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7

Introduction to thermographic
inspections of electrical
installations

7.1

Important note

All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup-
ported by your particular camera configuration.

Electrical regulations differ from country to country. For that reason, the electrical
procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your
particular country. Also, in many countries carrying out electrical inspections requires
formal qualification. Always consult national or regional electrical regulations.

7.2

General information

7.2.1

Introduction

Today, thermography is a well-established technique for the inspection of electrical
installations. This was the first and still is the largest. the largest application of ther-
mography. The infrared camera itself has gone through an explosive development
and we can say that today, the 8th generation of thermographic systems is available.
It all began in 1964, more than 40 years ago. The technique is now established
throughout the whole world. Industrialized countries as well as developing countries
have adopted this technique.

Thermography, in conjunction with vibration analysis, has over the latest decades
been the main method for fault diagnostics in the industry as a part of the preventive
maintenance program. The great advantage with these methods is that it is not only
possible to carry out the inspection on installations in operation; normal working
condition is in fact a prerequisite for a correct measurement result, so the ongoing
production process is not disturbed. Thermographic inspection of electrical installations
are used in three main areas:

■

Power generation

■

Power transmission

■

Power distribution, that is, industrial use of electrical energy.

The fact that these controls are carried out under normal operation conditions has
created a natural division between these groups. The power generation companies
measure during the periods of high load. These periods vary from country to country

7

Publ. No. 1558146 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006

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Содержание ThermaCAM EX320

Страница 1: ...rhandbuch Manual del usuario Manuel de l utilisateur Manuale dell utente Manual do utilizador Felhas zn l i k zik nyv K ytt j n opas Betjeningsvejledning Brukerveiledning Instrukcja obs ugi Bruksanvis...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...rview 5 Connecting system components 6 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 Tutorials 8 Camera overview 9 Camera program 10 Electrical power system 11 Maintenance cl...

Страница 4: ......

Страница 5: ...Thermographic measurement techniques 16 History of infrared technology 17 Theory of thermography 18 Emissivity tables 19...

Страница 6: ......

Страница 7: ...ThermaCAM EX320 User s manual Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Страница 8: ...ory Copyright FLIR Systems 2006 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer langu...

Страница 9: ...Pending Japan PCT SE01 00983 Application PCT PCT SE01 00984 Application PCT PCT SE02 00857 Application PCT PCT SE03 00307 Application PCT PCT SE 00 00739 Application PCT 0302837 0 Application Sweden 6...

Страница 10: ...tatus Designation 29 233 400 Pending U S x Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 Test Equipment Depot 800 517 8431 99 Washington Street Melrose MA 02176 FAX 781 665 0780 TestEquipmentDe...

Страница 11: ...ment 22 7 3 2 Temperature measurement 24 7 3 3 Comparative measurement 25 7 3 4 Normal operating temperature 26 7 3 5 Classification of faults 28 7 4 Reporting 30 7 5 Different types of hot spots in e...

Страница 12: ...r image descriptions 49 8 6 Changing level span 49 8 6 1 Changing level 49 8 6 2 Changing span 50 8 7 Changing system settings 50 8 7 1 Changing language 50 8 7 2 Changing temperature unit 50 8 7 3 Ch...

Страница 13: ...ormance 89 14 2 Image presentation 89 14 3 Temperature range 89 14 4 Laser LocatIR 90 14 5 Electrical power system 90 14 6 Environmental specifications 91 14 7 Physical specifications 91 14 8 Communic...

Страница 14: ...on 121 18 3 1 Planck s law 122 18 3 2 Wien s displacement law 124 18 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law 124 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters 127 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials 129 19 Emissivity tables...

Страница 15: ...a precision instrument and uses a very sensitive IR detector Pointing the camera towards highly intensive energy sources such as devices emitting laser radiation or reflections from such devices may a...

Страница 16: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 1 2 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 1 Warnings cautions...

Страница 17: ...he packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more or less items FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change s...

Страница 18: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 4 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 2 Important note about this manual...

