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The measurement formula

20

2.

Reflected emission from ambient sources

= (1 – ε)τW

refl

, where (1 – ε) is the reflec-

tance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature T

refl

.

It has here been assumed that the temperature T

refl

is the same for all emitting surfaces

within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course some-
times a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplification in
order to derive a workable formula, and T

refl

can – at least theoretically – be given a val-

ue that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding.

Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is
correct in accordance with Kirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding
surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1.
(Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object
to be considered.)

3.

Emission from the atmosphere

= (1 – τ)τW

atm

, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of the at-

mosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is T

atm

.

The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):

We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by
the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):

Solve Equation 3 for U

obj

(Equation 4):

This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic
equipment. The voltages of the formula are:

Table 20.1

Voltages

U

obj

Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T

obj

i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object
temperature.

U

tot

Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.

U

refl

Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
T

refl

according to the calibration.

U

atm

Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
T

atm

according to the calibration.

The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:

• the object emittance ε,
• the relative humidity,
• T

atm

• object distance (D

obj

)

• the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient temper-

ature T

refl

, and

• the temperature of the atmosphere T

atm

This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no
easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the

#T810252; r. AA/41997/41997; en-US

70

1.888.475.5235

[email protected]

FLIR

-

DIRECT

.com

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Содержание ETS320

Страница 1: ...User s manual FLIR ETS3xx series 1 888 475 5235 info FLIR Direct com FLIR DIRECT com...

Страница 2: ...loads 8 5 Introduction 9 5 1 General description 9 5 2 Benefits 9 5 3 Key features 9 6 Quick start guide 10 6 1 Procedure 10 7 Description 11 7 1 View from the front 11 7 1 1 Figure 11 7 1 2 Explanati...

Страница 3: ...emperature within an area 20 9 7 1 General 20 9 7 2 Procedure 20 9 8 Hiding measurement tools 20 9 8 1 Procedure 20 9 9 Changing the color palette 20 9 9 1 General 20 9 9 2 Procedure 20 9 10 Working w...

Страница 4: ...FLIR Systems 38 13 1 More than just an infrared camera 39 13 2 Sharing our knowledge 40 13 3 Supporting our customers 40 14 Terms laws and definitions 41 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 43 15...

Страница 5: ...t 56 17 6 Non uniformity correction 57 17 7 Thermal image adjustment thermal tuning 57 18 History of infrared technology 58 19 Theory of thermography 61 19 1 Introduction 61 19 2 The electromagnetic s...

Страница 6: ...ducts are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make...

Страница 7: ...on 2 1 of the License or at your op tion any later version This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITYo...

Страница 8: ...erference received including interference that may cause undesired operation WARNING Applicability Digital devices subject to 15 21 NOTICE Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly...

Страница 9: ...0 C to 45 C 50 F to 113 F If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the b...

Страница 10: ...tally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details 3 5 Training To read about infrared training visit...

Страница 11: ...ons and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model 3 8 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English In the event of divergences due to...

Страница 12: ...ed user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a...

Страница 13: ...l 4 3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following when applicable for the product Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC Mac software Freewar...

Страница 14: ...sure products are operating within specification for their maximum lifetime Saves money Improve rapid prototyping and reduce product development cycles Optimizes lab time Battery powered and hands fre...

Страница 15: ...D mat of the camera stand 3 Push the On off button to turn on the camera 4 Adjust the position of the camera unit 5 Push the Save button to save an image Optional steps 6 Go to the following website t...

Страница 16: ...ush to open the image archive 4 Back Cancel button Function Push to go back into the menu system Push to cancel a choice 5 Navigation pad Function Push left right or up down to navigate in menus subme...

Страница 17: ...tton to turn on the camera Push and hold the On off button for less than 5 seconds to put the camera into standby mode The camera then automatically turns off after 48 hours Push and hold the On off b...

Страница 18: ...er takes consid erably longer than using the FLIR power supply Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools Tools Note Install FLIR Tools Tools on your computer befor...

Страница 19: ...s 8 1 2 Charging the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer Follow this procedure 1 Connect the camera unit to a computer using a USB cable Note To charge the camera the computer must be tu...

Страница 20: ...the fine adjustment knob 2 For coarse adjustments do the following 2 1 Loosen the stand mount knob and move the stand mount to the desired posi tion Tighten the stand mount knob 2 2 Loosen the suppor...

Страница 21: ...era unit from the stand 3 Turn the fine adjustment knob counter clockwise until you can see a screw Remove the screw 4 Turn the fine adjustment knob clockwise until you can see a screw on the other si...

