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Страница 2: ... En235 SYSTEM MANUAL C O M P U T E R D E P A R T M E N T ...

Страница 3: ...right 1963 by GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY In the construction of the equipment described General Electric reserves the right to modify the design for reasons of improved performance and operational flexibility ...

Страница 4: ...E 2 35 MAGNETIC TAPE SUBSYSTEM VLI 1 GE 235 MASS RANDOM ACCESS DATA STORAGE VLII 1 GE 235 PERFORATED TAPE EQUIPMENT IX 1 GE 235 12 POCKET DOCUMENT HANDLER X 1 GE 2 35 DATANET 15 DATA TRANSMISSION SUBSYSTEM XI 1 GE 2 35 CUSTOM DIGITAL INPUT OUTPUT EQUIPMENT XII 1 PAGE G 235 SYSTEM INSTALLATION DATA 1 ALPHABETIC LIST OF GE 235 GAP INSTRUCTIONS 2 14 REPRESENTATION OF GE 235 CHARACTERS 15 INDEX 17 20 ...

Страница 5: ...design philosophy oftheGE 235 system i s the same a s that of the GE 215 and 225 which have proved themselves fast accurate reliable and economical in widely divergent fields This design similarity makes the GE 235upwardcompatiblewith the GE 215 and 225 in respect to logic programming and coding As a result mostprograms and applications originally designed for the other members of the family can i...

Страница 6: ... speed printers 900 alphanumeric lines per minute on line o r 900 alphanumeric lines per minute on off line Document handler reads and sorts 1200 documents per minute on o r off line Data communication controllers Floating point arithmetic capability through the Auxiliary Arithmetic Unit An outstanding feature is that up to ten input output devices may be operated concurrently within the system al...

Страница 7: ...ides all the tools for effective management decision making for fast and economical solution of data processing and scientificproblems and for potential growth in desired areas The characteristics and capabilities of this new member of the GE 200 Series are fully described in this manual However detailedinformationfor operating and programming the system is in separate manuals on these subjects I ...

Страница 8: ... CONFIGURATION FOR ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS OR REPORT GENERATION MAGNETIC TAPE HIGH SPEED PRINTER my C CARD PUNCH fl UNIT CARDREADER 1000 CPM CENTRAL PROCESSOR AND AUXILIARY ARITHMETIC UNIT SYSTEM CONFIGURATION FOR SCIENTIFIC CALCULATIONS OR DATA RETRIEVAL AND REDUCTION ...

Страница 9: ...q Fi T CARD PUNCH I a 1 1 rt I I _C 1 r C PERFORATEDTAPE W HIGH SPEED PRINTER CENTRAL PROCESSOR 2 4 P CARD READER DATANET 15 u 7 z7 I d T I v 1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS SYSTEM CONFIGURATION FOR BUSINESS OR MANUFACTURING ...

Страница 10: ...MAGNETIC TAPE UNIT HIGH SPEED PRINTER CARD PUNCH f W CENTRAL PROCESSOR DOCUMENTHANDLER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION FOR BANKING CARD READER ...

Страница 11: ...ecause GECOM problems are written in familiar languages they can be more easily read and understood In addition program format provides a high degree of standardization The selected approach allows the user to accommodate the more important common coding languages and still incorporate later changes conveniently Several distinct advantages over manual programming methods can be realized GECOM auto...

Страница 12: ...ALGOL was developed by an international group prompted by a growing interest in a standardized notation for numerical methods for computers ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language has proved to be far superior to any of its predecessors and has enjoyed the first widespread acceptance and respect accorded a computer language ALGOL no tations are gaining acceptance internationally in numerical methods text books...

Страница 13: ...s reports Readily understandable program documentation and ease of preparation a of new and revised report are realized by use of this tool In brief the Report Writer performs any o r all of the following functions Prints report headings once at the beginning of the report Prints report footings once at the end of the report Maintains page control by line count and o r skip to a new page at specif...

Страница 14: ...nd flexibility of coding are principal features of the macroassembler called ZOOM in some respects a compiler The simplicity of ZOOM coding i s illustrated by the fact that the pro grammer writes algebraic expressions with such ordinary symbols a s the plus minus and equal signs Since they are easily read the expressions are easily and quickly checked for errors ZOOM translates these algebraic exp...

Страница 15: ...follows ALF The ALF is used to enter an alphanumeric constant in the program BSS The BSS is used to reserve a block of memory storage DDC This is used to enter a double word decimal constant in the object program DEC This i s used to enter a single word decimal constant in the object program EJT This operation causes the printer to slew the GAP listing paper to the top of the following page END Th...

Страница 16: ...point to the end of the as sembly will be punched in loader format The REM programmer s remarks immediately following are not processed by the assembly but they do appear on the final program listing This pseudo operation is used to call a specified subroutine master tape during assembly Checks the sequence number of each card against the sequence number of the previous card Generates an instructi...

Страница 17: ... arctangent exponential and logarithm Matrix transposition inversion a Scalar multiplication a Linear simultaneous equations a Multiple regression a Roots of a polynomial a Least squares polynomial fit a Linear programming Service Routines The main functions of service routines are to assist in debugging programs and in simplifying oper ating procedures These routines have been prepared in symboli...

