the current measurement setup Start the optical power meter Start the LCA server if not already running 9 Network analyzer Port 3 This is an S parameter measurement port of the Network analyzer This is the RF port used for electrical calibration and to connect to differential EO OE and EE devices 10 Network analyzer Port 2 This is an S parameter measurement ...

Страница 26: ...work analyzer please refer to the documentation supplied with the network analyzer 1 USB The software on the network analyzer uses the USB port to control the optical test set 2 External Input Plug in an external laser source 3 Line power cable connector Plug in your power cable here 4 Line fuse Replace only with same type See Replacing the Fuse on page 121 ...

Страница 27: ...Getting Started 2 Getting Started Unpacking the Lightwave Component Analyzer 26 Setting Up the Lightwave Component Analyzer 28 ...

Страница 28: ... 1x N4375D optical test set 3x 81000NI FC connector interface narrow key 1x N4373 61627 f 3 5 mm to f 3 5 mm RF short cut cable 1x N4375D 90A01 getting started guide 1x 4373D 90CD1 LCA support CD 1x 1150 7896 keyboard 1x 1150 7799 mouse 1x 8121 1242 USB cable 1x E5525 10285 UK6 report 1x N4373 61627 electrical short cut cable 1x 9320 6677 RoHS addendum for photonic accessories 1x 9320 6654 RoHS ad...

Страница 29: ...ange bias tees and RF cables N4375D 420 26 5 GHz 4 ports dual source PNA N5222A 400 and RF cables N4375D 421 26 5 GHz 4 ports dual source PNA N5222A 401 with configurable test set and RF cables N4375D 422 26 5 GHz 4 ports dual source PNA N5222A 419 with configurable test set extended power range bias tees and RF cables N4375D 229 Integration of customer s 26 5 GHz 2 port PNA N5222A or N5242A with ...

Страница 30: ...emove the dust cap from the optical patchcord 4 Connect the optical patchcord 5 Repeat step 2 to step 4 for the optical input Always use patchcords to connect to your DUT This protects the connectors of the optical test set by minimizing the number of connector changes The contact connector on the optical test set is angled If you are using a patchcord with straight red and angled green connectors...

Страница 31: ...f the optical test set by minimizing the number of connector changes The contact connector on the optical test set is angled If you are using a patchcord with straight red and angled green connectors make sure you connect the angled connector to the optical test set Connecting to the optical test set with a straight connector will damage it Before you connect any fiber optic cable to the Lightwave...

Страница 32: ...minimize the number of straight connections Using the patchcords also keeps service costs down as the adaptor patchcord can be exchanged easily Angled contact connectors have up to 30 dB higher return loss than straight connectors and we recommend them for best performance results With angled fiber endfaces reflected light tends to reflect into the cladding reducing the amount of light that reflec...

Страница 33: ...CA server is running but the function keys are not displayed press the Macro Local Utility key until they appear 2 Press You can now proceed with setting up measurement For further information on measurements refer to Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 Accessing the User s Guide 1 If it is not already started start the LCA as described above 2 Press in the LCA user interface to get to the electronic Version ...

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Страница 35: ...al CW Operation 36 Verifying the Electrical Connection and Electro optical Operation 39 This chapter shows how to Verify the optical and electrical connections to the N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer Verify the performance of your N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer Trouble shoot if you think there may be a malfunction Perform an acceptance test ...

Страница 36: ...or dirty electrical or optical connectors Before starting the performance verification procedure make sure all electrical and optical connectors are in excellent condition For more information on cleaning procedures see Cleaning on page 106 for information on cleaning optical connections and to the user guide of the network analyzer for information on cleaning electrical connections Network analyz...

Страница 37: ...r For more information on handling using and maintaining Electronic Calibration Modules please refer to the Reference Guide Keysight Technologies Electronic Calibration Modules available on the Keysight website Verifying your Electrical Calibration Passing this test ensures that the electrical calibration is within expected performance 1 Follow the steps in the sections Preparation on page 34 and ...

Страница 38: ...t Keysight for repair or replacement Clean the electrical connectors on the Electronic Calibration Modules and on the Optical test Set Refer to the Connector Care section in the User s Guide for the network analyzer if you need information on cleaning and inspection of RF connectors Perform a new electrical calibration and retest If the problem persists contact Keysight for support Verifying the O...

Страница 39: ...ress the Macro Local utility button until you see 4 Press to start the LCA measurement setup 5 Select the OO measurement tab 6 Set the following parameters If you have option 102 Dual wavelength 1310 nm 1550 nm set Wavelength to the wavelength at which you are testing your DUTs 1310 nm or 1550 nm Laser power 4 dBm Optical input Input 1 User Calibration None 7 Click then to set the output power 8 P...

Страница 40: ...en to set the output power 15 Press to start optical power meter application 16 Read the optical power from the power meter application The readout must be 1 dBm 0 5 dB If the results differ from the expected Try cleaning the optical connections as described in Cleaning on page 106 Switch the laser off and inspect all optical connectors with a microscope If the connectors on the N4375D Lightwave C...

Страница 41: ...W at Low Frequencies 3 If you have option 021 Making sure the angled connector connects to the optical test set connect the two straight angled optical patchcords N4373B 87907 to the optical output and input 1 7 dBm or input 2 17 dBm Use the FC PC adapter 1005 0256 to connect the straight ends of the optical patchcords together If you have option 022 Making sure the angled connector connects to th...

