Epson CW3S16 Canadian Product Скачать руководство пользователя страница 175 | Manualshive

Страница: 175 / 218

background image

Mark Bad Tracks

The default value is ‘N’ for ‘No’. If the hard disk being tested

is not a SCSI device, check the unit for a manufacturer’s list of

bad tracks. If this information is available, type ‘Y’ and press

< ENTER>

. Another information box, titled “Bad Track

List,” appears to the right of the “Hard Disk Format” box.
Below the heading are three columns for 1) the entry number
(S#), the cylinder number (Cyl.), and the head number (Head).
At the bottom of the box, the number of track # entries are
tallied. To the right of the Bad Track List box is the Bad Track
List Edit Menu. This also appears when entering ‘Y’ at the Mark
Bad Tracks (Y/N) field in the Hard Disk Format box. At the
Bad Track Edit Menu, you can 1) add an entry, 2) revise an
entry, 3) delete an entry, 4) clear the bad track list, and 5) save
and exit. The Bad Track Edit Menu is described here.

Figure E-4. Performing A Hard Disk Format Test:

The Bad Track Edit Menu

E-12

Advanced ROM Diagnostics

«
...
173
174
175
176
177
...
»

Содержание CW3S16 Canadian Product

Страница 1: ...OPERATIONS GUIDE l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ...

Страница 2: ...S X 3 8 6 M OPERATIONS GUIDE ...

Страница 3: ... Überprüfung der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen eingeräumt TriGem Inc 4 NaengChun Dong Seodaemun Ku Seoul Korea English translation We hereby certify that the TriGem SX386M complies with the RFI suppression requirements of Vfg 1046 1984 The German Postal Service was thenotified that equipment is being marketed The German Postal Service has the right to re test the equipment and verify compl...

Страница 4: ... the specifications of the product described within this manual at any time without notice and without obligation of TriGem Computer Inc to notify any person of such revision or changes COPYRIGHT NOTICE Copyright C 1990 by TriGem Computer Inc All rights are reserved No part of this document may be reproduced transmitted transcribed stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or co...

Страница 5: ...onder is a trademark of ATI Technologies Inc HP LaserJet Series II is a product of HewlettPackard Inc MS DOS and GW Basic are trademark of Microsoft Corporation Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation Seagate is a registered trademark of Seagate Technologies Inc Hercules is a registered trademark of Hercules Computer Technology Inc Norton SI is a trademark of Peter Norton Computing Inc App...

Страница 6: ...ption which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures l Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna l Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver l Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected l Consult the dealer o...

Страница 7: ...or short out parts that could result in a fire or electrical shock This computer should only be connected to the AC power source indicated on your computer system s information label If you are not sure of the type of AC power available consult your dealer or local power company Only connect this computer to a power outlet that matches the power requirements of this computer Do not allow anything ...

Страница 8: ...re covered by the operating instructions Improper adjustment of other controls may result in damage and may require extensive repair work to restore the product to normal operation Unplug this product from the main power outlet and call for service under any of the following conditions If the power cord or plug is damaged or frayed If liquid has been spilled into the product If the product has bee...

Страница 9: ... alimentation et puis enleve le couvercle Once removed the cover must be replaced and screwed in position before the power supply cord is plugged back in Apres le couvercle a enleve visse le couvercle en place et remettre le cordon d alimentation RELATED READING For more information about MS DOS commands and GW Basic programming please refer to the user s manuals provided with this computer v i i ...

Страница 10: ...d um Überhitzung zu vermeiden müssen diese Öffnungen unbedingt freigehalten werden Betreiben Sie das Gerät nie auf Betten Sofas oder anderen wiechen Unterlagen Stecken keine Gegegenstände Schraubenzieher Buroklammern etc in die Öffnungen Sie würden damit Kurzschlüsse herbeiführen die zur Zerstörung des Geräts führen sich der Gefahr eines Stromschlages aussetzen oder das Gerät in Brand setzen Das G...

Страница 11: ...eitungen benutzen Wartung des Computers Wenn der Computer nicht ordnungsgemäss arbeitet dürfen Sie nur die Finstellungen vornehmen die im Handbuch genannt werden Andere Einstellungen oder Veränderungen können den Computer beschädigen oder zerstören Umfangreiche und kostspielige Reparaturen würden notwendig werden um das Gerät wieder betriebsfähig zu machen Ziehen Sie den Netzstecker aus der Steckd...

Страница 12: ...verschraubten Haube ist unbedingt folgendes zu beachten Das Netzkabel muss aus der Steckdose gezogen werden und zwar bevor Sie das Gerät öffnen Die Haube muss wieder monitert und verschraubt werden Erst dann darf das Netzkabel wieder eingesteckt werden xi ...

Страница 13: ...face 1 6 Using the Serial Interface 1 7 5 Connecting the Power Cord 1 8 6 Connecting the Keyboard 1 9 Adjusting the Keyboard Angle 1 10 7 Turning On the Computer 1 11 The Command Prompt 1 14 8 Copying System Diskettes 1 14 9 Resetting Your Computer 1 17 Chapter 2 The CMOS Setup Program Introduction 2 1 When to Run Setup 2 1 Using Setup 2 2 Entering Setup 2 3 Parameters 2 5 Leaving the Setup Progra...