Страница 19: ...It is operated by using a few buttons which are con veniently placed on the camera allowing fingertip control of major functions A built in menu system also gives easy access to an advanced simple to...

Страница 20: ...ted portable IR scanner for industrial applications predictive maintenance Model 750 1975 1st TV compatible system Model 525 1978 1st dual wavelength scanning system capable of real time analog record...

Страница 21: ...nality 2004 1st camera models specially designed for building thermography B1 B2 and B20 10401603 a3 Figure 3 3 LEFT FLIR Systems Thermovision Model 661 The photo is taken on May 30th 1969 at the dist...

Страница 22: ...s 10401303 a1 Figure 3 4 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 3 5 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 3 8 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 E...

Страница 23: ...10401503 a1 Figure 3 6 LEFT Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot for camera testing and calibration 3 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 3 Welcome...

Страница 24: ...of printing Please let us know about any errors you find as well as your suggestions for future editions by sending an e mail to documentation flir se Do not use this e mail address for technical sup...

Страница 25: ...be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately Qty Part Number Description 2 1 195 106 Battery 1 1 195 102 Battery charger 1 1 195 221 Hand strap 1 1 120 987 Lens cap for camera bod...

Страница 26: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 12 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 4 Packing list...

Страница 27: ...stem overview This system overview shows all accessories that are possible to order for a Therma CAM EX320 10582303 a2 Figure 5 1 System overview 5 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Страница 28: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 5 14 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 5 System overview...

Страница 29: ...gure 6 1 How to connect system components Figure 6 2 Explanations of callouts Explanation Callout Power supply cable 11 16 VDC 1 USB RS 232 cable 2 Video cable CVBS i e composite video 3 6 Publ No 155...

Страница 30: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 6 16 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 6 Connecting system components...

Страница 31: ...able It all began in 1964 more than 40 years ago The technique is now established throughout the whole world Industrialized countries as well as developing countries have adopted this technique Thermo...

Страница 32: ...that the healthy part is taking the entire load and therefore becomes overheated A similar example is shown in section 7 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another on page 33 Defect...

Страница 33: ...thin an area in the image or the difference between the maximum temperature in the chosen area and a reference which can be chosen by the operator for example the ambient temperature 10712703 a3 Figur...

Страница 34: ...trical components safely with the equipment under normal oper ating conditions there are many other sources of information the maintenance or the production manager has to consider The priority of rep...

Страница 35: ...heduled IR survey represents an unnecessary risk for the plant Besides increasing the efficiency of the maintenance cycle measured in terms of lower risk for the plant the immediate control of the rep...

Страница 36: ...etting the temperature scale values 7 3 2 Temperature measurement Some cameras today can automatically find the highest temperature in the image The image below shows how it looks to the operator 1071...

Страница 37: ...However the real hot spot is most probably hidden inside the box see the in yellow encircled area This fault is reported as a 23 0 C 41 4 F excess temperature but the real problem is probably essenti...

Страница 38: ...t materials at increasing or decreasing conductor areas or on circuit breakers where the current path is encapsulated The image below shows three fuses the temperatures of which are very close to each...

Страница 39: ...temperature given the load and the ambient temperature Consider the following definitions Operating temperature the absolute temperature of the component It depends on the current load and the ambien...

Страница 40: ...ndoor substa tions the operating temperatures vary a lot more This fact is clearly shown by the bottom image as well Here the left phase is the one which shows an excess temperature The operating temp...

Страница 41: ...ible but think about the load situa tion before a decision is made 5 30 C 9 54 F II Acute overheating Must be re paired immediately but think about the load situation before a decision is made 30 C 54...

Страница 42: ...tion site address city and so on Date of inspection Date of report Name of thermographer Signature of thermographer Summary or table of contents Inspection pages containing IR images to document and a...

Страница 43: ...10713603 a3 Figure 7 10 A report example 7 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 29 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations...

Страница 44: ...target from a different angle and watch the hot spot If it moves when you do it is a reflection Measuring temperature of mirror like details is not possible The object in the images below has painted...