Страница 18: ...cution For installations that have a steady work load use of Bridge I1 reduces over all time S I M U L A T O R S A N D G E N E R A T O R S Forward S o r t M e r g e Generator The Forward Sort and Merge Generator produces tailored card o r tape programs to efficiently sort and merge GE 235 data files The sorts and merges are tailored at generation time according to descriptive parameters written by...

Страница 19: ...lly the same results and outputs a s that computer S P E C I A L I Z E D P R O G R A M S Special needs of computer users are filledby specialized programs such a s the text searching sys tem and the G E 2 3 5 c P program Other programs are tailored to needs of a specific industry o r user T h e T e x t S e a r c h i n g S y s t e m The Text Searching System permits retrieval of information from te...

Страница 20: ...g of many other normal banking functions The user can readily add desired detailed programs BankPac program will cover demand deposit accounting installment loans savings accounts transit items and personal trusts Electric Utility Routines Groups of Electric Utility Routines were tailored to needs of individual utility companies These programs are designed to compute load flow optimal loading load...

Страница 21: ...truction Thus having given a command to a controller the central processor is free to continue with the succeeding item in the program TIME SHARIIVG OF MEMORY ACCESS BY 1 0 DEVICES Orderly and efficient time sharing of memory access among the central processor and 1 O devices of the GE 235 is ensured by Allowing only one system element to have access to memory at one time Allowing each element acc...

Страница 22: ... PRIORITY CONTROL LOGIC I A recommended assignment of priorities is L CENTRAL PROCESSOR o 0 MRADS Controller 1 Magnetic Tape Controller or MRADS Controller 2 Magnetic Tape Controller 3 Magnetic Tape Controller 4 Document Handler Adapter 5 Datanet Controller Document Handler Adapter o r High Speed Printer Controller 6 High Speed Printer Controller r l r l N m rl a 2 2 E g a a a e U CARD PUNCH CONTR...

Страница 23: ...minute edited Percent of Total Time Total Percent of total time left for computing 98 6 a Example C High speed card reading at 850 cards per minute 7 Read magnetic tape at 41 600 characters per second 500 character record 4 2 Write magnetic tape at 41 600 characters per second 500 character record 4 2 Print at 900 lines per minute edited 7 Total Percent of total time left for computing 90 2 Since ...

Страница 24: ...forms two functions 1 assigns each controller to the desired central processor and 2 assigns the selected priority to each 1 0 device Two lighted pushbuttons are associated with each 1 0 device one on the left of the panel SYSTEM 1 SELECT PERIPHERAL and one on the right SYSTEM 2 SELECT PERIPHERAL Separating each pair of SELECT buttons is arow of ADDRESS SELECTION buttons for determining the priori...

Страница 25: ...110 DEVICE SWITCH CONTROL UNIT CONSOLE ...

Страница 26: ...mmunications systems and other peripheral equipment provides output to magnetic tape punched cards perforated tape high speed printer mass random access data storage data communications systems and other output media Control Console a provides for complete operator control and communication with the system displays contents of the significant registers and provides control signals to the operator ...

Страница 27: ...d the lower bank Minimum instruction word access and execution time is 6 microseconds A data word transfer to o r from memory including the instruction word time is accomplished in 12 microseconds a double word transfer is made in 18 microseconds The transfer of words to and from memory are made in one word parallel form that is the word bits are transferred simultaneously Internal checking is acc...

Страница 28: ...table below illustrates the range of alphanumeric characters which can be represented within any six bit positions within any word of storage Alphanumeric Character Zone Bits Numeric Bits A A 1 v v Y w vYv 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1011 1100 1101 1110 GE 235 Alphanumeric Characters Binary Words A binary data word consists of 19 bits plus the sign bit For example the decimal...

Страница 29: ...D to binary conversion These arithmetic operations can be performed on single decimal words of 3 digits o r on double length decimal words of 6 digits Automatic carry i s provided for larger fields The examples below illustrate how the decimal numbers 368 and I5896 would appear in memory Floating Point Arithmetic The GE 235 Auxiljary r i t i m e t i cUnit can be used to advantage in scientific and...

Страница 30: ... Exponent The binary point is assumed to be placed before the mantissa This format produces a binary number with a 30 bit mantissa and a binaryexponent range of 256 to 255 This i s approximately equal to a decimal format of a 9 digit mantissa and a decimal exponent range of 76 to 76 The use of two words allows one of the sign positions to be applied to the exponent which in turn allows the use of ...

Страница 31: ...operation code can define only 32 operations additional bit positions are required to define the more than 300 instructions in the repertoire of the GE 235 This i s achieved by using bit positions in the operand address field for instructions that require only a limited portion of that field X X REGISTERS WITH DATA LOCATED HERE X X With the exception of shift instructions all information transfers...

Страница 32: ...tions of the Q register are Holds the multiplier during multiplication Holds the least significant half of the product after multiplication Holds the least significant half of the dividend before division Holds the remainder after division Holds the least significant half of a double word after the execution of all double length instructions Shifts in conjunction with the N and A registers in spec...

Страница 33: ...the I register when specified by the program Unlike GE 235 registers the index words a r e integral parts of memory and not separate physical storage devices An optional feature adds 31 index groups of 4 locations each giving a total of 128 index words N Register Console typewriter paper tape reader and punch GE 235 REGISTER RELATIONSHIPS BLOCK DIAGRAM ...