Страница 14: ...ettes 3 14 Making Backup Copies 3 15 Using a Single Diskette Drive 3 16 Using the Hard Disk Drive 3 17 Chapter 4 Using MS DOS With Your Computer Inserting Diskettes 4 2 Disk Drive Letters 4 2 Starting MS DOS 4 4 System Prompt 4 5 Cursor 4 6 MS DOSCommands 4 6 Case Sensitivity 4 7 Function Keys and MS DOS 4 7 BACKSPACE Key 4 8 Default Drive 4 10 Copying Your MS DOS Diskettes 4 11 Copying on Single ...

Страница 15: ... 3 The FORMAT Command 5 4 Option Switches 5 6 Copying Files 5 10 Wildcards 5 12 Chapter 6 Using Your Hard Disk What is a Hard Disk Drive 6 1 Care of Hard Disk Drives 6 2 Preparing Your Hard Disk 6 2 Changing Your SETUP 6 4 Partitioning Your Hard Disk 6 6 Formatting Your Hard Disk 6 8 Organizing Your Hard Disk 6 10 Backing Up Your Hard Disk 6 16 The BACKUP Command 6 16 How Many Diskettes 6 17 The R...

Страница 16: ...6 General Precautions 7 6 Opening and Closing the Cabinet 7 8 Installing Circuit Boards 7 10 Disk Drive Compartments 7 13 Internal Hard Disk Drive 7 15 Appendix A Specifications Computer System A 1 System MotherBoard A 1 CPU Logic A 2 System Memory A 2 System I O A 3 SystemTiming A 3 I O Address Map A 4 Appendix B System Motherboard Hardware Settings B l Removing the MotherBoard B 3 Headers B 3 Co...

Страница 17: ...ts D 1 Expansion Slot Connectors D 5 Appendix E Advanced ROM Diagnostics Introduction E 1 When to Run Advanced Diagnostics E 1 Starting Advanced ROM Diagnostics E 2 Advanced ROM Diagnostics Tests E 4 Hard Disk Diagnostics E 5 Floppy Diagnostics E 32 Keyboard Diagnostics E 48 Video Diagnostics E 49 Miscellaneous Diagnostics E 5 1 Contents xvii ...

Страница 18: ...herboard an on board IDE type HDC and built in serial and parallel interfaces Your computer comes with MS DOS the operating system by Microsoft In addition to the introduction to MS DOS provided in this manual you ll find a complete reference manual for the operating system packed in the box with the computer As your needs grow so can your computer you can expand your system by adding a wide varie...

Страница 19: ...ation Chapter 3 covers some general operating procedures including how to use and care for your disks and disk drives Chapter 4 provides basic instructions for using MS DOS with your computer Chapter 5 takes you into the more advanced techniques of floppy disk file manipulation such as formatting and copying Chapter 6 shows you how to set up and use the vast storage Capabilities of this system dev...

Страница 20: ...d in the computer and any time options are added or changed 1 Unpacking As you unpack the different parts of your computer system be sure to inspect each piece If anything is missing or looks damaged contact the place where it was purchased for missing items or replacements If you cannot obtain the necessary part of parts call your TriGem Computer dealer for assistance Please have the computer s s...

Страница 21: ...on Select a spot that provides the following A large sturdy desk or table that can easily support the weight of your system including all of its components Make sure the surface is hard and flat Soft surfaces like beds and carpeted floors can generate static electricity which may erase data on your disks and damage the computer s circuitry Soft surfaces also prevent proper ventilation Good air cir...

Страница 22: ...t not exceed 1 amp If you need more outlets you may want to buy a power strip available at any electronics store to provide extra outlets A power strip with surge suppression is recommended No electromagnetic interference Locate your system away from any electrical device such as a telephone that generates an electromagnetic field 3Connecting a Monitor The video display monitor is the device used ...

Страница 23: ...he procedure you use to connect your monitor to the computer depends on the type of monitor you have See your monitor manual for detailed instructions or follow these general guidelines 1 2 3 Place your monitor on top of or near the computer It is easiest to connect the monitor cable if you are facing the back panels of both the monitor and the computer If necessary connect the monitor cable to th...

Страница 24: ...nterface and two serial interfaces on the back panel so you can easily connect a printer or other type of device with either type of interface For example you can use the parallel port to connect a parallel printer most printers have a parallel interface You can use the serial port to connect a serial printer a serial mouse or an external modem Setting Up Your System 1 5 ...

Страница 25: ...e not sure which one you need or whether you have the right one check with the store where you purchased the printer Once you have the correct printer cable follow these steps to connect the printer to the parallel interface on the computer 1 Place the printer next to your computer 2 One end of the printer cable has a 25 pin male connector Connect this end to the parallel port on the back panel of...