Страница 45: ...agnetic fields which will eventually heat up the weight The overheating in the image is less than 5 C 9 F This however need not necessarily always be the case 7 5 4 Load variations 3 phase systems are...

Страница 46: ...bout 5 C 9 F hotter than those which do not No fault to be reported in these examples 7 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 10714103 a3 Figure 7 15 An infrared image of bundled cables When for example a nu...

Страница 47: ...image to the right shows another overheating situation this time again due to a loose connection It is an outdoor connection hence it is exposed to the cooling effect of the wind and it is likely that...

Страница 48: ...ad contact in the near finger of the contactor Thus the far finger carries more current and gets hotter The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same however it is similar 7 34...

Страница 49: ...nd is stronger than 8 m s 16 knots There are many windy places in the world islands mountains and so on but it is important to know that overheated components found would have shown a considerably hig...

Страница 50: ...tance to 20 meters 66 ft which was done afterwards is shown in the image to the right where the corrected temperature is 38 8 C 101 8 F The difference is not too crucial but may take the fault into a...

Страница 51: ...is not possible to measure correct values if the object is too small Distance was properly set to 10 meters 33 ft 10714603 a3 Figure 7 20 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increa...

Страница 52: ...fect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements It is typical for all infrared cameras and can not be avoided 7 38 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2...

Страница 53: ...the plastic cover Some camera models have a separate External optics transmission entry 7 7 3 Emissivity You have to determine the emissivity for the material which you are measuring Mostly you will...

Страница 54: ...5 Object too far away Are you in doubt that the camera you have is measuring correctly at the actual dis tance A rule of thumb for your lens is to multiply the IFOV by 3 IFOV is the detail of the obj...

Страница 55: ...compartment 1 Press PWR NO to switch on the camera 2 8 1 2 Switching off the camera Action Step To switch off the camera press and hold down PWR NO until the message Shutting down appears Briefly pres...

Страница 56: ...press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera 2 Briefly pressing SAVE FRZ will display a confirmation box To save the image press YES To leave the confirmation box without...

Страница 57: ...lete one or several images 3 8 2 5 Opening an image Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES 2 Point to Images to display...

Страница 58: ...ght or up down To add additional spots repeat step 1 4 A maximum number of three spots can be added 4 The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD 5 8 3 2 Laying out a measurem...

Страница 59: ...the internal buffer the oldest sample will be discarded and a new reference temperature will be calculated on the fly Using an alarm that takes into account the reference temperature means that an al...

Страница 60: ...navigation pad left right Above Below 4 For Alarm output select Color only by pressing the navigation pad left right 5 Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left right You can also cha...

Страница 61: ...pdate ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box 7 8 4 4 Setting up an audible alarm Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to Meas mode and press YE...

Страница 62: ...tings 2 The final result should look like this Recommendation Check connections Check cables Check gaskets Check mountings 3 Save the file to Desktop using any file name you want 4 Rename the file nam...

Страница 63: ...vel see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 70 8 6 2 Changing span Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and p...

Страница 64: ...YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box 5 8 7 3 Changing date format Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MEN...

Страница 65: ...l menu bar 1 Point to Date time on the Setup menu and press MENU YES 2 Press the navigation pad up down to select year month day hour minute and second 3 Press the navigation pad left right to change...

Страница 66: ...Removing an IR lens will expose very sensitive camera parts Do not touch any exposed parts Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure below Trying to remove the len...

Страница 67: ...rotate the focus ring clock wise or counter clock wise 1 8 8 3 Changing digital zoom factor Action Step To change digital zoom factor press SEL until the zoom indicator appears in the left bottom cor...

Страница 68: ...u can do this by using the camera until the battery is fully depleted 8 8 4 1 Inserting the battery 10396403 a2 Figure 8 3 Inserting the battery Action Step Remove lid of the battery compartment by pr...

Страница 69: ...ry by firmly grabbing its rear end and carefully lifting it out from the battery compartment 2 Replace the lid of the battery compartment 3 For more information about the battery system see section 11...

Страница 70: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 8 56 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials...

