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10400703;a2

Figure 21.4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera).
1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere
radiation. Fixed parameters:

τ

= 0.88;

T

refl

= 20°C (+68°F);

T

atm

= 20°C (+68°F).

Publ. No. T559733_en-US Rev. a571 – ENGLISH (EN) – November 4, 2011

83

21 – The measurement formula

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Содержание ix Series

Страница 1: ...User s manual FLIR ix series T559733_en US Publ No a571 Revision English EN Language November 4 2011 Issue date...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...User s manual Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011...

Страница 4: ...ion in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall...

Страница 5: ...or Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFOR MANCE OF THE...

Страница 6: ...vi Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011...

Страница 7: ...11 8 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 27 11 9 Measuring a temperature using an area 28 11 10 Marking all areas above or below a set temperature level 29 11 11 Changing the color palette 30 1...

Страница 8: ...termining reflected apparent temperature 62 18 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 63 18 3 Reflected apparent temperature 63 18 4 Distance 63 18 5 Relative humidity 63 18 6 Other parameters 64 19...

Страница 9: ...the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver Connect the equipment into an outlet on...

Страница 10: ...ect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer Applies only to cameras with battery Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket un...

Страница 11: ...the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously Thi...

Страница 12: ...ntact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera Accuracy This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities For very accurate results we recommend that you wa...

Страница 13: ...you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Ope...

Страница 14: ...To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releas...

Страница 15: ...manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models software parts or accessories and other i...

Страница 16: ...amera Make sure that you use the correct AC plug Note The first time you charge a factory new battery you must turn on and then turn off the camera after you have connected the power supply to the pow...

Страница 17: ...the miniSD memory card and insert it into a card reader connected to a computer A miniSD card adapter is includ ed with your camera Item 2 above Connect a computer to the camera using a USB Mini B cab...

Страница 18: ...SB cable Std A Mini B ITC CER 5101 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course attendance 1 pers ITC CER 5105 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course additional student to on site class 1 pers ITC CER 5109 ITC Level 1 Th...

Страница 19: ...97410 Battery T197619 Hard transport case for ix T197717 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional T197717L10 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional 10 user licenses T197717L5 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional...

Страница 20: ...8 Camera parts Figure 10780903 a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above Infrared lens 1 12 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011...

Страница 21: ...cap 2 Trigger to save images 3 Cover to connectors and the miniSD memory card slot 4 Cover to the battery compartment 5 Attachment point for the hand strap 6 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN...

Страница 22: ...igate in the image archive 2 Left selection button This button is context sensitive and the current function is displayed above the button on the screen 3 Top arrow button on the navigation pad Functi...

Страница 23: ...nd the current function is displayed above the button on the screen 6 On Off button Function Push to turn on the camera Push and hold down for more than one second to turn off the camera 7 Bottom arro...

Страница 24: ...ning Icon One of the following The camera is powered using the battery The battery is being charged indicated by a refilling battery animation The battery is fully charged and the camera is powered us...

Страница 25: ...ly set emissivity value or material properties 7 Current function for the right selection button 8 Current function for the left selection button 9 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4...

Страница 26: ...es saving more than that number of images severely slows down file manage ment on the miniSD memory card Note There is no upper limit to the memory size of the miniSD memory card 1 Battery charging in...

Страница 27: ...tment cover T630174 a2 1 Connect the cable that is attached to the battery to the connector inside the battery compartment Note Do not use conductive tools when doing this T630173 a2 2 Push the batter...

Страница 28: ...ery charging indicator The battery charging indicator is an LED beside the power connector It displays the following signals No light The power supply is not connected Orange light The battery is bein...

Страница 29: ...T FAT16 file system Using FAT32 formatted memory cards may result in inferior performance To format a memory card to FAT FAT16 follow this procedure Insert the memory card into a card reader that is c...

Страница 30: ...e Archive button 1 Do one of the following Push the navigation pad left right to select the image you want to view Push the top arrow button use the navigation pad to select the image you want to see...

Страница 31: ...edure to open the image archive Push the Archive button 1 Push the top arrow button on the navigation pad This will display the image archive You can now use the navigation pad to navigate in the arch...

Страница 32: ...ion button Select 6 Push the right selection button to confirm Delete 7 To return to live mode do one of the following Push the Archive button Push the right selection button Close 8 Alternative 2 Fol...

Страница 33: ...Archive button 1 Push the top arrow button This will display the image archive 2 Push the left selection button Options 3 Use the navigation pad to select Delete all images 4 Push the left selection...

Страница 34: ...is procedure Push the left selection button Menu 1 Use the navigation pad to select Measurement 2 Push the left selection button Select 3 Use the navigation pad to select Spot 4 Push the left selectio...

Страница 35: ...ation pad to select Measurement 2 Push the left selection button Select 3 Use the navigation pad to select one of the following Area max Area min 4 Push the left selection button Select The highest or...