Страница 42: ...length to the value at which you are testing your DUTs 1310 nm or 1550 nm Laser power 4 dBm Optical input input1 7 dBm max or input 2 17 dBm max User Calibration None Modulator optimization Continuous Forward RF Power 5 dBm 8 Click then 9 Right click the measurement trace and select Autoscale All in the context menu At the end of the measurement there should be a flat trace An ideal trace might lo...

Страница 43: ... the results differ from the expected values Inspect the electrical connectors on the N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer If electrical connectors seems to be damaged contact Keysight for repair or replacement Clean the electrical connectors on the N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer Perform a new electrical calibration and retest If the problem persists contact Keysight for support If you have op...

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Страница 45: ... Considerations 44 Signal Relationships in Opto electric Devices 48 Single Ended Measurements 52 Differential Measurements 52 Calibration Concept 55 Measuring 75 Ohm devices 57 Triggering Concepts 58 Measuring at Different Wavelengths and with the External Optical Source Input 59 ...

Страница 46: ...onent under test and a very accurate optical or electrical receiver measures the transmitted signal Since characterization over a range of modulation frequencies is required the frequency of modulation is normally swept over the bandwidth of interest Measurements are typically comprised of the appropriate ratio of microwave modulation current or power and lightwave modulation power Pmod Optical Mo...

Страница 47: ...ight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 45 Figure 1 LCA Block Diagram Figure 1 demonstrates the basic concepts of lightwave component analysis An analysis of how various signals are used in the measurement process is found in Signal Relationships in Opto electric Devices on page 48 ...

Страница 48: ...nd output optical modulation power Slope responsivity is used to describe how a change in input current produces a change in optical power Graphically this is shown in the figure below Pout mW Iin mA Responsivity Rs W A Pout Iin Rs dB 20log10 Rs W A W A An LCA measures input modulating current and output modulation power and displays the ratio of the two in Watts Amp either linearly or in decibels...

Страница 49: ...y Rr A W Iout Pin Rr dB 20log10 Rr A W A W The LCA measures the input optical modulation power and output modulation current and displays the ratio of the two in Amps Watt OO measurements Characteristics of purely optical devices can also be measured In this case both the stimulus and response are modulated light The ratio measurement is simply one of gain or loss versus modulation frequency As th...

Страница 50: ...erizing devices in the lightwave domain This is intended to show the basis on which EO and OE responsivity measurements are defined The figure below is a general representation of a lightwave system showing input and output signals in terms of terminal voltages input and output currents and optical modulation power S parameters are used to describe the transmitted and reflected signal flow within ...

Страница 51: ...ed as S21 b2 a1 a2 0 S12 0 no reverse transmission is assumed Though the overall system gain is defined as an S parameter the individual transfer functions of the EO and OE devices are typically defined in terms of responsivities because signals in both the optical and electrical domain are used and optical signals do not lend themselves conveniently to S parameter definitions Initially the input ...

Страница 52: ...ns logarithmically in decibels The system power gain from a Z0 source to a Z0 load can be defined using the above relationships a1 2 Power incident on the E O converter Power delivered to a S21 2 b2 2 a1 2 Rs Rr 2 System power gain 20log10 S21 System gain in dB 20log10 Rs Rr The responsivities Rs and Rr need to be related to some value in order to have meaning as individual quantities expressed lo...

Страница 53: ...cibels Rs dB 20log10 Rs W A W A Rr dB 20log10 Rr A W A W This now allows us to express the original equations for responsivity in logarithmic terms Rs dB 20log10 P I1 Rr dB 20log10 I2 P Responsivity measurements are now based on the LCA s ability to accurately measure optical modulation power DP0 and modulation current DI1 2 The measurement of modulation current is derived from the system characte...

Страница 54: ...connections in yellow Differential Measurements Differential measurements are made on devices when the signal on the electrical port is the difference between two electrical signals each of which is referenced to ground A differential measurement needs two input or two output channels on the network analzyer The optical port of the device is a third port For valid differential measurements make su...

Страница 55: ...ent respectively DUT out in out in DUT in out Figure 2 Differential EO left and OE measurement setups Electrical connections shown in blue optical connections in yellow For the differential measurement the logical port configuration of the network analyzer need to be set as follows Logical port 1 is assigned to the single ended unbalanced port and Logical port 2 is assigned to the balanced differe...

Страница 56: ... BAL logical port 2 is assigned to physical ports 2 and 3 see Figure 4 Figure 4 Logical Port Mapping for EO measurement For EO measurements the LCA sets up traces for S22 S42 S33 S43 by default Differential results When measuring differential devices the network analyzer displays traces of interest for balanced devices These include differential responsivity S common mode rejection or port imbalan...

Страница 57: ... Mode Response Single Ended Response Port 2 Port 2 Port 1 unbalanced SE Port 2 balanced BAL Differential mode Common mode Single ended Balanced OE Balanced EO Measurement Concepts Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 55 Figure 5 Balanced Measurement types for opto electronic components Calibration Concept The key to making accurate EO OE or OO measurements is calibrated instru...

Страница 58: ... front panel with respect to an electrical calibration plane on Port B on the front panel Therefore when making E O measurements one electrical calibration plane must be coincide with Port B on the front panel In other words the calibration standards used for electrical calibration must connect directly to the Port B Similarly when making O O measurements or when making user calibrations the elect...