Страница 71: ...ts 10581503 a1 Figure 9 1 Camera parts front view Description of part Callout LCD 1 IrDA infrared communication link 2 Lid of the battery compartment 3 Ring for hand strap 4 9 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156...

Страница 72: ...and the image center will vary by the target distance Laser LocatIR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly i...

Страница 73: ...3 a1 Figure 9 2 Camera parts view from below Description of part Callout Tripod mount 1 Trigger 2 Lid of the battery compartment 3 9 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 59 9 Camera ov...

Страница 74: ...s functions on page 61 2 Navigation pad For more information about the functionality of the navigation pad see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 61 3 LED indicator 4 MENU YES button For mor...

Страница 75: ...og boxes Press MENU YES to display the graphics if you have previously selected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar MENU YES button Press PWR NO when the camera is switched off to switch on the cam...

Страница 76: ...ser LocatIR Autoadjust the camera Update ref temp The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the Settings dialog box For more information about trigger settings see section 10 4 9...

Страница 77: ...D to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatIR should always be protected by the lens cap For more information about t...

Страница 78: ...en light Battery charging in standby mode Flashing green light 0 25 sec switched on 0 25 sec switched off Battery charging in power on mode Flashing green light 3 sec switched on 0 06 sec switched off...

Страница 79: ...le Explanation Icon Spot Area maximum temperature Max Area minimum temperature Min Area average temperature Color alarm above 1 Color alarm below 1 Difference between spot 1 and spot 2 The symbol indi...

Страница 80: ...me Please wait Message is displayed when the software is restarted i e after Fac tory default Restarting Message is displayed while an image is being saved Saving as 10 2 2 Warning messages Warning me...

Страница 81: ...ay the cursor again When an object is selected you can use the navigation pad to change its value or where applicable change its position 10 3 2 Examples of selected screen objects 10383303 a4 Figure...

Страница 82: ...wn at this stage to increase decrease the color alarm temperature 10383803 a3 Figure 10 7 A selected emissivity field Press the navigation pad up down at this stage to increase decrease the emissivity...

Страница 83: ...he temper ature of the spot will be displayed in the result table Select Area max to lay out an area on the screen where the maximum temperature in the area will be displayed in the result table A mea...

Страница 84: ...formation purposes only The reference temperature is calculated and updat ed on the fly This label is only available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box User def...

Страница 85: ...ht left To display an emissivity table and select a value from the table press Emissivity table To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO To change T Refl reflected ambie...

Страница 86: ...changes press PWR NO If a specific temperature range requires a high temperature filter a message will appear asking you to mount the high temperature filter on the lens When you select another temper...

Страница 87: ...then pressing MENU YES 10568903 a1 Images Point to Delete image and press MENU YES to delete a recalled image This choice will display a confirmation box where you can either confirm or cancel the del...

Страница 88: ...value as the image description The image description can be read out by other software e g ThermaCAM QuickView For information about how to create files for image descriptions see section 8 5 Creating...

Страница 89: ...ffer and begin a new sampling sequence Select Cancel to leave the dialog box Laser Save Disabled One shot autoadjust Update ref temp Trigger Select Low to set the LCD intensity to the lowest level Sel...

Страница 90: ...C 154 4 F 10 4 9 2 Date time 10382103 a3 Figure 10 18 Date time dialog box Figure 10 19 Explanations of the Date time dialog box Explanation Label 1970 2036 Year 1 12 Month 1 31 Day 12 a m 12 p m 1 24...

Страница 91: ...nheit Temp unit YYYY MM DD YY MM DD MM DD YY DD MM YY Date format 24 hour AM PM Time format 10 4 9 4 Camera info The camera info panel shows information about memory usage battery status serial number...

Страница 92: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 10 78 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program...

Страница 93: ...matically be charged You can still use the camera during charging Please note the following The camera is shipped with charged batteries To increase the battery life the battery should be fully discha...

Страница 94: ...operation time of approx 1 5 2 hours When Battery low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery The operation time of the camera when run on a battery is substantially shorter in lo...