Страница 26: ...r peripheral with a serial interface you can connect it to one of two serial RS 232C ports on the back of the computer Your computer uses IBM compatible 9 pin male connector so be sure you have the proper cable If you are not sure which one you need or whether you have the right one check with the store where you bought the cable To connect a serial device follow the same steps outlined above for ...

Страница 27: ...inter data from the parallel port to the serial port 5Connecting the Power Cord Follow these steps to connect the power cord 1 Insert the power cord into the AC inlet on the computer s back panel as shown below To avoid an electric shock be sure to plug the cord into the computer before plugging it into the wall socket Figure 1 5 AC Power Connections 2 Plug the other end of the power cord into a t...

Страница 28: ... Geräte die in europäischen Ländern eingesetzt werden sollte ein Netzkabel Typ HAR mit der Nummer H65VV F benutzt werden 6Connecting the Keyboard Your keyboard has only one cable to connect This simply plugs into the keyboard connector located at the bottom of the main system unit s rear panel This connector is designed to prevent insertion if the pins don t line up so it may be necessary to rotat...

Страница 29: ...yboard by adjusting the legs on the bottom Turn the keyboard over and lift each leg upward until it locks into place as shown below You lock the legs into a low or high position or leave them flat Figure 1 7 Adjusting the Keyboard Angle 1 10 Setting Up Your System ...

Страница 30: ...rapidly can damage the computer s circuitry Do not leave a beverage on top of or next to your system or any of its components Spilled liquid can damage the circuitry of your equipment Do not attempt to dismantle any part of the computer Only remove the cover to install and remove optional devices Note If you ever have to remove the main system unit cover observe the following precautions The power...

Страница 31: ...witch The power indicator on the front panel lights up After a few seconds the computer starts to perform an internal self test This is a series of checks the computer completes each time you turn it on to make sure everything is working correctly If anything is wrong an error message appears on the screen After the self test is complete you see a message on the screen similiar to this 1 1 2 Setti...

Страница 32: ... F1 to RESUME This means that the computer is not yet set up for the equipment you have installed and you must run the Setup program described in Chapter 2 For now press the F1 key on the upper left comer of the keyboard to acknowledge the message and continue If you cannot see the screen display clearly use the controls on you monitor to adjust the brightness and contrast until characters on the ...

Страница 33: ...DOS command or exit an application In your computer the diskette drive is A and the hard disk is drive C If you have an optional second diskette drive MS DOS identifies it as B 8Copying System Diskettes Now that you have started your system and loaded MS DOS it is important that you make copies of your MS DOS diskettes right away Use the copies called working copies as they are needed and store th...

Страница 34: ...hese steps 1 The C prompt should be on the screen If not type C and press Enter 2 Type the following and press Enter DISKCOPY A A The screen displays this message Insert SOURCE diskette in drive A Press any key to continue 3 Insert the MS DOS diskette in drive A as shown below Hold the diskette with the label facing up and the read write slot into the drive Setting Up Your System 1 15 ...

Страница 35: ...e in drive A Press any key to continue 5 Remove the MS DOS diskette and insert a blank diskette which is to be the target diskette in drive A Then press any key If the diskette is not formatted the DISKCOPY program formats it Then the program begins copying the data from the computer s memory to the formatted diskette When the copy is complete you see this prompt 1 16 Setting Up Your System ...

Страница 36: ...eturn to the MS DOS command prompt C After you have copied the MS DOS diskettes be sure to label them carefully so you know which one is which Write on the labels before you attach them to the diskettes in order to prevent damaging the diskettes Store the originals in a safe place and use the copies as they needed 9 Resetting Your Computer If your computer system should lock up it may be necessary...

Страница 37: ...Any time you RESET your computer the memory will be cleared This will erase any software programs loaded into the system RAM You may lose important data or have problems using your software after the system re boots Only RESET your system if you are sure that all of your data has been saved to disk or there is no other way to escape a lockup condition You should now be able to reset your computer ...

Страница 38: ... memory When the host is turned off a back up battery retains system parameters in the CMOS memory As soon as the host is turned on the power on diagnostics routines check memory attempt to prepare peripheral devices for action and offer you the option of pressing DEL to run Setup When to Run Setup During normal daily operation you do not have to run Setup when you start your computer Under the ab...

Страница 39: ...t Using Setup Immediately after the memory test you will get the following prompt on the screen depending upon the type of BIOS you have Press DEL if you want to run SETUP or DIAGS Hit DEL key to get into the Setup Mode Note DEL key will get you into the setup mode only when the above message is displayed on the screen If you hit DEL key a menu appears on the screen giving you the option of RUN CM...

Страница 40: ...eans that the SETUP program options have been set at the factory Since there were no errors detected the computer tied to load MS DOS from the floppy disk drive before you have inserted the MS DOS main system diskette For now ignore this message If you want to run the DIAGNOSTICS program see Appendix E for the detailed description of it Entering SETUP To enter the setup program hit DEL key at the ...

Страница 41: ...Down and press ENTER Then the screen will be replaced by the following Floppy drive B Not Unstalled Size Hard disk C type 17 Cyln Head Wpcom LZone Sec 977 5 300 977 17 41MB Hard disk D type Not Installed Serial Fort COM1 COM2 highlights the parameter currently available to be changed You can use the following key conventions 2 4 The CMOS Setup Program ...