Страница 59: ...oss pads Internally the LCA sets the reference impedance of the network analyzer to 75 Ohm scales the receiver or transmitter calibration data to a 75 Ohm environment and adds the minimum loss pad data to the deembedding data for the network analyzer This extends the calibration reference plain to the 75 Ohm DUT interface The files delivered with the LCA are typical data for the Keysight 11852B mi...

Страница 60: ... a DC power level equal to the selected optical output power of the LCA When the internal light source is not used EO measurement in Default mode the receiver deembedding is setup for a DC power level of 0 0 dBm During measurements started using the LCA software the network analyzer does not respond to any keystrokes on the keypad The only way to stop a measurement during a sweep is to press the A...

Страница 61: ...h and enter these values into the LCA_RxCorr csv file Since the LCA uses relative correction values between the closest internal wavelength and the wavelength you select it is important that you measure the Rx responsivity for every internal wavelength and your additional wavelengths The file LCA_RxCorr csv is located in the directory C Program Files Agilent LCA Table SN where SN is the serial num...

Страница 62: ... laser input checkbox you can edit the wavelength The principles described for EO measurements are applied to the transmitter side using the wavelength correction data in the file LCA_TxCorr csv The LCA expects the power value in the Power box to be the optical power at the Optical Output of the LCA test head To set the right power value if you are using an external source 1 Use a short patchcord ...

Страница 63: ...User Interface Reference 5 User Interface Reference The LCA Function Keys 62 Default and Advanced Measurement Parameters 64 Saving and Loading Setups 64 The Measurement Parameters 66 Tools 72 ...

Страница 64: ...nt is running stops this measurement and starts a new single sweep measurement Perform continuous measurement sweeps with the current measurement setup Pressing this function key during a single or continuous measurement stops the measurement Start the optical power monitor This uses the current measurement setup to determine the wavelength and the optical input for which the average optical power...

Страница 65: ... this accuracy you can also start the DUT measurements with the network analyzer s trigger functions In some cases it can become difficult to abort continuous measurements by pressing the Continuous or Single button since the network analyzer does not react to the keypad during measurements If the Sweeping window with the Abort button is not shown abort the measurement with the Abort Measurement b...

Страница 66: ...on the Tools tab are not saved in the setup since the settings shown on this tab always reflect the current state of the LCA hardware After loading the setup the LCA system is configured to press Start from the LCA user interface There are two ways of saving setups First saving method Click to save the current setup If user calibration mode is set to Measure only possible for OE and OO measurement...

Страница 67: ... to specify the user calibration mode to save with the setup If you selected Load the No button is disabled to force you to store the measured user calibration data After you press Yes you are asked to specify the filename for the user calibration data and the filename of the LCA setup Only the filename of the user calibration data is saved with the setup If you selected Measure it is also possibl...

Страница 68: ...he specified calibration file is preselected in the load dialog asking you for the calibration data file during OE or OO initialization For more details see Measuring Opto Electrical OE Devices on page 86 or Measuring Optical Optical OO Devices on page 99 The Measurement Parameters Measure Mode A 2 port network analyzer can only support single ended measurements Selecting the Measure Mode is only ...

Страница 69: ...al Input you can enter the wavelength of the external source here This wavelength is used by the optical power meter Power dBm Set the optical output power of the internal laser source If you select to use the optional External Input enter the average optical output power at the LCA transmitter output connector Laser On This control which overrides the default behavior of the Lightwave Component A...

Страница 70: ...ed up to 5 dBm use Input 1 For input signals up to 17 dBm calibrated up to 15 dBm use Input 2 User Calibration Select the calibration data you want to use None uses the factory calibration data only no additional user calibration data is used Measure runs an extra calibration measurement step during the measurement setup Before running the first measurement you need to ensure the instrument has a ...

Страница 71: ...ccuracy but also increases measurement times This is the default modulator bias optimization mode and is used to calibrate and verify the instrument Select Continuous to optimize while the measurement is running With Continuous modulator bias optimization a 10 kHz pilot tone is applied to the signal This improves the short and long term signal stability of the modulator working point The pilot ton...

Страница 72: ...cal path by its length and refractive index and attenuation Length m and Refractive Index can only be used together That is you cannot give a value just for the refractive index or just the length The value for the Refractive Index of a single mode fiber is typically 1 467 at 1310 nm and 1 468 at 1550 nm The value for the Refractive Index of a graded index multi mode fiber is 1 49 for 62 5 µm at 8...

Страница 73: ...e file are used for correction of the transmission properties All other parameters are ignored To assign a file a Click at the right of the field to which you want to assign a file b Locate and select the file in the explorer window RF Path Deembedding Enable Select if you want the LCA to compensate for the RF connections to the DUT Use the results of a measurement of the RF path to characterize t...

Страница 74: ...means port 1 of the connector is always connected to the network analyzer and port 2 is always connected to the DUT We recommend you use the AdapterChar macro supplied with the network analyzer This includes this directionality in its characterization Please refer to the online help on the Network Analyzer for further details To assign a file 1 Click 2 Locate and select the file in the explorer wi...

Страница 75: ... off External Input The External Input is an optional extra for the Lightwave Component Analyzer Select to use a laser source connected to the External Input on the rear of the optical test set Deselect to use the the laser source in the optical test set Optimize ModBias Start an immediate bias optimization for the modulator Receiver Optical Input Select the input to which your device under test i...