Страница 95: ...ed into the camera 1 Connect the power cable to the camera 2 While charging the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully charged When the battery is fully charged the battery symbol...

Страница 96: ...ts Color mode LED indicator no Situation Fixed red light 1 The charger is under power but no battery is inserted Fixed green light 1 The charger is under power and a battery is inserted Flashing green...

Страница 97: ...ediately seek medical care If left untreated the battery fluid could cause damage to the eye When charging the battery only use a specified battery charger Do not attach the batteries to a power suppl...

Страница 98: ...be discharged is 15 45 C 18 8 113 F Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy 11 84 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGL...

Страница 99: ...l alcohol C2H5OH may be used to clean the lenses The lenses should be wiped once with the solution then the cotton wool should be discarded If ethyl alcohol is unavailable DEE i e ether diethylether C...

Страница 100: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 12 86 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 12 Maintenance cleaning...

Страница 101: ...rly plugged in into a mains supply Verify that the mains cable is properly plugged in If you are using the power supply the mains cable may not be properly plugged in into the power supply Change the...

Страница 102: ...appears Verify that the video connec tor is properly inserted The video cable connector may not be properly inserted into the video connector on the external monitor Change the video format The camer...

Страница 103: ...l range 14 2 Image presentation 2 5 color LCD 16 bit colors Display Composite video CVBS ITU R BT 470 PAL SMPTE 170M NTSC Video output 14 3 Temperature range Temperature range is subject to customer c...

Страница 104: ...e camera S N Operating temperature range 40 70 C 40 158 F Storage temperature range Operating storage 10 95 non condensing IEC 359 Humidity IP 54 Encapsulation 25 g IEC 68 2 29 Shock 2 g IEC 68 2 6 Vi...

Страница 105: ...nsfer to PC USB Rev 2 0 full speed 12 Mbit USB Image transfer to PC RS 232 optional 14 9 Pin configurations 14 9 1 RS 232 USB connector 10384403 a4 Figure 14 1 Pin configuration RS 232 USB on camera o...

Страница 106: ...al name CENTER PIN POWER 12V CHASSIS POWER GND 14 9 3 CVBS connector 10402503 a1 Figure 14 4 Pin configuration for CVBS connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis RCA PHONO Connector t...

Страница 107: ...nce 10583303 a4 Figure 14 5 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 46 2 mm lens camera type 252 14 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9...

Страница 108: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 27 4 mm lens camera type 252 14 94 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specificatio...

Страница 109: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 14 7 mm lens camera type 252 14 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 95 14 Technical specificatio...

Страница 110: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 46 2 mm lens camera type 301 14 96 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specificatio...

Страница 111: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 27 4 mm lens camera type 301 14 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 97 14 Technical specificatio...

Страница 112: ...lens camera type 301 Figure 14 11 F number and close focus limits for various lenses 14 7 mm 27 4 mm 46 2 mm IR lens 0 20 0 30 0 50 Close focus limit m 0 66 0 98 1 64 Close focus limit ft 1 5 1 5 1 5...

Страница 113: ...a dimensional drawings 10583203 a2 Figure 14 12 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 46 2 mm IR lens 14 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 99 14 Technical specifications dimension...

Страница 114: ...10583003 a2 Figure 14 13 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 27 4 mm IR lens 14 100 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 115: ...10583103 a2 Figure 14 14 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 14 7 mm IR lens 14 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 101 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 116: ...tery charger dimensional drawing 10387403 a4 Figure 14 15 Overall dimensions of the battery charger 14 102 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional...

Страница 117: ...4 13 Battery dimensional drawing 10387503 a4 Figure 14 16 Overall dimensions of the battery 14 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 103 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 118: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 14 104 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Страница 119: ...ed to calibrate IR cameras blackbody radiator A transmission value computed from the tempera ture the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object calculated atmospheric transmission A bott...

Страница 120: ...field of view A measure of the geo metrical resolution of an IR camera IFOV A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabiliz ing the camera image...

Страница 121: ...element One single spot in an image pixel Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m2 sr radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiant p...