Страница 42: ...he PgUp or PgDn keys to select the appropriate value for the month date and year The procedure for setting the time is similar to that of setting the date The time here is 24 hour time so don t be alarmed when hour 13 shows up on the screen Simply highlight either the hours minutes or the seconds and press the PgUp PgDn keys to step through the numbers Floppy Disk Drive Setup Drives a and or b may...

Страница 43: ...pe Setup The next option is primary display selection The options are as follows Type of Display Allowed Monochrome Color 40 x 25 Color 80 x 25 VGA or EGA Not Installed Keyboard Setup The keyboard Setup is the next option for the user You may either choose to enable or disable the Keyboard test during Power On Self Test by setting keyboard as Installed or Not Installed Shadow System Video This par...

Страница 44: ...ke OS 2 RAMDRIVE etc If Shadow RAM is not enabled the parameters of the drive must be stored in normal RAM but the integrity of the data must be maintained The options you have are the following 1 The BIOS to use 100 bytes at 30h O 2 The BIOS to reduce the size of the base memory by 1KB The default is 1 If you are not using Drive type 47 or not running programs like OS Z RAMDRIVE this RAM will nev...

Страница 45: ...lel port set this parameter LPT1 or LPT2 However if you want to use another parallel using external I O card you should disable this parameter The options are L P T l L P T 2 l Disable Serial port You can use serial ports provided on the system mother board by this parameter l COMl If you d like to the on board serial port for COM l select this option COM2 Set this option if you want to use the on...

Страница 46: ...move the cursor back up to the beginning and verify each parameter making any corrections necessary When you are satisfied with the option settings press the ESC key then press Y to write the new settings into the configuration RAM Your computer will run through the self test diagnostics again and try to read a diskette in the first floppy disk drive As mentioned above you may see an error message...

Страница 47: ...6MHz the computer performs all tasks faster and almost all programs may be run at 16MHz However some option cards and application programs require the lower speed See your option card or application program manual to make sure that you can use the higher speed before selecting it Keyboard Method The following keystroke sequences can be used to set the processor clock speed l Ctrl Alt Hold down the...

Страница 48: ...ated on the MS DOS diskette supplied with the system You can find the detailed description of TGSS COM in your MS DOS User s Guide Special Keys on your Keyboard Certain keys on your keyboard serve special functions when your computer is running programs The illustration below shows the TriGem keyboard and the table that follows describes the special keys Figure 3 1 Keyboard 101 key 3 2 Using Your ...

Страница 49: ...cter codes or functions Moves the cursor back one space deleting the character to the left of the cursor Ends a line of keyboard input or executes a command may be called the Return key in some application program manuals Changes the letter keys from lower to uppercase changes back to lowercase when pressed again The numeric symbol keys on the top row of the keyboard are not affected Cancels the c...

Страница 50: ... spreadsheets Turns the insert function on and off in some application programs Del Deletes the character at the cursor positlon The Num Lock Scroll Lock and Caps Lock keys work as toggles press the key once to turn on a function and again to turn it off When the function is enabled the corresponding light on the top right comer of the keyboard is on When the function is disabled the light is off ...

Страница 51: ...ular operation however you may need to reset the computer as described in the following section Caution It is best not to run off the computer to stop a program or command If you have created new data that you have not yet stored it will be erased if you turn off the computer Your computer stores data in its memory until you save it but the memory area is erased each time you turn off or reset the...

Страница 52: ...st and dirt A hard disk stores data the same way that a diskette does but it works faster and has much larger storage capacity All disks are divided into data storage compartments by sides tracks and sectors Doublesided diskettes like the ones you use in your computer store data on both sides On your disk there are concentric rings called tracks in which a disk can store data Doubledensity diskett...

Страница 53: ... disk drive to store and retrieve data on a disk There is one head above the diskette and one below so the drive can write to both sides of the diskette To write to a disk the computer spins it in the drive to a position where one of the read write heads can access the diskette through the read write slot The read write slot on a diskette exposes the diskette s magnetic surface so the read write h...

Страница 54: ...use single sided 160KB or 180KB diskettes These diskettes contain 40 tracks per side 8 or 9 sectors per track and hold up to 360KB of information which is approximately 150 pages of text With 8 sectors per track a diskette holds up to 320KB 720KB drive With this drive use 3 1 2 inch double sided doubledensity 135 TPI 720KB diskettes These diskettes contain 80 tracks per side 9 sectors per track an...

Страница 55: ...ize difference you cannot use 3 1 2 inch diskettes in a 5 1 4 inch drive or vice versa There are also certain limitations on using diskettes that are the same size as the drive but have different capacities The following tables summarize the possibilities and limitations 5 1 4 inch drive diskette compatibility Drive type Diskette types it can read from and write to 360KB 180KB or 360KB 1 2MB 180KB...