Страница 36: ...u 1 Use the navigation pad to select Measurement 2 Push the left selection button Select 3 Use the navigation pad to select one of the following Detect above Detect below 4 Push the left selection but...

Страница 37: ...to change the color palette Push the left selection button Menu 1 Use the navigation pad to go to Color palette 2 Push the left selection button Select This will display the Color palette submenu 3 U...

Страница 38: ...etting Push the left selection button Menu 1 Use the navigation pad to go to Settings 2 Push the left selection button Select This will display the Settings sub menu 3 Use the navigation pad to select...

Страница 39: ...for temperature anomalies in two items of similar design or construction For example if you are looking at two cables where you suspect one is overheated working in Locked mode will clearly show that...

Страница 40: ...the left selection button Menu 1 Use the navigation pad to go to Measure 2 Push the left selection button Select This will display the Measure sub menu 3 On the Measure menu use the navigation pad to...

Страница 41: ...0 14 while a structured PVC floor typically has an emissivity of 0 93 Procedure Follow this procedure to set the emissivity Push the left selection button Menu 1 Use the navigation pad to go to Measu...

Страница 42: ...election button Menu 1 Use the navigation pad to go to Measure 2 Push the left selection button Select This will display the Measure sub menu 3 Use the navigation pad to select Advanced 4 Push the lef...

Страница 43: ...ther conductive tool to reset the camera Procedure Follow this procedure to reset the camera Open the battery compartment cover 1 To locate the reset button see the figure below T630179 a2 2 Use a non...

Страница 44: ...ommunicate with our service departments you may need to state the serial number of the camera The serial number is printed on a label inside the battery compartment behind the battery 36 Publ No T5597...

Страница 45: ...n Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure Soak the cloth in the liquid 1 Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid 2 Clean the part with the cloth 3 CAUTION Do not apply solvents or simil...

Страница 46: ...e lens one time only and discard the cotton wool 3 WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids...

Страница 47: ...ing this procedure the infrared detector must be cleaned mechanically This mechanical cleaning must be carried out by an authorized service partner CAUTION In Step 2 below do not use pressurized air f...

Страница 48: ...r technical data refer to the datasheets on the user documentation CD ROM that comes with the camera Technical data can also be found at http support flir com 40 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH...

Страница 49: ...vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view for different target distances No...

Страница 50: ...eld of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view for different target distances Note The tabl...

Страница 51: ...eld of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view for different target distances Note The tabl...

Страница 52: ...14 Dimensions 14 1 Camera front Figure 10780603 a2 44 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011...

Страница 53: ...14 2 Camera side Figure 10780703 a2 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 45 14 Dimensions...

Страница 54: ...n come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depend ing on the material and the ti...

Страница 55: ...construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature incre...

Страница 56: ...er For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket...

Страница 57: ...the building NOTE When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components ma...

Страница 58: ...e Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can...

Страница 59: ...ies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems T638608 a1 Figure 16 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The c...

Страница 60: ...et and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 lb can be seen RIGHT FLIR i7 from 2009 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 lb including the battery...

Страница 61: ...ding one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory i...

Страница 62: ...machine RIGHT Lens polishing 10401503 a1 Figure 16 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration 54 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGL...

Страница 63: ...wed through the bottleneck cavity radiator The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color color temperature The process that makes heat diffuse into a material conduction...

Страница 64: ...iform temperature viewed through the bottleneck isothermal cavity An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of...

Страница 65: ...contain in satu ration conditions relative humidity The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain...

Страница 66: ...therm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image transparent isotherm Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode...

Страница 67: ...ty of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 18 2 Emissivity The most important object paramet...

Страница 68: ...rect method Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 18 1 1 Reflection source 1 If the reflection source is a spot source modify...

Страница 69: ...t measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 18 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method Cr...

Страница 70: ...camera and freeze the image 5 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 6 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 7 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the foll...

Страница 71: ...from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 18 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compens...

Страница 72: ...he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would...

Страница 73: ...se of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting...

Страница 74: ...the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous as...

Страница 75: ...to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolo...

Страница 76: ...all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 Figure 20 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radio...

Страница 77: ...resents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an...

Страница 78: ...o have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 20 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 20 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was...

Страница 79: ...ding to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm2 103 m 2 Wavelength m 20 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect t...

Страница 80: ...e sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 m in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 m in the far infrared whi...

Страница 81: ...ody This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of it...

Страница 82: ...ppear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 m and beyond 3 m it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from...

Страница 83: ...spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law f...

Страница 84: ...emi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its vol...

Страница 85: ...ate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single fo...

Страница 86: ...rtunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is...

Страница 87: ...r to derive a workable formula and Trefl can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance...

Страница 88: ...ask could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures...

Страница 89: ...now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uo...

Страница 90: ...measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters 0 88 Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 82 Publ N...

Страница 91: ...measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters 0 88 Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T...

Страница 92: ...nology June 1977 London 5 Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 6 Vlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissiv...