Страница 122: ...ral radiant emittance The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody tem peratures that limit the current calibration...

Страница 123: ...ty of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 16 2 Emissivity The most important object paramet...

Страница 124: ...considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 16 1 1 Reflection source 1 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if ca...

Страница 125: ...does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 16 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector me...

Страница 126: ...n 4 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 5 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 6 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 7 Measure the temperature of...

Страница 127: ...e of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation...

Страница 128: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 16 114 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 16 Thermographic measurement techniques...

Страница 129: ...t he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that woul...

Страница 130: ...se of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting...

Страница 131: ...he heat from a person standing 3 meters away 10 ft The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous a...

Страница 132: ...able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the...

Страница 133: ...e all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 Figure 18 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radi...

Страница 134: ...presents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for a...

Страница 135: ...he radiation emitted from a blackbody 18 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 18 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a black...

Страница 136: ...law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to and finding the maximum we have This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that...

Страница 137: ...trogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 m in the extreme infrared wavelengths 10327203 a3 Figure 18 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales f...

Страница 138: ...formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m2 we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for...

Страница 139: ...implifies to Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definiti...

Страница 140: ...the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 10401203 a1 Figure 18 8 Spectral radiant emittance of...

Страница 141: ...o the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the pro...

Страница 142: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 18 128 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography...

Страница 143: ...Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 6 Vlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at 5 m Photogrammetr...

Страница 144: ...0 05 T 100 polished sheet Aluminum 4 0 05 T 100 polished plate Aluminum 3 0 28 3 m 27 roughened Aluminum 3 0 18 10 m 27 roughened Aluminum 1 0 06 0 07 T 20 50 rough surface Aluminum 9 0 03 0 06 LW 70...

Страница 145: ...00 oxidized Brass 1 0 59 0 61 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Brass 1 0 03 T 200 polished Brass 2 0 03 T 100 polished highly Brass 2 0 20 T 20 rubbed with 80 grit emery Brass 1 0 06 T 20 sheet rolled Bras...

Страница 146: ...radiating Brick 1 0 66 T 1230 silica 95 SiO2 Brick 1 0 29 T 1500 sillimanite 33 SiO2 64 Al2O3 Brick 5 0 87 SW 17 waterproof Brick 9 0 06 LW 70 phosphor bronze Bronze 9 0 08 SW 70 phosphor bronze Bronz...

Страница 147: ...l ished Copper 1 0 13 0 15 T 1100 1300 molten Copper 1 0 6 0 7 T 50 oxidized Copper 4 0 78 T 27 oxidized black Copper 2 0 78 T 20 oxidized heavily Copper 1 0 88 T oxidized to black ness Copper 1 0 02...

Страница 148: ...carefully Gold 2 0 02 T 100 polished highly Gold 8 0 849 LLW 20 polished Granite 8 0 879 LLW 21 rough Granite 9 0 77 0 87 LW 70 rough 4 different samples Granite 9 0 95 0 97 SW 70 rough 4 different s...

Страница 149: ...polished Iron and steel 1 0 24 T 20 freshly worked with emery Iron and steel 1 0 55 0 61 T 950 1100 ground sheet Iron and steel 2 0 69 T 20 heavily rusted sheet Iron and steel 1 0 77 T 20 hot rolled...

Страница 150: ...250 wrought carefully polished Iron and steel 9 0 85 LW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 9 0 64 SW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 4 0 07 T 92 sheet Iron galvanized 1 0 23 T 30 sheet burnished...

Страница 151: ...0 4 T Lime 4 0 07 T 22 Magnesium 4 0 13 T 260 Magnesium 4 0 18 T 538 Magnesium 2 0 07 T 20 polished Magnesium 1 0 86 T Magnesium pow der 1 0 08 0 13 T 600 1000 Molybdenum 1 0 19 0 26 T 1500 2200 Moly...

Страница 152: ...l 4 0 11 T 22 electroplated on iron unpolished Nickel 2 0 37 T 200 oxidized Nickel 4 0 37 T 227 oxidized Nickel 4 0 85 T 1227 oxidized Nickel 1 0 37 0 48 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Nickel 4 0 045 T 1...