Страница 56: ...Drives Follow these basic precautions to protect your diskette and avoid losing data Do not remove a diskette from the diskette drive or turn off the computer while the drive light is on This light indicates that the computer is copying data to or from a diskette If you interrupt this process you can destroy data Remove all diskettes before you turn off the computer Keep diskettes away from dust a...

Страница 57: ...rive if it has been damaged Carefully label your diskettes Attach labels firmly but gently and only along the top of a diskette next to the manufacturer s label Do not stick several labels on top of one another too many labels can make it difficult to insert the diskette into the drive It is best to write on the label before you attach it to the diskette If you need to write on a label that is alr...

Страница 58: ...r to protect it from dust Inserting and Removing Diskettes To insert a diskette into the drive hold it with the label facing up and the read write slot leading into the drive as shown below I Figure 3 4 Inserting a Diskette 5 Slide the diskette into the slot until it is in all the way Then turn the drive latch down to lock it in a vertical position This keeps the diskette in place and enables the ...

Страница 59: ...kette turn the drive latch up until it is horizontal and the edge of the diskette pops out Carefully pull out the diskette place it in its protective envelope and store it in a proper location such as a diskette container If you have an optional 3 inch diskette drive insert the diskette with the label facing up and the metal shutter leading into the drive as shown below Slide the diskette into the...

Страница 60: ...ct a diskette to prevent its data from being altered When a diskette is write protected you can read it and copy data from it but you cannot store new data on the diskette or delete any files it contains If you try to change data stored on a write protected diskette MS DOS displays an error message To write protect a 5 inch diskette cover the small rectangular notch shown below with an adhesive wr...

Страница 61: ...he comer Write Protect Figure 3 7 3 Diskette Write Protect SW To remove the write protection slide the switch toward the center of the diskette so the hole is covered Making Backup Copies It is important to make copies of all your data and system diskettes Copy all diskettes that contain programs such as the original MS DOS diskettes that come with your computer and use only the copies Store your ...

Страница 62: ...at normally require two diskette drives Usually MS DOS recognizes the first diskette drive the top drive as drive A and the second diskette drive as drive B If you have only one diskette drive MS DOS recognizes it as both A and B For example if you give a command to copy from A to B MS DOS copies data from the diskette you place in the single drive A to the computer s memory Then MS DOS automatica...

Страница 63: ...te The hard disk however provides several advantages The 20MB hard disk can store more data than 16 X 1 2MB diskettes and the 40MB hard disk can store twice as much You computer can perform all disk related operations faster You can store all your frequency used programs and data files on the hard disk eliminating the inconvenience of inserting and removing diskettes to access different files The ...

Страница 64: ...ion of backing up hard disk files on the Chapter 6 Preparing the hard disk for moving Before you move the computer you need to secure the read write heads inside the hard disk drive Securing the read write heads moves them to a region of the disk surface that does not contain data and locks them in position This prevents the disk from being damaged if it is bumped accidentally To secure the read w...

Страница 65: ...ew location The TGSHIP command should be run whenever you are going to move the main system unit This command moves the read write heads inside the hard disk drive to a safety zone where they won t accidentally scratch the surface of the drive platters TGSHIP COM is a special DOS command file included with your system You should copy this file into the root directory of your hard disk drive See MS...

Страница 66: ...ating system is a collection of programs that allow you to control all the elements of your computer When booting up the MS DOS command file is copied from the MS DOS main disk into your computer s memory From there it controls the rest of the system During a normal operating session you will want your computer system to boot up in MS DOS Before that can happen however you may need to install MS D...

Страница 67: ...e and turning your computer on Disk Drive Letters The various disk drives on your computer are assigned letters As you work with MS DOS you will see that these letters are used to identify which drive is to be used at any given time The microcomputer industry has standardized the use of letter identification for MS DOS type machines as follows The first floppy disk drive is referred to as the A dr...

Страница 68: ... If any resistance is felt when closing the drive door stop and reinsert the diskette To remove a diskette from a floppy disk drive Be sure the drive indicator light is off CAUTION It is very important that you never remove a diskette from an active drive Doing so candestroy the information on the diskette If the computer system is locked up with the drive indicator light on RESET the computer bef...

Страница 69: ... insert the Install disk Press ENTER The Welcome screen appears This screen contains information about the number of disks required to install the operating system Press ENTER The Introduction screen appears This screen contains information about the function keys used to run the Select program Press ENTER The first screen of the Select program appears For more information about the Select program...

Страница 70: ... down arrows To start a program or display a new group press Enter File System Change Colors DOS Utilities Your computer system is now running under DOS For now press ENTER to run the Command Prompt option System Prompt After you press the ENTER key MS DOS will show a new prompt on the monitor Microsoft R MS DOS R Version XXX Copyright Microsoft Corp 19XX 19XX A Using MS DOS With Your Computer 4 5...

Страница 71: ...round on the screen MS DOS Commands DOS commands instruct your computer to perform tasks such as display a disk directory copy a file delete a program etc These are called internal commands and can be used anytime after the system has loaded MS DOS into memory They do not require the MS DOS main system diskette to function More complex DOS commands are actually separate programs that provide power...