Страница 34: ...lculations specified by the instruction code in the I register during arithmetic operations Real Time Clock The Clock o r C register is a 19 bit register there i s no sign bit While power i s applied to the Central Processor the C register is automatically incremented by a binary one every sixth of a second When the count reaches 518 400 the decimal equivalent of 24 hours in sixths of a second the...

Страница 35: ...ster as Mantissa Se Exponent Mantissa Sm An instruction for the Auxiliary Arithmetic Unit is contained in one 20 bit word identical to the format of Central Processor instructions Bits 1 2 2 0 2 1 22 4 0 ADDRESS MODIFICATION INDEXING S The GE 235 is capable of automatic address modification under program control This is achieved through the use of the special index words in memory locations 0001 0...

Страница 36: ...ry i s not changed INSTRUCTION REPERTOIRE The descriptions on the following pages a r e those of instructions which may be completely executed by the Central Processor without assistance from any of the other system units Descriptions associated with peripheral units may be obtainedelsewhere in the manual following the description of each peripheral device Instructions in this section have been gr...

Страница 37: ...s starting address of new area register Q contains number of words to be moved in 2 s com plement form This instruction i s an optional feature S T 0 ORY EXT LDZ LDO 18 STORE OPERAND ADDRESS field of register A in the operand address field of Y 18 OR A INTO Y byplacing a 1bit in Y wherever register A has a 1 bit in the corresponding position 18 EXTRACT into A by placing a 0 bit in register A where...

Страница 38: ...e contents of Y and register A algebraically sum in A DAD Y X 18 DOUBLE LENGTH ADD the contents of Y and Y l and registers A and Q algebraically sum in A and Q 18 ADD ONE plus one algebraically to the contents of register A X 18 SUBTRACT the contents of Y algebraically from the contents of register A X 30 DOUBLE LENGTH SUBTRACT the contents of Y and Y l algebraically from the contents of registers...

Страница 39: ...Y algebraically from the contents of register A X 30 DOUBLE DECIMAL SUBTRACT the contents of Y and Y l algebraically from the contents of registers A and Q result in A and Q 18 SUBTRACT ONE DECIMAL algebraically from the contents of register A Shift The shift instructions shift the contents of register A to the right or left serially either alone o r with the contents of the N and or Q registers T...

Страница 40: ...d K places to the right with bits shifting out of N into A 12 SHIFT A INTO N AND Q The contents of register A a r e shifted K places to the right into both registers N and Q NAQ NOR 12 SHIFT N A AND Q RIGHT The contents of registers N A and Q together a r e shifted Kplaces to the right 18 NORMALIZE The contents of registerA a r e normal ized by shifting left and eliminating leading zeros up to K p...

Страница 41: ...H ON NO OVERFLOW Overflow indicator tested for OFF BOD 12 BRANCH ON ODD Register A tested for odd value BEV 12 BRANCH ON EVEN Register Atestedfor even value BPE BPC 12 BRANCH ON PARITY ERROR Parity error indicator tested for ON 12 BRANCH ON PARITY CORRECT Parity error indi cator tested for OFF CAB Y X 12 24 COMPARE AND BRANCH Register A compared alge Optional feature braically with contents of Y I...

Страница 42: ...OUP SELECT If additional index word groups are available this instruction selects one of the 32 possible groups Y 00 31 specifies the particular group Auxiliary Arithmetic Instructions AAU instructions for floating point operations assume that the operands to be acted upon a r e already in floating point format The operands a r e put in floating point format by means of a subroutine furnished for ...

Страница 43: ...anged The memory address Y designated in an AAU instruction a s it appears in the I register after address modification must be greater than 0015 Mnemonic Operand Index Time Oper Code Address Word Microsec Description FLD FST Y X 18 LOAD AAU Contents of Y and Y l are loaded into register AX Y X 18 STORE AAU Contents of register AX are stored into Y and Y 1 FAD Y X 24 36 NORMALIZED FLOATING POINT A...

Страница 44: ...is stored in QX the exponent 30 less than the floating point exponent in AX UNNORMALIZED FLOATING POINT MULTIPLY Same a s normalized floating point multiply except the result i s placed in registers AX and QX and may o r may not be in normalized form DOUBLE WORD FIXED POINT MULTIPLY The contents of Y and Y l are algebraically multiplied by the contents of register QX giving a 76 bit product and 4 ...

Страница 45: ...U MINUS Register AX is tested for a minus sign 7 12 BRANCH ON AAU ZERO Register AX is tested for all zeros 7 12 BRANCH ON AAU NOT ZERO Register AX is tested for not all zeros 7 12 BRANCH ON AAU OVERFLOW AAU is tested for overflow indicator ON 7 12 BRANCH ON AAU NO OVERFLOW AAU is tested for overflow indicator OFF 7 12 BRANCH ON AAU UNDERFLOW AAU is tested for underflow indicator ON 7 12 BRANCH ON ...

Страница 46: ... manual control modes allow complete operator control of programs In the auto s matic mode the computer executes instructions in the normal sequential manner In the manual mode the computer executes instructions in a step by step procedure going from one instruction to the next under operator control The lower third of the console consists of the Control Panel which contains operating switches tha...