Страница 76: ...et If you change these values we recommend you use a User calibration Forward RF Power dBm Sets the RF power level for the source port s For balanced measurements on 4 port network analyzers Ports 2 and 3 of the network analyzer are forward for EO measurements and reverse for OE measurements Increasing the forward RF power for OE measurements increases the optical modulation amplitude Reverse RF P...

Страница 77: ...st set directly to the RF receiver of the network analyzer Selecting UnKnown leaves the switch setting as it is UnKnown is used to show the status of the switch when the LCA application starts first Setting both source and receiver switches to Thru is not the same is selecting an EE Measurement Selecting an EE Measurement also resets further settings such as the RF powers and fixture deembedding R...

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Страница 79: ... Component Analyzer 78 Calibrating the Network Analyzer before Measurements78 Measuring Opto Electrical OE Devices 86 Measuring Electro Optical EO Devices 94 Returning to Electrical Measurements 98 Measuring Optical Optical OO Devices 99 Measuring Optical Power 104 ...

Страница 80: ... running start the LCA server by pressing or by clicking the LCA server icon on the desktop See The LCA Function Keys on page 62 for information on displaying the LCA function keys Calibrating the Network Analyzer before Measurements About measurements Please refer to Optimize a measurement and Calibrate a measurement in the documentation for the network analyzer Always perform an electrical calib...

Страница 81: ...lication Electrical calibration for User Calibration and OO measurements Calibrate before you start using the Lightwave Component Analyzer or return to EE measurement mode as described in Returning to Electrical Measurements on page 98 in order to calibrate To calibrate for measurements using User Calibration or for OO measurements We recommend you use the torque spanner Keysight part number 8710 ...

Страница 82: ...ptical test set 15 Click Measure 16 Enter the adaptor delay as noted on the thru calibration adapter and click OK 17 Save the calibration set under a name you will recognize You will need to specify this electrical calibration set when making a user calibration for OO or OE measurements Electrical calibration for single ended EO and OE measurements If you are connecting the RF port of your DUT dir...

Страница 83: ...he RF ports A or B of the LCA test set We recommend you use the torque spanner Keysight part number 8710 1764 0 90 Nm 8 lb in supplied with the optical test set to tighten all RF connections during the calibration 1 Set your measurement parameters 2 From the Calibration menu select Calibration Wizard 3 Select Use Electronic Calibration and click Next 4 Make sure Show Advanced Settings is selected ...

Страница 84: ...easurements To ensure the specified performance of the LCA you should perform a full three port electrical calibration We recommend you use the appropriate electrical RF calibration kit See the Keysight website for available calibration kits Calibrate before you start using the Lightwave Component Analyzer or return to EE measurement mode as described in Returning to Electrical Measurements on pag...

Страница 85: ...dvanced Settings is selected 5 Select 3 Port Ecal Select 3 Port ECal Configuration according to the screen shot 6 Click the Next button 7 Select Thru 1 and Thru 2 according to the screen shot 8 Select the appropriate Cal Kit for each port or ECal Thru as Unknown 9 Make sure Do Orientation is selected and click Next 10 When using the 2 port ECal module connect the ECal Module to Port A and the RF C...

Страница 86: ... calibration finishes save the calibration file for later reuse Electrical Calibration for Differential EO Measurements 1 Set your measurement parameters 2 From the Calibration menu select Calibration Wizard 3 Select Use Electronic Calibration and click Next 4 Make sure Show Advanced Settings is selected 5 Select 3 Port Ecal Select 3 Port ECal Configuration according to the screen ...

Страница 87: ... according to the screen 8 Select the appropriate Cal Kit for each port or ECal Thru as Unknown 9 Make sure Do Orientation is selected and click Next 10 When using the 2 port ECal module connect the ECal Module to Port B and the RF Cables to NWA ports 3 and 2 respectively 11 Follow the instructions by the ECal Wizard Click Measure ...

Страница 88: ...e you make a measurement For standard measurements see Electrical calibration for single ended EO and OE measurements on page 80 For differential measurements see Electrical Calibration for Differential OE Measurements on page 82 For OE measurements the single ended SE logical port 1 is assigned to physical port 1 and the balanced BAL logical port 2 is assigned to the physical ports 2 and 3 For OE...

Страница 89: ...nline help for the network analyzer for further information Initializing the OE measurement 1 Press 2 Select the OE Measurement tab 3 If necessary select a Differential or Single Ended Measure Mode depending on the type of your DUT 4 Select the wavelength at which you are testing If you want to use external laser sources select the optional External Input and enter the wavelength of the external s...

Страница 90: ... to the signal This improves the short and long term signal stability of the modulator working point The pilot tone will affect measurements with IFBW settings of the network analyzer 1 5 kHz For IFBW settings of the network analyzer 3 kHz we recommended you do not use Continuous modulator bias optimization Use Every Sweep or Once instead Not using Continuous modulator bias optimization affects th...

Страница 91: ...meters for the optical path directly If you have already characterized the device and have a s2p file for Deembedding Data select File and enter or select the file For accurate measurements you can also include the optical path in the test circuit without the DUT and select Measure or Load for User Calibration ...