Страница 72: ...ned earlier MS DOS uses several of your keyboard s function keys to provide you with shortcuts When you press the ENTER key after typing a command MS DOS copies the command into a buffer memory By using the function keys you can edit and reuse the command without having to retype the entire line Fl key Copies one character at a time from the buffer to the command line F2 key Copies the entire buff...

Страница 73: ...key Inserts characters into the command line as you copy characters from the buffer DEL key Deletes characters from the buffer BACKSPACE Key From time to time you may make a typing error This is not usually a problem if you correct the error before you ENTER the command You can use the BACKSPACE key for this purpose Note Occasionally you might happen to enter the wrong command by mistake If this i...

Страница 74: ...necessary to erase the typing mistake then type out the command correctly For instance type the following but do not press ENTER Press the BACKSPACE key twice to erase the I and the R Retype Then press the ENTER key Your computer will respond by producing the directory of the disk in the A drive Now type this Then press the ENTER key Your computer will respond I Bad command or filename A Using MS ...

Страница 75: ...loppy disk drive You can easily change the default drive with an internal DOS command For instance to change from the A drive floppy disk to the C drive hard disk enter The computer will respond As you can see the system prompt has changed to show the new default drive letter Note If the computer responds Invalid Drive Specification it may mean that either there is no hard disk system installed or...

Страница 76: ...ough there is only one physical drive present The BIOS pretends there are two disk drives present It routes all commands intended for the B drive back to the A drive This feature is intended to allow owners of single drive systems to use application software designed for dual drive systems Copying Your MS DOS Diskettes The first important task you must complete with your new system is to make a ba...

Страница 77: ...how you how to make backup copies of your MS DOS master diskettes on both single and dualdrive systems Copying on Single Drive Systems MS DOS uses the external command DISKCOPY to copy entire diskettes DISKCOMP is used to compare the original and backup diskettes to ensure that the copy is accurate To copy your master diskettes first turn your computer on and boot up MS DOS After updating the date...

Страница 78: ... a few moments the following message will appear Insert TARGET diskette In drive A When the drive indicator light goes out remove the MS DOS master diskette from the floppy disk drive Insert a new blank diskette into the drive This is the TARGET diskette Press the SPACEBAR key The drive will turn on indicating that the computer formatting the new diskette then writing the copied information onto i...

Страница 79: ...nal master MS DOS main system diskette back into the floppy disk drive then press the SPACEBAR key As with the DISKCOPY command your computer will read the entire contents of the diskette into system memory and will display I Comparing xx tracks x Sectors per Track x Side s When the computer is finished reading the drive will turn off and the following message will appear Insert SECOND diskette In...

Страница 80: ... with the backup diskette or if you put the wrong diskette into the drive by mistake the computer will respond If the computer shows compare errors start the copying procedure over again at the beginning The backup copy of the MS DOS diskette must be identical to the original After you have confirmed that the backup diskette is a good copy of the master MS DOS diskette you may put your master disk...

Страница 81: ...skette located in the B drive The following message will be displayed Insert SOURCE diskette In drive A Insert TARGET diskette in drive B Press any key to continue The SOURCE diskette is the disk that you will be copying from The TARGET diskette is the one you will be copying to Put your master MS DOS diskette in the A drive and a new blank diskette in the B drive Warning If you have any doubts ab...

Страница 82: ...r will display The contents of the disk are being read into your computer s memory After a few moments the following message will appear A DISKCOMP A B The computer will respond Insert FIRST diskette in drive A Insert SECOND diskette in drive B Press any key when ready Using MS DOS With Your Computer 4 17 ...

Страница 83: ...4 18 Using MS DOS With Your Computer ...

Страница 84: ...gram files Data files Program files are files that perform a task They manipulate the computer and data files in order to achieve a result MS DOS is a collection of program files as are the control programs found in application software Data files are files that contain the information data used by program files A file containing a list of names and addresses would be a data file The two types of ...

Страница 85: ...st follow when naming files As you will see these rules leave you a great deal of freedom in your selection of filenames Each filename can be up to eight characters long To this eight character name can be added an extension Extensions always begin with a period which is followed by up to three characters The format for a valid MS DOS filename is ABCDEFGH JKL Most of the characters and symbols on ...

Страница 86: ...ters have been used The following are examples of illegal filenames along with an explanation 3RDQUARTER SALES This is too long MS DOS will accept this filename but it will be shortened to fit the size limits The altered filename would read 3RDQUART SAL As you can see both the filename and its extension have been shortened to the legal length CHAPTER 4 The slash is an illegal filename character MS...

Страница 87: ...ave them off entirely if you want Using filename extensions with data files allows you to have many different variations for a set of filenames For instance different chapters of a book might be named CHAPTER 001 CHAPTER 002 CHAPTER 003 and so on Like MS DOS commands filenames and extensions can be entered in either upper or lower case but are always displayed on the screen in upper case However s...

Страница 88: ... along with certain information about the files themselves such as when the file was created or updated last The DIR Command MS DOS provides a simple command that allows you to look at the directory of any particular disk This is the DIR command Enter the command as follows COMMAND COM XXXXX X XX XX XX XXX A XX File s XXXXXX bytes free Using MS DOS With Your Computer 4 23 ...