Страница 47: ...N o 0 0 000 P CYYUTLR 6 66d 666 666 bc 6 o6 660 666 66iS666 666 b66 I OPERA OM 1 No X I L D D R E I l I 6o dbi4 666 666 666 A R15ET 6 Q Q QQQ QQQ Q Q Q Q QQQ QQQ CONTROL CONSOLE ...

Страница 48: ...NUMERIC DIGITS 0 THROUGH 9 SPECIAL CHARACTERS AS FOLLOWS Functions that can be programmed are Space Carriage Return Tabulation Print Red Print Black Ignore Index Console And Typewriter Instructions Mnemonic Operand Index Time Oper Code Address Word Microsec Description RCS TON TYP KON 12 READ CONTROL SWITCHES Each of the 20 console control switches for register A are examined If a switch i s down ...

Страница 49: ...trol can be returned to the main program until the peripheral becomes ready to send o r receive more information The programmer can prevent the main program from being interrupted through execution of a Priority Break instruction The API monitors the card reader cardpunch and the controllers connected through the numbered priority control channels magnetic tape printer document handler mass random...

Страница 50: ...d cards may be read in decimal Hollerith 10 row binary and 12 row binary modes Card readers can operate simultaneously with central processor computation and other input output operations Cards a r e read serially column by column by photocells providing reliable and accurate card reading in either continuous or demand type operations Intermixed Hollerith and 12 row binary coded cards can be read ...

Страница 51: ... o r 12 row binary modes Punching may occur simultaneously with central processor computation and operation of other peripheral units Cards are punched in parallel row by row with all 80 columns of each row being punched simultaneously Input and output bins each have a capacity of 800 cards Extensive error monitoring systems assure high accuracy of data transfer to cards ...

Страница 52: ... o r 12 row binary modes Punching may occur simultaneously with central processor computation and operation of other peripheral units Cards are punched in parallel row by row with all 80 columns of each row being punched simultaneously Input and output bins each have a capacity of 800 cards Extensive error monitoring systems assure high accuracy of data transfer to cards ...

Страница 53: ...Decimal mode of 6 bits One GE 235 word i s made up of 3 characters O O O l O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o Hollerith I I I 4 1 6 1 1 1103112111a151ei71119121nnrnana IlI1I1lllllllllllllllllllllI i Data Card 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ...

Страница 54: ...he Central Processor Unit 10 Row Binary I GE 235 MEMORY WORD GE 235 MEMORY WORD 10 row Binary mode i s used primarily for program instruction words 12 row Binary mode uses the blank space at the top of the card for rows 12 and 11and in this manner provides complete compatibility with other computing systems ...

Страница 55: ...ls to read Card Read Error Occurs if any of the above checks fail Stacker Full Input Hopper Full Occurs each time a card i s read End of File A program check i s made for end of file Card Jam Transport mechanism is continuously monitored for possible card jams or changes in operating speed Invalid Characters When reading cards in the Decimal Mode each column is checked for character validity Yes Y...

Страница 56: ... 12 READ CARD FULL Reads one card in 12 row Y 12 READ CARD M E E D Initiates a one card read in CARD PUNCH INSTRUCTIONS 12 HALT CARD READER Halts the continuous feeding of cards BPN BPR WCB WCD WCF Decimal Mode and senses for a 7 9 punch in column 1 If found reading of card is changed to 12 row Binary Mode 12 BRANCH ON CARD PUNCH NOT READY Punch i s not ready to punch cards 12 BRANCH ON CARD PUNCH...

Страница 57: ...ONTROLLER An on line buffered type printer Prints 900 lines per minute Prints 120 alphanumeric characters per line Prints in Open Gothic style spaced 10 characters per inch horizontally and 6 lines per inch vertically Provides automatic editing of format VI 1 ...

Страница 58: ...th per page in fan folded continuous form type Makes up to 5 copies Total of 50 characters are provided on the printer Numbers 0 through 9 26 letters of the alphabet 14 special characters plus a space or blank Plus Sign Equal Period Comma Minus c Left bracket Dollar Sign Right bracket Asterisk Number sign Percent sign At sign Underscore Space or blank Slash FORTRAN and other special characters are...

Страница 59: ...ertical formats can be printed by specifying slews to any one of eight chanriels of a perforated tape loop vertical format tape contained in the printer mechanism Editing of Data with Automatic Format Control When a line is to be printed under format control format words are stored in the Central Proc essor memory in a block of words organized the same as the print line data The format control dat...

Страница 60: ...med with the printer controller 53 73 35 35 73 35 35 33 35 F o r m a t Words 1 1 I Data Words 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 P r i n t Line 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Depending upon the value contained in the data words the following amounts using nines for example would be printed on the high speed printer under control of the format control char acters above When zero suppression on the print line i s in effect a s a...

Страница 61: ...paper is spaced N 0 to 63 number of times WFL Y 36 WRITE FORMAT LINE One line of BCD information WPL X N is printed under automatic format control Y is the starting location in memory of a series of format control words Instruction should always be followed by a WPL instruction to specify the location X of the first word of information to be printed and whether the information is alphanumeric or n...