Страница 92: ...or probe heads between the device under test and the input port open and enable the RF Path Deembedding 11 Enter or select the file 12 If you are using a 75 W minimum loss pad enable the RF Path Deembedding and make sure 75 Ohm is selected 13 Enter or select the file with the characterization of the minimum loss pad 14 Decide what sort of User Calibration you need ...

Страница 93: ...ticularly for improved results at lower frequencies this may be slightly improved by performing a user calibration In this case select Measure If you want to reuse an existing saved calibration select Load and select the file from the Windows Explorer window 15 Click to start the measurement preparation If you are performing a user calibration Measure when the following screen is displayed make su...

Страница 94: ...inal electrical calibration for the DUT measurements The currently used calibration is preselected b Select Reduce IFBW for user calibration measurement to reduce noise on the user calibration data The default bandwidth reduction factor is set in the file LCAConfig xml c Click to proceed d When asked whether you want to save the data If you can use this calibration data again click give your calib...

Страница 95: ... these settings press or to start the measurement For information on further parameters please refer to User Interface Reference on page 61 Making differential OE measurements 1 Connect your device under test DUT out in out 2 When the message is displayed click or to start the measurement 3 To make further measurements with these settings press or to start the measurement For information on furthe...

Страница 96: ...ingle ended SE logical port 1 is assigned to physical port 4 and the balanced BAL logical port 2 is assigned to physical ports 2 and 3 For EO measurements the LCA sets up traces for S22 S42 S33 S43 by default For more information see Differential Measurements on page 52 Before you make your first electro optical measurement you must initialise the EO measurement You can see which measurement is cu...

Страница 97: ...ingle Ended Measure Mode depending on the type of your DUT 4 Select or enter the wavelength at which you are testing 5 Select the optical input you are using 6 If you have optical components such as attenuators fiber optic cables or splitters between your device under test and the optical input open and enable Optical Path Deembedding Here you can enter the parameters for the optical path directly...

Страница 98: ...ta select File and enter or select the file 7 If you have electrical components such as RF cables waveguide or other adapters or probe heads between the output port and your device under test open and enable the RF Path Deembedding 8 Enter or select the file 9 If you are using a 75 W minimum loss pad enable the RF Path Deembedding and make sure 75 Ohm is selected ...

Страница 99: ...Click to start the measurement preparation Making single ended EO measurements 1 Connect your device under test DUT in out 2 When the message is displayed click or to start the measurement 3 To make further measurements with these settings press or to start the measurement For information on further parameters please refer to User Interface Reference on page 61 ...

Страница 100: ...ce on page 61 Returning to Electrical Measurements Before you measure purely electrical devices with the network analyzer you need to initialize EE measurements Initializing the EE Measurement as described here removes all the fixturing information in the network analyzer that is specific to the optical test set The internal RF switches are also switched to the Thru position and the RF power on al...

Страница 101: ...For standard measurements see Electrical calibration for single ended EO and OE measurements on page 80 Before you make your first opto electrical measurement you must initialise the OO measurement You can see which measurement is currently initialised at the top left of the trace screen If you have already initialised the OO measurement you can connect your device under test and make the measurem...

Страница 102: ...t Use an external power meter or the LCA power meter 5 If you are running measurements in an unstable environment or need extra accuracy or long term stability make sure to select EverySweep or Continuous for Modulator Optimization Please note optimizing every sweep adds about 1 second to each measurement Continuous optimization uses a pilot tone Measuring with or without the pilot tone may affect...

Страница 103: ...st open and enable the Optical Path Deembedding Here you can enter the parameters for the optical path directly If you have already characterized the device and have a s2p file for Deembedding Data select File and enter or select the file For accurate measurements you can also include the optical path in the test circuit without the DUT and select Measure or Load for User Calibration 8 Decide what...

Страница 104: ...on In this case for User Calibration select Measure If you want to reuse and existing saved calibration for User Calibration select Load and select the file from the Windows Explorer window 9 Click to start the measurement preparation If you are calibrating when the following screen is displayed make sure the optical output is connected to the optical input using the patchcord supplied The patchco...

Страница 105: ...trical calibration for the DUT measurements The currently used calibration is preselected b Select Reduce IFBW for user calibration measurement to reduce noise on the user calibration data The default bandwidth reduction factor is set in the file LCAConfig xml c Click to proceed d When asked whether you want to save the data If you can use this calibration data again click give your calibration da...

Страница 106: ...er Interface Reference on page 61 Measuring Optical Power Press to measure the average optical power The optical power meter uses the same Optical Input as the most recent measurement setup where this was specified or the input specified on the Tools tab For example if you want to measure the optical power on the high power optical input or at a different wavelength but your last OO measurement us...

Страница 107: ...e Fuse 121 This system should be serviced only by authorized personnel WARNING Using controls or adjustments or performing procedures other than those specified in the documentation supplied with your equipment can result in hazardous radiation exposure ...

Страница 108: ...move instrument covers when operating Ensure that the instrument is switched off throughout the cleaning procedures Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified may result in hazardous radiation exposure Make sure that you disable all sources when you are cleaning any optical interfaces Under no circumstances look into the end of an optical device attached...

Страница 109: ...measurements become inaccurate and non repeatable Cleaning is therefore an essential yet difficult task Unfortunately when comparing most published cleaning recommendations you will discover that they contain several inconsistencies We want to suggest ways to help you clean your various optical devices and thus significantly improve the accuracy and repeatability of your lightwave measurements Wha...