Страница 89: ...use the DIR command to search for specific files on a disk To do this enter the DIR command in the following format For instance if you want to find the directory entry for a file named MAYSALES RPT on the diskette in drive A enter the command The computer will search the entire directory of the diskette for a file named MAYSALES RPT If a file is found it will appear as the only entry in the diske...

Страница 90: ... of the B drive when you are logged onto drive A enter the command The computer will display the directory of the diskette inserted in the B drive A similar command will cause the computer to display the directory of your hard disk Note that in both examples the A drive remains the default drive To change the default drive from A to B and then display a directory listing enter the command series U...

Страница 91: ...f wildcard characters Wildcard characters are used to make a single command cover a number of similarly named files While MS DOS provides several wildcard characters the most one you will be using most often is the asterisk The asterisk matches any number of sequential characters in a filename or extension For instance to look at a listing of all the EXE program files on your main system diskette ...

Страница 92: ...come with detailed instructions for their set up and use These instructions will often ask you to use the information in this chapter to find specific files in the disk directories or back up the master diskettes provided with each package Most software packages can be backed up simply by using the MS DOS DISKCOPY command as described above Using MS DOS With Your Computer 4 27 ...

Страница 93: ...on DOS based computer systems is on floppy disks Virtually all commercially available programs are distributed on floppy diskettes Before you buy an application software package for your computer you should make sure that it will run under MS DOS Products labeled for IBM PC for IBM PC AT PC compatible or MS DOS compatible should run properly Products intended for other types of computer operating ...

Страница 94: ... you want to update the information stored on the diskette The plastic disk is safely protected by a thin cardboard jacket The diskette spins inside this jacket allowing the entire surface of the diskette to be scanned by the drive s circuitry Data is read from or written onto the diskette through the oval shaped slots in the jacket Normally the computer will write new information onto the unused ...

Страница 95: ...ats disks with a different pattern than Apple DOS or CP M This is why your computer system cannot read these foreign disks To see what happens when you attempt to use an unformatted disk insert a new blank diskette into the A drive and close the drive door Then enter the following command Since the new disk hasn t been formatted yet your computer cannot read it After failing three times your compu...

Страница 96: ...ailable that allow you to format several different types of diskette The following routines will show you how to use the FORMAT command These procedures assume that you are formatting double sided high density 1 2M byte diskettes AT compatible Information on formatting 180K byte and 360K byte diskette will be discussed under the l and 4 switch options below First if you have a hard disk installed ...

Страница 97: ...bel of your disk Then the screen will display the following message XXXXXXX bytes total disk space XXXXXXX bytes available on disk XXX bytes in each allocation unit XXXXX allocation units available on disk Volume Serial Number is XXXX XXXX Format another Y N Don t be concerned if the message displayed is slightly different from the example Enter N to return to the system prompt The new disk is now...

Страница 98: ...skette Upon completion you will see this message Volume label 11 characters ENTER for none And the following screen will be appeared if you press ENTER If you want to have a volume label type the characters and enter XXXXXXX bytes total disk space XXXXXXX bytes available on disk XXX bytes in each allocation unit XXXXX allocation units available on disk Volume Serial Number is XXXX XXXX Format anot...

Страница 99: ...t complete Volume label 11 characters ENTER for none Press ENTER not to have a label of your disk Then the screen will display XXXXXXX bytes total disk space XXXXXXX bytes available on disk XXX bytes in each allocation unit XXXXX allocation units available on disk Volume Serial Number is XXXX XXXX Format another Y N Enter N to return to the system prompt Remove the diskette from the drive and plac...

Страница 100: ...s well as additional areas reserved for use by MS DOS One of these areas is the File Allocation Table or FAT This part of the diskette contains a list of all of the files on the disk and where they are physically stored on the diskette The other area is the system area On your MS DOS main system diskette this area is occupied by the parts of MS DOS that are copied into your computer s memory durin...

Страница 101: ...e active MS DOS routines in the system area enter the following command at the system prompt The computer will load the FORMAT command file into system memory then respond Insert new diskette for drive A and press ENTER when ready Insert a new blank diskette and press the enter key to start the formatting process After the new diskette is formatted the active MS DOS routines will be copied into it...

Страница 102: ...rmat another Y N Enter N to return to the system prompt Then enter The directory listing should appear similar to the following COMMAND COM XXXXX X XX XX X XXX 1 File s XXXXXXX bytes free Copying Files If you have a dual drive system it is easy to copy program and data files from one diskette to another This involves the internal MS DOS command COPY 5 10 Using Floppy Disks ...

Страница 103: ...y enter the COPY command with the following format A COPY A filename B For example to copy the file MAYSALES XPT from drive A to drive B enter the command A COPY A MAYSALES RPT B When the copying process is done the computer will display 1 File s copied A You can also enter this command without the default drive letter as A COPY MAYSALES RPT B When no drive letter is specified for the source drive...