Страница 93: ...anodized black dull Aluminum 9 0 97 LW 70 anodized light gray dull Aluminum 9 0 61 SW 70 anodized light gray dull Aluminum 2 0 55 T 100 anodized sheet Aluminum 4 0 09 T 100 as received plate Aluminum...

Страница 94: ...activated powder Aluminum oxide 1 0 16 T pure powder alu mina Aluminum oxide 1 0 96 T 20 board Asbestos 1 0 78 T fabric Asbestos 7 0 94 SW 35 floor tile Asbestos 1 0 93 0 95 T 40 400 paper Asbestos 1...

Страница 95: ...fireclay Brick 1 0 75 T 1000 fireclay Brick 1 0 59 T 1200 fireclay Brick 7 0 94 SW 35 masonry Brick 1 0 94 T 20 masonry plas tered Brick 2 0 93 T 20 red common Brick 1 0 88 0 93 T 20 red rough Brick 1...

Страница 96: ...6 0 90 SW 20 untreated Chipboard 1 0 10 T 50 polished Chromium 1 0 28 0 38 T 500 1000 polished Chromium 1 0 91 T 70 fired Clay 1 0 98 T 20 black Cloth 2 0 92 T 20 Concrete 7 0 95 SW 36 dry Concrete 5...

Страница 97: ...80 coarse Emery 1 0 9 T 20 Enamel 1 0 85 0 95 T 20 lacquer Enamel 6 0 85 SW 20 hard untreated Fiber board 9 0 88 LW 70 masonite Fiber board 9 0 75 SW 70 masonite Fiber board 9 0 89 LW 70 particle boar...

Страница 98: ...polished Iron cast 1 0 21 T 200 polished Iron cast 1 0 87 0 95 T 900 1100 unworked Iron cast 9 0 09 LW 70 cold rolled Iron and steel 9 0 20 SW 70 cold rolled Iron and steel 1 0 61 0 85 T 20 covered w...

Страница 99: ...hed sheet Iron and steel 1 0 24 T 20 rolled freshly Iron and steel 1 0 56 T 50 rolled sheet Iron and steel 1 0 95 0 98 T 50 rough plane sur face Iron and steel 5 0 96 SW 17 rusted heavily Iron and ste...

Страница 100: ...98 T 40 100 black dull Lacquer 2 0 97 T 100 black matte Lacquer 1 0 87 T 20 black shiny sprayed on iron Lacquer 1 0 92 T 100 heat resistant Lacquer 1 0 8 0 95 T 40 100 white Lacquer 2 0 92 T 100 whit...

Страница 101: ...Nichrome 1 0 71 0 79 T 500 1000 wire clean Nichrome 1 0 95 0 98 T 50 500 wire oxidized Nichrome 4 0 041 T 122 bright matte Nickel 1 0 045 T 100 commercially pure polished Nickel 1 0 07 0 09 T 200 400...

Страница 102: ...icating 2 0 05 T 20 film on Ni base Ni base only Oil lubricating 2 0 82 T 20 thick coating Oil lubricating 9 0 92 0 94 LW 70 8 different colors and qualities Paint 9 0 88 0 96 SW 70 8 different colors...

Страница 103: ...coated with black lacquer Paper 1 0 85 T green Paper 1 0 76 T red Paper 1 0 7 0 9 T 20 white Paper 9 0 88 0 90 LW 70 white 3 different glosses Paper 9 0 76 0 78 SW 70 white 3 different glosses Paper...

Страница 104: ...1094 Platinum 1 0 05 0 10 T 200 600 pure polished Platinum 1 0 12 0 17 T 900 1100 ribbon Platinum 1 0 06 0 07 T 50 200 wire Platinum 1 0 10 0 16 T 500 1000 wire Platinum 1 0 18 T 1400 wire Platinum 1...

Страница 105: ...olished Stainless steel 9 0 18 SW 70 sheet polished Stainless steel 9 0 28 LW 70 sheet untreated somewhat scratched Stainless steel 9 0 30 SW 70 sheet untreated somewhat scratched Stainless steel 2 0...

Страница 106: ...0 90 0 93 LW 70 on oak parquet floor Varnish 9 0 90 SW 70 on oak parquet floor Varnish 6 0 85 SW 20 slight pattern light gray Wallpaper 6 0 90 SW 20 slight pattern red Wallpaper 2 0 96 T 20 distilled...

Страница 107: ...0 planed oak Wood 9 0 77 SW 70 planed oak Wood 7 0 82 SW 36 plywood smooth dry Wood 6 0 83 SW 20 plywood untreat ed Wood 1 0 7 0 8 T 20 white damp Wood 1 0 11 T 400 oxidized at 400 C Zinc 1 0 50 0 60...

Страница 108: ...was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 List of effective files 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a18 20236703 xml a57 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a21 20...

Страница 109: ......

Страница 110: ...Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems Inc 27700 SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Telephone 1 800 727 3547 Website http www flir com...

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