Страница 62: ...ed to determine if the printer i s not out of paper 24 36 BRANCH ON ERROR P is tested for parity error 24 36 BRANCH ON NO ERROR P i s tested for a no parity error condition 24 36 BRANCH ON PRINTER ANY ALERT P is tested for any alert condition 24 36 BRANCH ON PRINTER NO ALERT P is tested for no alert condition 24 36 BRANCH ON PRINTER SLEW ALERT P i s tested for a slew alert condition 24 36 BRANCH O...

Страница 63: ...ape subsystem provides a fast method for transmission of extensive files and other large quantities of information into andout of the GE 235 central processor It consists of two sections magnetic tape controllers and magnetic tape handlers TAPE CONTROLLER INDICATOR AND CONTROL PANEL VII 1 ...

Страница 64: ...pe end of tape and end of file record Ensures reliability for the magnetic tape subsystem through its error checking circuitry Two controllers provide simultaneous tape reading and writing in a GE 235 system Two controllers available one for low densitv taoe and one for high densitv taoe TAPE HANDLER CONTROL AND INDICATOR PANEL TAPE HANDLERS Reads from and writes on tape at 75 inches per second Tw...

Страница 65: ...arity odd or even depends on the format being used In the binary format the lateral one bits will always be odd known as odd parity In BCD the parity is even This is simply a safeguard to prevent an inadvertent programming error that might arise if reading a tape prepared in the binary format with a Read Decimal type command Data is written on tape in groups of words called blocks of fixed or diff...

Страница 66: ...nied by a parity bit as Tape movement PARITY EVEN ZONE BITS t NUMERIC BITS Binary Format In the binary format the word in memory is written a s four magnetic tape positions three tape characters a s in the BCD format and afourth character containing two bits of the data word The remaining tape bits of this fourth position contain zeros which a r e automatically inserted when recording on tape and ...

Страница 67: ... Thus if errors occur they are detected during the write operation and can be corrected under program control Write Permit Ring Fits into a groove on the back side of the tape reel to permit writing on the tape Removing the ring from the reel prevents writing o r accidental erasure of data already on a tape The GE 235 magnetic tape system incorporates a wide variety of error detection circuits to ...

Страница 68: ...e an indication on the tape controller display panel that a specific error has occurred on the last record These errors can be detected under program control by means of the test and branch instructions for the Magnetic Tape System MAGNETIC TAPE INSTRUCTIONS All instructions executed by the Magnetic Tape Controller consist of 3 memory words the first of which has as its function the selection of t...

Страница 69: ...S blank T 36 READ BACKWARD SPECIAL BINARY N words a r e read from tape T backward in special binary mode starting at location A RTB blank T 36 READ TAPE BINARY FORWARD N words a r e read from tape T forward in binary mode into memory starting at location A T 36 READ TAPE DECIMAL FORWARD Nwords are read RTD blank from tape T forward in binary coded decimal mode into memory starting at location A RT...

Страница 70: ...ndicator OFF BCS BCS BCS BER P 24 36 BRANCH ON ERROR P i s tested for any e r r o r indi cator ON BCS BNE P 24 36 BRANCH ON NO ERROR P is tested for no e r r o r indicator ON BCS BIO P 24 36 BRANCH ON INPUT OUTPUT ERROR P i s tested for input output buffer e r r o r indicator ON BCS BIC P 24 36 BRANCH ON 1NPUT OUTPUT BUFFER CORRECT P i s tested for input output buffer error indicator OFF BCS BME P...

Страница 71: ...rosec I BCS BPC P 24 36 BRANCH ON TAPE PARITY CORRECT P i s tested for tape parity e r r o r OFF BCS BRW P 24 36 BRANCH ON TAPE REWINDING P i s testedfor tape rewinding condition BCS BNR P 24 36 BRANCH ON NO TAPE REWINDING P i s tested for no tape rewinding condition ...

Страница 72: ...One or two MRADS controllers can be connected to the Controller Selector of the GE 235 Computer with each controller capable of controlling up to four MRADS units MASS RANDOM ACCESS DATA STORAGE UNIT FORMATS Speed of rotation of disc Effective transfer rate Average latency time Maximum latency time Average positioning time Maximum positioning time Average access time including track verification 1...

Страница 73: ...he disc With the arm in one position it is possible to transfer a total of 96 records 32 on inner heads 64 on outer heads on both sides of the disc Positioning Read Write Disc Support Read write heads numbered 0 7 Heads 4 5 6 and 7 serve the 4 heads per side 8 heads per disc outer zone of each disc C Heads 0 1 2 and 3 serve the inner zone of a disc MRADS POSITIONING ARM AND HEADS The diagram below...

Страница 74: ...andom access file number 0 to 3 K MRADS file number 0 to 3 test and branch instructions M memory location of data N number 1 through 16 of 64 word records to be transmitted from core storage to disc storage or vice versa P controller assignment plug number Note File number F is normally recorded in column 20 of the GAP coding sheet Mnemonic Operand Index Time Description Oper Code Address Word Mic...

Страница 75: ... instruction If false the computer skips the next instruction and executes the second sequential instruction Mnemonic Operand Index Time Description Oper Code Address Word Microsec BCS BRR P 24 36 BRANCH ON MRADS READY BCS BRN P 24 36 BRANCH ON MRADS NOT READY BCS FKR P 24 36 BRANCH ON FILE K READY BCS FKN P 24 36 BRANCH ON FILE K NOT READY BCS BIO P 24 36 BRANCH ON INPUT OUTPUT BUFFER ERROR BCS B...