Страница 110: ...e and then use compressed air to blow away any remaining filaments If possible avoid using denatured alcohol containing additives Instead apply alcohol used for medical purposes Never drink this alcohol as it may seriously damage to your health Do not use any other solvents as some may damage plastic materials and claddings Acetone for example will dissolve the epoxy used with fiber optic connecto...

Страница 111: ... Use only clean fresh soft tissues and never apply them twice Any dust and dirt from the air which collects on your tissue or which has gathered after initial cleaning may scratch and pollute your optical device Pipe cleaner Pipe cleaners can be purchased from tobacconists and come in various shapes and sizes The most suitable one to select for cleaning purposes has soft bristles which will not pr...

Страница 112: ...r propellant Such condensation leaves behind a filmy deposit Please be friendly to your environment and use a CFC free aerosol Additional cleaning equipment Some Cleaning Procedures need the following equipment which is not required to clean each instrument Microscope with a magnification range about 50X up to 300X Ultrasonic bath Warm water and liquid soap Premoistened cleaning wipes Lens papers ...

Страница 113: ...rrosion or damage Do not use water that is too hot or too cold as this may cause mechanical stress which can damage your optical device Ensure that your liquid soap has no abrasive properties or perfume in it You should also avoid normal washing up liquid as it can cover your device in an iridescent film after it has been air dried Some lenses and mirrors also have a special coating which may be s...

Страница 114: ...s Preserving connectors Listed below are some hints on how best to keep your connectors in the best possible condition Making connections Before you make any connection you must ensure that all cables and connectors are clean If they are dirty use the appropriate cleaning procedure When inserting the ferrule of a patchcord into a connector or an adapter make sure that the fiber end does not touch ...

Страница 115: ...easurement results affected Cleaning instrument housings WARNING Do not open the instruments as there is a danger of electric shock or electrostatic discharge CAUTION Do not open instruments Opening the instrument can cause damage to sensitive components and in addition your warranty will be voided CAUTION Do not use isopropyl alcohol to clean instrument housings Use a dry and very soft cotton tis...

Страница 116: ... of scratches or of dust that has been burnt onto the surface of the connector you may have no option but to polish the connector This depends on the degree of dirtiness or the depth of the scratches This is a difficult procedure and should only be performed by a skilled person and as a last resort as it wears out your connector WARNING Never look into the end of an optical cable that is connected...

Страница 117: ... a new dry soft tissue and remove the alcohol dissolved sediment and dust by rubbing gently over the surface using a small circular movement 3 Blow away any remaining lint with compressed air How to clean connector interfaces CAUTION Be careful when using pipe cleaners as the core and the bristles of the pipe cleaner are hard and can damage the interface Preferred procedure Use the following proce...

Страница 118: ...or stubborn dirt Use this procedure when there is greasy dirt on the adapter CAUTION Be careful when using pipe cleaners as the core and the bristles of the pipe cleaner are hard and can damage the adapter 1 Clean the adapter by pushing and pulling a new dry pipe cleaner into the opening Rotate the pipe cleaner slowly as you do this 2 Clean the adapter by rubbing a new dry cotton swab over the sur...

Страница 119: ...en it is absolutely necessary This is because it is difficult to remove any used alcohol or filaments from the input of the optical block It is important therefore to keep dust caps on the equipment at all times except when your optical device is in use CAUTION Only use clean dry compressed air Make sure that the air is free of dust water and oil If the air that you use is not clean and dry this c...

Страница 120: ...itted light is projected onto the card and becomes visible as a small circular spot Preferred procedure Use the following procedure on most occasions 1 Clean the interface by rubbing a new dry cotton swab over the surface using a small circular movement 2 Blow away any remaining lint with compressed air Procedure for stubborn dirt Use this procedure when there is greasy dirt on the interface 1 Moi...

Страница 121: ...interface and using the procedure for light dirt is not sufficient Using isopropyl alcohol should be your last choice for recessed lens interfaces because of the difficulty of cleaning out any dirt that is washed to the edge of the interface 1 Moisten a new cotton swab with isopropyl alcohol 2 Clean the interface by rubbing the cotton swab over the surface using a small circular movement 3 Take a ...

Страница 122: ...al devices you can often use an ultrasonic bath with isopropyl alcohol Only use the ultrasonic bath if you are sure that it won t cause any damage to any part of the device 1 Put the device into the bath for at least three minutes 2 Blow away any remaining liquid with compressed air If there are any streaks or drying stains on the surface repeat the cleaning procedure How to clean bare fiber ends ...

Страница 123: ...n the fuse holder from underneath 1 2 Pull the fuse holder and fuse clear of the back panel 3 Take the fuse out of the fuse cap and note the fuse rating 4 Make sure the replacement fuse has the same rating T1A 250V Keysight part number 2110 0007 5 Put the fuse into the fuse holder 6 Put the fuse and fuse cap into the receptacle in the rear of the case and press it into place ...

Страница 124: ......

Страница 125: ...mponent Analyzer 124 Event Log 124 This system should be serviced only by authorized personnel WARNING Using controls or adjustments or performing procedures other than those specified in the documentation supplied with your equipment can result in hazardous radiation exposure ...

Страница 126: ...d in Starting the Lightwave Component Analyzer on page 78 4 Perform the performance verification as described in Performance Quick Check on page 33 Event Log Further troubleshooting information is available from the event log You can find this log in the bin subdirectory of the directory where the LCA program is installed If you want to refer to the log save a copy of it before you restart the LCA...