Страница 153: ...0 96 SW 20 oil gray gloss Paint 1 0 92 0 96 T 100 oil various colors Paint 2 0 94 T 100 oil based average of 16 colors Paint 6 0 95 SW 20 plastic black Paint 6 0 84 SW 20 plastic white Paint 9 0 92 0...

Страница 154: ...ed circ board Plastic 9 0 55 LW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 29 SW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 93 LW 70 PVC plastic floor dull structured Plastic 9 0 94 SW 70 PVC plasti...

Страница 155: ...02 0 03 T 200 600 pure polished Silver 2 0 98 T 32 human Skin 1 0 97 0 93 T 0 100 boiler Slag 1 0 89 0 78 T 200 500 boiler Slag 1 0 76 0 70 T 600 1200 boiler Slag 1 0 69 0 67 T 1400 1800 boiler Slag S...

Страница 156: ...T 20 50 burnished Tin 2 0 07 T 100 tin plated sheet iron Tin 1 0 40 T 200 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 50 T 500 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 60 T 1000 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 15 T 200 poli...

Страница 157: ...w Water 5 0 98 SW 17 Wood 8 0 962 LLW 19 Wood 1 0 5 0 7 T ground Wood 9 0 81 0 89 LW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 9 0 67 0 75 SW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 1 0 8 0 9 T 20 planed Wood 2 0 90...

Страница 158: ...6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 04 0 05 T 200 300 polished Zinc 1 0 20 T 50 sheet Zinc 19 144 Publ No 1558146 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables...

Страница 159: ...m changing 47 Automatic adjust command 70 Auto power off label 75 B bands extreme infrared 119 far infrared 119 middle infrared 119 near infrared 119 battery 79 cover 57 59 in packing list 11 insertin...

Страница 160: ...ge 50 temperature unit 50 time format 50 temperature unit 50 time format 50 T Refl 71 changing continued visual alarm 47 zoom factor 53 charging battery externally 82 internally 81 classification 19 2...

Страница 161: ...ty 39 changing 71 emissivity continued data 129 explanation 109 tables 129 Emissivity command 71 dialog box 71 encapsulation 90 environmental specifications EMC 90 encapsulation 90 humidity 90 operati...

Страница 162: ...nology 115 model 525 6 model 650 6 model 750 6 model 780 6 model P60 7 thermo electrically cooled first 6 Hour label 76 humidity 90 I identification 21 image acquiring 42 deleting 43 freezing 42 openi...

Страница 163: ...tzmann s formula 124 Wien s displacement law 122 laying out measurement area 44 spot 44 LCD intensity label 75 LCD protection 1 76 LED indicators on battery charger 82 legal disclaimer viii lens clean...

Страница 164: ...inued dialog box 72 part numbers 1 120 987 11 1 195 102 11 1 195 106 11 1 195 128 11 1 195 221 11 1 195 494 11 1 909 528 11 1 909 775 11 parts defective 18 patents viii patents pending viii physical s...

Страница 165: ...Sir James Dewar 118 Sir William Herschel 115 size 91 snow 36 solar heating 30 solenoids 18 span changing 49 70 specifications environmental EMC 90 encapsulation 90 humidity 90 operating temperature r...

Страница 166: ...focus 53 language 50 level 49 span 49 temperature unit 50 time format 50 visual alarm 47 zoom factor 53 deleting file 43 image 43 tutorials continued freezing image 42 inserting battery 54 laying out...

Страница 167: ...Herschel 115 wind 35 wind speed 19 working with camera adjusting focus 53 inserting battery 54 removing battery 55 lens 53 Y Year label 76 Z zoom factor changing 53 zooming 53 Publ No 1558146 Rev a15...

Страница 168: ...6 onwards freelance graphic artist in Z rich 1956 Eduard Hoffmann the director of the Haas sche Schriftgie erei commissions Miedinger to develop a new sans serif typeface 1957 The Haas Grotesk face is...

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