Страница 76: ... operates at either of two speeds 250 Characters per second 10 characters per inch at 25 inches per second 1000 Character6 per second 10 characters per inch at 100 inches per second Reads 5 6 7 and 8 channel tapes Permits optional selection of spool feed at 250 characters per second or strip feed at 1000 characters per second Operates simultaneously with other Input Output operations Punch Mechani...

Страница 77: ... 7 channel 7 8 inch 8 channel 1 inch a The sprocket hole of the tape serves a s a timing source and must be present with every tape character 5 and 6 Channel Code Characters All code combinations a r e recognized The presence of a hole in the sprocket hole channel only indicates a tape leader or tape strip character and i s sensed as a valid character 5 Channel Sprocket 5 4 S 3 2 1 Channel number ...

Страница 78: ...leader or tape strip character is ignored All holes punched in Positions 1 thru 7 are sensed as a Delete code and are not transferred to the N register The transference of all positions of the 8 Channel code can be accomplished by a special optional feature 7 Channel 7 6 5 4 S 3 2 1 Example of 7 channel Perforated Tape Example of a channel Perforated Tape CHECKING FEATURES Parity checking is perfo...

Страница 79: ...t or output HPT 12 HALT PERFORATED TAPE Halts the reading of the tape PON 12 PUNCH ON Punch i s logically connected to the N register and other N register peripherals a r e dis abled RON 12 READER ON Reader i s logically connected to the N register and other N register peripherals a r e disabled RPT WPT 12 READ PERFORATED TAPE Initiates the continuous reading of the tape 12 WRITE PERFORATED TAPE I...

Страница 80: ...ndler feed hopper at one time 1500 documents in each pocket Handles defaced and mutilated documents also Reads E13b font characters which are a s easily recognizable to the human eye as to the document handler FORMATS The six BCD bits occupy the six least significant bit positions of each memory location If the BCD character is a numeric digit all remaining bit positions are zeros If the BCD chara...

Страница 81: ...separate fields The cue characters in this illustration separate such of decimal digits For example in a banking appli fieldsas the Federal Reserve routing district a num cation the cue characters separate fields of decimal berassignedto the bank by the American Bankers As digits in the following manner sociation the account and the dollar amount ...

Страница 82: ...eparate such of decimal digits For example in a banking appli fieldsa s the Federal Reserve routing district a num cation the cue characters separate fields of decimal berassignedtothe bank by the American Bankers As digits in the following manner sociation the account and the dollar amount 1 1 05 22a011 1 L 2 2 L 1 1 1 0 2 LL1 3 5 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 LL 5 3 1 1 La02 qlllOOOOOOL 0 0 0 1 1 VIEW O F CON...

Страница 83: ... of predetermined fields on the document Jam Sensing Checks for stoppage of documents to prevent damage to both the documents and equipment DOCUMENT HANDLER INSTRUCTIONS The following instructions must be preceded by an SEL P instruction In the instructions shown below Y memory location N document handler unit X pocket number 0 through 9 special o r reject P controller assignment number Mnemonic O...

Страница 84: ...N P 24 36 BRANCH ON SORTER K NOT READY BCS PDK P 24 36 BRANCH IN TIME FOR POCKET DECISION SORTER K BCS NPK P 24 36 BRANCH TOO LATE FOR POCKET DECISION SORTER K BCS FSK P 24 36 BRANCH ON SORTER K READY AND FEED COM MAND GIVEN BCS NFK P 24 36 BRANCH ON SORTER K NOT READY OR FEED COMMAND NOT GIVEN BCS VCK P 24 36 BRANCH ON VALID CHARACTER SORTER K BCS ICK P 24 36 BRANCH ON INVALID CHARACTER SORTER K ...

Страница 85: ...The DATANET 15 serves a s the primary control and connecting link between the GE 235 Computer and the transmission line and remote data originating and receiving equipment Remote stations may be connected to the DATANET 1 5through a variety of transmission facilities including leased o r public telephone and telegraph lines and privately owned two wire cables The DATANET 15 can also be used to con...

Страница 86: ...per second Options available include a 4 additional channqls for 3 to 6 channel systems a 13 additional chan els for 3 to 15 channel systems a Paper Tape Statqn Adapter for connection to GE Paper Tape Reader and Punch a Interface Adapters one for each teletype grade channel facility FUNCTIONS The DATANET 15 will perform all of the following functions Receive Mode a Recognize request for access by ...

Страница 87: ...GE 235 memory to remote station Accept parallel bit code from GE 235 central processor and convert to serial form Add special bits necessary for character transmission Check parity on characters received from GE 235 Computer Generate parity bit for seven and eight channel code characters to be transmitted Supply own timing source for transferring character bits serially into the transmission syste...

Страница 88: ...address and the maximum message length 36 WRITE REMOTE TAPE Turns the DATANET 15 36 to the transmit mode positions the scan counter on station number 00 gives the starting memory address from which data i s to be removed and controls the maximum message length The following illustration shows the DATANET 15 command words a s they appear in the GE 235 Com uter memory The Select command words which ...