Страница 127: ...Reinstalling and Updating the Software 9 Reinstalling and Updating the Software Backing Up your LCA Data 126 Reinstalling the LCA Software 126 ...

Страница 128: ...analyzer s system recovery process Please refer to the user documentation of the network analyzer for information on backing up calibration data Reinstalling the LCA Software There are two cases Updating the LCA software Reinstalling the LCA software completely for example after recovering the network analyzer Updating the LCA software 1 Before updating the software you must remove the existing so...

Страница 129: ...lyzer will find the new hardware and will finish the installation of the drivers When asked if windows should connect to Windows Update answer No not this time In the next step of the Found New Hardware Wizard you are asked what you want the wizard to do Select Install the software automatically since you already finished the USB driver pre installation This happens twice once for each port Port A...

Страница 130: ... on the file NWAShortcuts reg 5 From the context menu select Merge Restoring the hardware calibration files 1 On the network analyzers D drive open the directory LCA 2 Copy all folders with all their subfolders into the LCA installation directory 3 C Program Files Agilent LCA default directory Starting the LCA Server When starting the LCA Measurement Setup with no server running the server is star...

Страница 131: ...Definition of Terms 10 Definition of Terms Definition of Terms 130 ...

Страница 132: ...ver Average output power optical The actual or nominal average output power from the LCA optical output Average output power range optical The nominal selectable range for Average output power optical Average output power stability optical The variation of the optical Average output power optical P over time calculated as maxt P t mint P t 2 where maxt and mint are the maximum and minimum value ov...

Страница 133: ...ween measured average over time optical power and true average optical power at the LCA optical input Measurement Comparison with an average power meter with averaging time set to 1 s Average power measurement range optical The range for the average optical power where the specification for Average power measurement uncertainty optical applies Decibel dBm dBo dBe A ratio in decibel dB is calculate...

Страница 134: ...ivities in dBA W or dBW A are written as dBe For O E and E O converters with linear relation between optical power and electrical current optical ratios in dBo have half the magnitude of the electrical ratios in dBe Electrical loss of optical test set The electrical RF signal loss of the optical test set between Network Analyzer electrical port and LCA electrical port LCA set to E E mode Condition...

Страница 135: ...ime caused by a transmission path component The group delay is derived from the phase change dj of a harmonic signal detected after the path component resulting from a small frequency change dfmod of the signal GD d dfmod 360 with phase change dj expressed in degrees Group delay uncertainty Specifies the maximum difference between measured and actual Group delay GD For E O and O E group delay unce...

Страница 136: ...e The value is calculated by averaging the measured responsivity in linear space rather than decibel space over the modulation frequency within a specified modulation frequency range Conditions As specified Responsivity values are converted from Decibel dBm dBo dBe values to linear values by linear 10decibel 20 The average is converted back to decibels by decibel 20 log10 linear Modulated optical ...

Страница 137: ...is designed to supply give measurement results OMI optical modulation index Specifies the Modulated optical power divided by Average output power optical Condition modulation frequency as specified OMI is a value between 0 no modulation and 100 full modulation Operating input wavelength range The wavelength range on the LCA optical input for which the LCA system is designed Optical return loss LCA...

Страница 138: ...g the difference between measured Responsivity of a device under test and actual true responsivity in dBe over modulation frequency the system relative frequency response uncertainty is half the peak to peak difference Conditions Modulation frequency range as specified Other conditions as specified Changes in the cabling after user e cal add to the specified relative frequency response uncertainty...

Страница 139: ...ed optical power in dBm at the DUT output and at the DUT input expressed in dBo If expressed in dBe it is twice this number Responsivity of an O E or E O device may be called conversion efficiency For an O O device R dBo insertion loss dB References 1 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement GUM BIPM IEC ISO et al 1993 NOTE ...

Страница 140: ......

Страница 141: ...Specifications 11 Specifications Definitions 140 Transmitter and Receiver Specifications 144 General Characteristics 152 ...

Страница 142: ...ications include guard bands to account for the expected statistical performance distribution measurement uncertainties changes in performance due to environmental changes and aging of components Typical Values characteristics Characteristics describe the product performance that is usually met but not guaranteed Typical values are based on data from a representative set of instruments General Cha...

Страница 143: ... real trace This specification has strong influence on the accuracy of the 3 dB cut off frequency determined for the device under test Absolute Frequency Response Uncertainty Describes the maximum difference between any amplitude point of the measured trace and the unknown real value This specification is useful to determine the absolute responsivity of the device versus modulation frequency Frequ...

Страница 144: ...uency step size 10 MHz and measurement points on a 10 MHz raster if not differently stated Network analyzer set to stepped sweep sweep moves in discrete steps All network analyzer ports configured in normal coupler configuration CPLR ARM to RCVB B in SOURCE OUT to CPLR THRU After full two port electrical calibration using an Electronic Calibration Module Keysight N4691B at constant temperature 1 C...

Страница 145: ...rical and optical connectors and RF cables in perfect condition Using internal laser source The optical test set always has angled connectors Depending on the selected option 021 straight 022 angled the appropriate jumper cable will be delivered This jumper cable must always be used in front to the optical test set to protect the connectors at the optical test set and is required for performance t...