Страница 22: ...o screws that hold the bracket to the camera unit 7 Remove the two screws that hold the bracket to the camera unit 8 Remove the bracket from the camera unit T810252 r AA 41997 41997 en US 17 1 888 475...

Страница 23: ...lays the selected image 4 Do one or more of the following To view the image in full screen display image information or delete the image push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar T...

Страница 24: ...a spotmeter This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen 9 5 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 On...

Страница 25: ...ements 9 9 Changing the color palette 9 9 1 General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different temperatures A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image 9...

Страница 26: ...s displayed at the top of the screen 5 To change the threshold temperature push the navigation pad up down 9 11 Changing the temperature scale mode 9 11 1 General The camera can depending on the camer...

Страница 27: ...following Auto Manual 4 To change the temperature span and the temperature level in Manual mode do the following Push the navigation pad left right to select highlight the maximum and or minimum tempe...

Страница 28: ...y This displays a dialog box 5 In the dialog box select Custom material This displays a list of materials with known emissivities 6 In the list select the material 9 14 Changing the emissivity as a cu...

Страница 29: ...surement parameters This displays a dialog box 4 In the dialog box select Reflected apparent temperature This displays a dialog box where you can set a value 9 16 Performing a non uniformity correctio...

Страница 30: ...ature 9 17 1 2 Device settings Language time units Language Temperature unit Distance unit Date time Date time format Reset options Reset default camera mode Reset device settings to factory default D...

Страница 31: ...s Tools 2 Start the camera 3 Connect the camera to the computer using the USB cable 4 On the Help menu in FLIR Tools Tools click Check for updates 5 Follow the on screen instructions T810252 r AA 4199...

Страница 32: ...the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice Please check http support flir com for latest changes 10 3 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publ...

Страница 33: ...ed and hands free and offers complete measurement and analysis in the camera Key features 76 000 points of non contact temperature measurement at the push of a button 320 240 pixel detector provides c...

Страница 34: ...B Non radiometric IR video streaming Uncompressed colorized video using USB Storage of images File formats Standard JPEG 14 bit measurement data included Data communication interfaces Interfaces USB M...

Страница 35: ...W H 220 mm 150 mm 300 mm 8 7 in 5 9 in 11 8 in Color Black and gray Shipping information Packaging type Cardboard box List of contents FLIR Tools Infrared camera unit Power supply Printed documentatio...

Страница 36: ...5 4 C F B D G E A 6 Rev A 1 2 Scale 2016 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide No part of this drawing may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any mean...

Страница 37: ...may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without written permission from FLIR Systems Inc Spe...

Страница 38: ...reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without written permission from FLIR Systems Inc Specifica...

Страница 39: ...ransmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without written permission from FLIR Systems Inc Specifications subject to change without further notic...

Страница 40: ...cohol C2H5OH 12 2 2 Equipment Cotton wool CAUTION If you use a lens cleaning cloth it must be dry Do not use a lens cleaning cloth with the liquids that are giv en in section 12 2 1 above These liquid...

Страница 41: ...u clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating T810252 r AA 41997 41997 en US 37 1...

Страница 42: ...Cedip Since 2007 FLIR Systems has acquired several companies with world leading expertise in sensor technologies Extech Instruments 2007 Ifara Tecnolog as 2008 Salvador Imaging 2009 OmniTech Partners...

Страница 43: ...3 3 2015 FLIR One an accessory to iPhone and Android mobile phones Weight 90 g 3 2 oz FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detecto...

Страница 44: ...of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 13 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service net...

Страница 45: ...the total energy contents in a closed system is constant Exitant radiation radiation that leaves the surface of an object regardless of its original sources Heat thermal energy that is transferred bet...

Страница 46: ...vironment that is reflected by the target into the IR camera14 Spatial resolution ability of an IR camera to resolve small objects or details Temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of the m...

Страница 47: ...elative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 15 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from...

Страница 48: ...n sources considering that the incident angle reflection an gle a b Figure 15 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if car...

Страница 49: ...eflected apparent temperature because a thermocouple measures temperature but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity 15 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method Follow this procedure 1 Crumble up a lar...

Страница 50: ...sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even 5 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 6 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 7 Se...

Страница 51: ...llowing two facts That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 15 5 Relative humid...

Страница 52: ...r for whatever reason the job is not being done properly 16 3 A good image As thermography and photography are related it makes sense to take a look at what is im portant to professional photographers...