Страница 89: ... 36 Branch on no alert halt P 24 36 Branch if error code i s detected P 24 36 Branch if error code is not detected P 24 36 Branch on data parity error P 24 36 Branch on no data parity error P 24 36 Branch on command word parity error P 24 36 Branch on no command word parity error P 24 36 Branch if scanner i s positioned on station requesting access P 24 36 Branch if scanner is not positioned on st...

Страница 90: ...tion BCS ROV P 24 36 Branch on character counter overflow BCS RNO P 24 36 Branch on no character counter overflow BCS RAI P 24 36 Branch if DATANET 15 attempted Automatic Program Interrupt BCS RNI P 24 36 Branch if DATANET 15 didnot attemptAutomatic Pro gram Interrupt ...

Страница 91: ...data between the GE 235 and an external device Transfers data at the rate of 50 000 twenty bit words per second I Consists of swing out modules located within the central processor Requires no programming except for the use of the SEL P instruction I DIGITAL INPUT OUTPUT BUFFER DI OB I Moves data b F e m t w o external buffers and the GE 235 I Transfers data at the rate of 18 000 twenty bit words ...

Страница 92: ...ond command word gives in octal the memory address of the information goin a peripheral F o r Multiple Cycle SEL P OCT 1OXXXXX OCT 04XXXXX F o r Multiple Cycle with Automatic Priority Interrupt SEL P OCT 11XXXXX OCT 05XXXXX For Single Cycle SEL P OCT l2XXXXX OCT 06XXXXX F o r S i n l e Cycle with Automatic F riority Interrupt SEL P OCT 13XXXXX OCT 07XXXXX The following branch conditions may be tes...

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Страница 94: ...le CONSL Controller Selector SEL DATANET 15 DN15 Data Transfer TRANS Document Handler DOC TYPE REFERENCE High Speed Printer PRINT Internal Test and Branch ITAB Magnetic Tape MAG Mass Random Access Data Storage MRADS Optional Instruction OPTNL Perforated Tape Punch or Reader PAPTP Pseudo Instruction PSUDO Real Time Clock CLOCK Shift SHIFT Typewriter TYPE ...

Страница 95: ...No Underflow Branch on AAU Non Zero Branch on Overflow Hold not On Branch on Overflow Hold On Branch on AAU Overflow Branch on AAU Plus Branch on AAU Underflow Branch on Underflow Hold not On Branch on Underflow Hold On Branch on AAU Zero Branch on Card Reader Not Ready Branch on Card Reader Ready Branch on Printer any Alert Branch on Mag Tap End of File Branch on Error Branch on Mag Tap End of Ta...

Страница 96: ...RINT Branch on Printer Out of Paper 24 36 PRINT Branch on Printer Buffer Overflow 24 36 MAG Branch on Mag Tape Parity Correct 24 36 MAG Branch on Mag Tape Parity E r r o r 24 36 PRINT Branch on Printer Not Ready 24 36 PRINT Branch on Printer Ready 24 36 MRADS Branch on MRADS Not Ready 24 36 MRADS Branch on MRADS Ready 24 36 MAG Branch on Mag Tape Rewinding 24 36 PRINT Branch on Printer Slew Alert ...

Страница 97: ... on File 2 Ready Branch on File 3 Correct BCS F3C BCS F3E Branch on File 3 E r r o r Branch on File 3 Not Ready BCS F3N Branch on File 3 Ready Branch on Sorter 1 Invalid Character BCS IC1 BCS IC2 Branch on Sorter 2 Invalid Character DOC Branch on Sorter 1 Not Ready or Feed Command Not Given BCS NF1 Branch on Sorter 2 Not Ready or Feed Command Not Given BCS NF2 Branch too late for Pocket Sorter 1 B...

Страница 98: ...NET 15 End of Message Branch on DATANET 15 End of Transmission BCS REX Branch on DATANET 15 No Alert Halt BCS RNA Branch on DATANET 15 No E r r o r Code BCS RNC Branch on DATANET 15 No Data Parity E r r o r BCS RND Branch on DATANET 15 No E r r o r BCS RNE BCS RNI Branch on DATANET 15 API Not Attempted Branch on DATANET 15 No End of Message BCS RNM Branch on DATANET 15 No Counter Overflow BCS RNO ...

Страница 99: ... 36 Positioned Branch on DATANET 15 Second Delay 24 36 Occured Branch on Sorter 1 Correct 24 36 Branch on Sorter 1 Error 24 36 Branch on Sorter 1 Not Ready 24 36 Branch on Sorter 1 Ready 24 36 Branch on Sorter 2 Correct 24 36 Branch on Sorter 2 E r r o r 24 36 Branch on Sorter 2 Not Ready 24 36 Branch on Sorter 2 Ready 24 36 Branch on Sorter 1 Valid Character 24 36 Branch on Sorter 2 Valid Charact...

Страница 100: ...Condition 6 False Controller Condition 6 True Controller Condition 7 False Controller Condition 7 True Controller Condition 8 False Controller Condition 8 True Controller Condition 9 False Controller Condition 9 True Branch On Even Backspace and Position Write Head Branch on Minus Branch on N Register Not Ready Branch On No Overflow Branch On N Register Ready Branch On Non Zero Branch On Odd Branc...