Страница 146: ...Specifications 144 Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide Transmitter and Receiver Specifications ...

Страница 147: ...Specifications Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 145 Specifications for Electro Optical Measurements at 1310 nm E O Mode ...

Страница 148: ...Specifications 146 Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide Specifications for Electro Optical Measurements at 1550 nm E O Mode ...

Страница 149: ...Specifications Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 147 Specifications for Opto Electrical Measurements at 1310 nm O E Mode ...

Страница 150: ...Specifications 148 Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide Specifications for Opto Electrical Measurements at 1550 nm O E Mode ...

Страница 151: ...Specifications Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 149 Specifications for Optical to Optical Measurements at 1310 nm O O Mode ...

Страница 152: ...Specifications 150 Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide Specifications for Optical to Optical Measurements at 1550 nm O O Mode ...

Страница 153: ...Specifications Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 151 Specifications for Electrical Electrical Measurements E E Mode Group delay uncertainty ...

Страница 154: ...Specifications 152 Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide General Characteristics ...

Страница 155: ...Specifications Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 153 ...

Страница 156: ...eysight universal adapter LCA optical output 9 mm single mode angled 1 with Keysight universal adapter LCA external source input option 050 only 9 mm polarization maintaining single mode angled 1 with Keysight universal adapter 1 The optical test set always has angled connectors Depending on the selected option 021 straight 022 angled the appropriate adapter jumper cable will be delivered This jum...

Страница 157: ...Specifications Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 155 For 2 port PNA Options 22x ...

Страница 158: ...Specifications 156 Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide For 4 port PNA Options 42x ...

Страница 159: ...Regulatory and Warranty Information 12 Regulatory and Warranty Information Regulatory Information 158 Declaration of Conformity 159 Warranty 160 ...

Страница 160: ... Regulatory Information Compliance with Canadian EMC Requirements This ISM device complies with Canadian ICES 001 Cet appareil ISM est conforme à la norme NMB 001 du Canada Table 1 Notice for Germany Noise Declaration Acoustic Noise Emission LpA 50 dB Operator position Normal operation per ISO 7779 ...

Страница 161: ...Regulatory and Warranty Information Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide 159 Declaration of Conformity For latest DoC please visit the web link http www keysight com go conformity ...

Страница 162: ...l expert test and measurement services for your equipment including initial start up assistance onsite education and training as well as design system integration and project management Our repair and calibration services will get your equipment b a c k t o y o u p e r f o r m i n g l i k e n e w w h e n p r o m i s e d Y o u w i l l get full value out of your Keysight equipment throughout its lif...

Страница 163: ...test equipment solutions with confidence www keysight com find mykeysight Keysight Open Keysight Open simplifies the process of connecting and programming test systems to help engineers design validate and manufacture electronic products Keysight offers open connectivity for a broad range of systemready instruments open industry software PC standard I O and global support which are combined to mor...

Страница 164: ...4433 Canada tel 877 894 4414 fax 800 746 4866 China tel 800 810 0189 fax 800 820 2816 Europe tel 31 20 547 2111 Japan tel 81 426 56 7832 fax 81 426 56 7840 Korea tel 080 769 0800 fax 080 769 0900 Latin America tel 305 269 7500 Taiwan tel 0800 047 866 fax 0800 286 331 Other Asia Pacific Countries tel 65 6375 8100 fax 65 6755 0042 Email tm_ap keysight com ...

Страница 165: ...sight com find LCA Keysight photonic discussion forum http www keysight com find photonic_forum For Network analyzer related literature please visit Keysight Network Analyzers www keysight com find na Mechanical and Electronic Calibration Kits www keysight com find ecal RF Test Accessories Cabinets Cables www keysight com find accessories ...

Страница 166: ......

Страница 167: ...Ordering Information 13 Ordering Information ...

Страница 168: ...Ordering Information 166 Keysight N4375D Lightwave Component Analyzer User s Guide ...

Страница 169: ... 901 Australia New Zealand 8120 4419 8164B 902 Continental Europe 8120 1689 8164B 903 United States 120 V 8120 1378 8164B 906 Switzerland 8120 2104 8164B 912 Denmark 8120 3997 8164B 917 Republic of South Africa and India 8120 4211 8164B 918 Japan 8120 4753 8164B 919 Israel 8120 5182 8164B 922 China 8120 8376 8164B 927 Brazil and Thailand 8120 8871 ...

Страница 170: ......

Страница 171: ...cy dependent interference 30 front panel 18 21 function keys 20 23 62 fuse 24 replacing 121 G ground see protective earth I input 1 68 73 input 2 68 73 installing 28 in cabinet 13 power switch 13 reinstalling 126 instruction manual symbol 12 instrument housing cleaning 113 interference frequency dependent 30 L laser enabling and disabling 30 on 67 73 radiation symbol 12 safety 15 source class 14 s...

Страница 172: ...dding 71 RF port see electrical port ripple 30 S s n ratio 79 safety class 12 serviceable parts 12 setting up see installing shipment contents 26 network analyzer 27 smoothing 79 software reinstalling 126 s parameter theory 48 stepped sweep 78 straight connector using 30 sweep setup 78 symbols 12 T theory of operation 44 Touchstone data file 71 troubleshooting electrical calibration 36 event log 1...

Страница 173: ......

Страница 174: ...This information is subject to change without notice Keysight Technologies 2017 Edition 5 0 October 2017 www keysight com ...

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