Страница 53: ...The three unchangeables the basis for a good image 16 4 1 Focus A professional thermal image is always focused and sharp and the object and heat pat tern must be clear and easy to recognize Figure 16...

Страница 54: ...xposure is essentially preset by the image frame rate This means that it is not possible to choose for how long and there fore how much radiation hits the camera detector For this reason an appropriat...

Страница 55: ...is also ad visable to select a position from which the object of interest can be seen clearly and is not hidden This may seem obvious but in the building sector for example it is common to find report...

Страница 56: ...perature interval currently displayed A good or problem specific scaling of the thermal image is an important step in the inter pretation of the image and is unfortunately often underestimated see Fig...

Страница 57: ...images can be altered by editing However it is also possible to change the settings that are relevant for the cal culation of temperatures In practice this means that the emissivity and reflected app...

Страница 58: ...m dif ferent angles This is preferable to taking too few You can then choose the best image afterwards at leisure 16 7 Conclusion Taking a good thermal image does not require any magic tricks solid cr...

Страница 59: ...o as being cal ibration However this is not always sufficient Considering the calibration procedure of a thermal camera the first step establishes the relation between emitted radiation the quantity v...

Страница 60: ...ibration the result is often but not always not drift compensated This means that the values do not take into account a possible change in the camera s output when the camera s internal temperature va...

Страница 61: ...he optical path and all the detector elements are exposed to the same amount of radiation originating from the shutter Therefore in an ideal situation they should all give the same output sig nal Howe...

Страница 62: ...with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s pris...

Страница 63: ...when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remark...

Страница 64: ...system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 me ters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time...

Страница 65: ...omagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perce...

Страница 66: ...pe The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what i...

Страница 67: ...te temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength m Note The factor 10 6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m2 m Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various tempera...

Страница 68: ...mperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for max A good approximation of the value of max for a given blackbody tem perature is ob...

Страница 69: ...nn s law By integrating Planck s formula from 0 to we obtain the total radiant emittance Wb of a blackbody This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltz mann 1844...

Страница 70: ...pectral radiant power absorbed by an ob ject to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob ject to that incident upon it The spectral tra...

Страница 71: ...as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody Figure 19 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wave le...

Страница 72: ...sorbed but some of it arrives at the other sur face through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the pro gressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be...

Страница 73: ...erator It is then his responsibility to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radia tion sources etc Accepting the descr...

Страница 74: ...uation 2 We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Solve Equation 3 for Uobj Equation 4...

Страница 75: ...ion curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Utot 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 v...

Страница 76: ...sphere radia tion Fixed parameters 0 88 Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Figure 20 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emitta...

Страница 77: ...Sensing 8 Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 9 hman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rap...

Страница 78: ...um oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 1 Alum...

Страница 79: ...20 T 0 2 1 Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 5 Brick Dinas silica glazed rough 1100 T 0 85 1 Brick Dinas silica refractory 1000 T 0 66 1 Brick Dinas silica un glazed rough 1000 T...

Страница 80: ...1 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 1 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 1 Concrete 20 T 0 92 2 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 7 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 5 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 8 Cop...

Страница 81: ...hed highly 100 T 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 8 Granite rough 4 different samples 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 Granite rough 4 different samples 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 Gypsum 20 T...

Страница 82: ...22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer sheet 20 T 0 82 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel...

Страница 83: ...97 2 Lacquer black shiny sprayed on iron 20 T 0 87 1 Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead oxidized...

Страница 84: ...n iron unpolished 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 Nickel electroplated on iron unpolished 22 T 0 11 4 Nickel electroplated polished 20 T 0 05 2 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidi...

Страница 85: ...8 0 74 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper black T 0 90 1 Paper black dull T 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Paper coated wit...

Страница 86: ...500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 1 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 1 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 1 Rubber soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 1 Sand T 0 60 1 Sand...

Страница 87: ...iron 100 T 0 07 2 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15...

Страница 88: ...ples 70 SW 0 67 0 75 9 Wood pine 4 different samples 70 LW 0 81 0 89 9 Wood planed 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 2 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 9 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 9 Wood plywood smo...

Страница 89: ...AA 41997 2017 04 10 T505552 xml en US 9599 2013 11 05 T505469 xml en US 39689 2017 01 25 T505013 xml en US 39689 2017 01 25 T506128 xml en US 40817 2017 03 02 T505470 xml en US 39513 2017 01 18 T50500...

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