Страница 101: ...ch 12 24 Change Sign of A 12 Complement A 18 Double Length Add 18 Double Length Compare and Branch 18 or 36 Double Length Decimal Decimal Double Length Load 18 Double Length Normalize 18 Double Length Store 18 Double Length Subtract 30 Divide 156 174 Eject Printer Paper End Of Program Equals Octal Equals End Document Handler Read Busy 36 Extract 18 Floating Point Add Normalized 30 36 Floating Poin...

Страница 102: ...int Multiply Unnormalized Double Precision Fixed Point Multiply Floating Point Store Floating Point Subtract Normalized Floating Point Subtract Unnormalized Double Precision Fixed Point Subtract Halt Card Reader Halt Continuous Feed Halt Perforated Tape Reader Increment Index Word Keyboard On Load Accumulator From Clock Load A From Q Load AX From QX Load Clock from Accumulator Load Accumulator Loa...

Страница 103: ...peration Normalize A Register Octal Turn Off Typewriter P T Punch P T Reader PSUDO TRANS PSUDO DOC PSUDO PAPTP MRADS ORG Origin ORY PAL Or Accumulator Into Y Printer Alphanumeric Pocket Select Punch Loader Turn On Perforated Tape Punch Position Arm of MRADS Unit PKT PLD PON P R F RAW RBB RBD RBS RCB RCD RCF RCM MRADS MAG MAG MAG CARD CARD CARD CARD Read After Write Check Read Backward Binary Read ...

Страница 104: ...orated Tape MRADS Read MRADS and Release Arm MRADS Read MRADS File DN15 Read Remote Message DN15 Read Remote Tape DOC Read Single Document MAG Read Tape Binary MAG Read Tape Decimal MAG Read Tape Special Binary M u Reset Underflow Hold MAG Rewind SHIFT Shift A and N Right ARITH Subtract One From A PSUDO Call Subroutine SHIFT Shift Circular A SHIFT Shift Circular Double Accumulator DN15 Start Scann...

Страница 105: ...Set Unnormalized Floating Point Shift Left Accumulator Shift Left Double Accumulator Slew Printer Paper to Tape Punch Slew Printer Paper Specified Number of Lines Shift N and A Right Store P Register and Branch Shift Right Accumulator Shift Right Double Accumulator Store Accumulator Store Operand Store Index Word Subtract From Accumulator Select Index Group Punch Transfer Card Turn Typewriter On T...

Страница 106: ...15 DN15 MAG MAG MAG TRANS AAU PSUDO DESCRIPTION Write Remote Message Write Remote Tape Write Tape Binary Write Tape Decimal Write Tape Special Binary EXCHANGE A and Q Exchange AX and QX XX Denotes Octal Configuration Desired TIME Microsec 36 36 36 36 36 18 6 ...

Страница 107: ...ty check switch i s On the 11 2 8 and 12 2 8 punches a r e treated a s indi vidual characters The OCTAL notation is a shorthand for binary representation Conversion between the two representations can be done mentally In the OCTAL system there a r e eight admissible symbols 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Each may represent when used a maximum of three binary bits ...

Страница 108: ...ithmetic Unit BankPac Binary Coded Cecimal Format Magnetic Tape Binary Format Magnetic Tape Binary Format Special Magnetic Tape Binary Words Branch Instructions Card Punches Card Readers Card Punch Instructions Card Reader Instructions Checking Features DATANET 15 Document Handler High Speed Printer Magnetic Tape IV 9 IV 10 IV 17 IV 2 IV 6 IV 13 IV 24 IV 24 IV 17 IV 9 11 10 VII 3 VII 4 VII 5 IV 3 ...

Страница 109: ...put Buffer DI OB Digital Input Output Controller DI OC Digital nput OutputDistributor DI OD Document Handler Document Handler Instructions Editing of Data with Automatic Format Control Electric Requirements Electric Utility Routines Environmental Requirements Floating Point Arithmetic Formats Document Handler High Speed Printer Magnetic Tape MRADS Perforated Tape PunchedCards IX 3 IV 2 IV 23 IV 1 ...

Страница 110: ...nt Control of I O Devices Index Words Input Output Typewriter Instruction Repertoire Instruction Words IRegister LGP 30 Simulator Magnetic Core Memory Magnetic Tape Controller Magnetic Tape Handler Magnetic Tape Instructions MRADS Instructions M Register N Register PCounter Perforated Tape 11 4 II 4 1 1 4 11 8 11 5 11 9 11 1 VI 1 VI 5 11 8 111 1 IV 8 IV 2 3 IV 11 IV 6 IV 7 II 9 IV 2 VII 2 VII 2 VI...

Страница 111: ...Binary Mode Q Register IV 7 Reader Mechanism Perforated Tape M 1 Real Time Clock Real Time Clock Instructions IV 21 Registers IV 6 Service Routines Shift Instruction IV 14 Simulators and Generators Specialized Programs Spooler Mechanism Perforated Tape IX 2 Subroutines Service Routines and Bridge I1 The Text Searching System Time Sharing Examples o 1 1 1 3 Time sharing of Memory Access by I O Devi...

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GE 235, Системное руководство

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