Страница 104: ...e to copy a file between two disks when neither one is the default drive For instance A COPY C MAYSALES RPT B will copy the MAYSALES RPT file from the hard disk onto a diskette in the B drive This time note that both source and target drive letters were used This is because neither drive was the system default drive Wildcards Copying files using wildcards in the filenames can be efficient but it c...

Страница 105: ...iles about MAYSALES to the B drive A final example A COPY l C will copy all of the files on a diskette in the A drive to the hard disk drive This command is useful when backing up diskettes containing data files Using Floppy Disks 5 13 ...

Страница 106: ...enient however to store your files on a hard disk drive The main reason for this is the speed of the hard disk drive Files are read off from the hard disk faster than from floppy diskettes Also using a hard disk reduces the amount of time spent inserting and removing diskettes from floppy disk drives A hard disk is very similar to a floppy disk It is a plastic disk that has been coated with a magn...

Страница 107: ...r computer system a short distance be careful not to drop or bump it For greater protection if you need to transport the computer in a car or ship it by truck or plane pack your system in its original shipping boxes The TGSHIP command should be run whenever you are going to move the main system unit This command moves the read write heads inside the hard disk drive to a safety zone where they won ...

Страница 108: ... your hard disk has been partitioned and formatted skip this section on installing your hard disk If the computer responded to the A C command with Invalid drive specification it means that MS DOS can t find the hard disk drive This is either because the drive controller board has been incorrectly set up or more likely the hard disk drive has not yet been partitioned If the computer correctly exec...

Страница 109: ...t your hard disk is clean that is to say neither partitioned nor formatted you should enter the SETUP program Turn your computer on When you see the following message press DEL key Move the cursor to the RUN SETUP option and press Enter The system displays the Setup Menu For now look at the information on the left side of the screen Hard disk C type Not Installed 6 4 Using Your Hard Disk ...

Страница 110: ...ructions provided with your hard disk drive or call your dealer for assistance After verifying the hard disk drive type number press the ESC key The computer responds with Write data into CMOS and exit Y N Press Y The computer will update the information in its configuration RAM and will go through the start up routine again Make sure MS DOS is installed on floppy disk or hard disk of your system ...

Страница 111: ...mation on the hard disk drive installed in the system as follows MS DOS Version x xx Fixed Disk Setup Program C Copyright Microsoft Corp 19xx 19xx FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive 1 Choose one of the following 1 Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive 2 Set active partition 3 Delete DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive 4 Display Partition information 5 Select Next fixed disk drive Enter choi...

Страница 112: ...nt fixed disk drive 1 Choose one of the following 1 Create Primary DOS Partition 2 Create Extended DOS Partition 3 Create Logical DOS Drive s in the Extended DOS partition Enter choice l Press ESC to return to FDISK options Create Primary DOS partition Current Fixed Disk Drive 1 Do you wish to use the maximum size for a DOS partition and make the DOS partition active Y N Y Press ESC to return to F...

Страница 113: ...in the A drive then press the ENTER key Your system will now reboot It does this to update the new partition information in its configuration RAM You may now format your hard disk and load the MS DOS system files onto it Formatting Your Hard Disk Now that your hard disk is partitioned you need format it Note If your hard disk drive has already been partitioned for MS DOS it may have been formatted...

Страница 114: ...ess Y to begin formatting The formatting process takes several minutes When it is completed the system will display Formatting System transferred Volume label 11 characters ENTER for none Here your computer is asking you to name your hard disk drive This is a result of the V switch used with the FORMAT command A disk label can be useful when sorting directories so you may want to enter one now A v...

Страница 115: ...est way to check this is to boot the system from the hard disk Make sure that floppy drive A is empty and turn your computer on After going through the start up diagnostic routines the computer will look at the A drive to find the MS DOS install diskette Since the drive is empty it will then look at the hard disk drive If the hard disk drive is installed and formatted correctly the system will boo...

Страница 116: ...the directory you are currently in Since your computer boots up in the hard disk root directory the command you just entered created a subdirectory named DOS4 under the root directory Note If you don t understand the term root directory refer to your MS DOS User s Guide Files and Directories When the computer displays the C prompt again enter to see what you have done You should see a directory li...

Страница 117: ...t disk drive they also look at the current directory Since you can change the current logged disk drive you would expect to be able to change the current logged directory You can using the CD CHDIR command Enter the command series The directory listing displayed should look like this DIR x xx xx x xxx DIR x x x x x x x x x 2 File s XXXXXXXX bytes free 6 12 Using Your Hard Disk ...

Страница 118: ...ou are back in the hard disk root directory Now return to the DOS4 subdirectory by entering the command Another way of moving through the directory tree quickly involves the use of a similar command This command will take you directly to the root directory of the current disk drive This can be useful if you get lost in a large directory tree The next step in organizing your hard disk involves copy...

Страница 119: ...plete your computer will display the following message Using the DIR command run a directory to verify that you have copied the MS DOS install diskette Remove the MS DOS install diskette from drive A and replace it with the MS DOS select diskette into the DOS4 subdirectory on the hard disk by entering the command When the copying process is done carefully enter the following series of commands C D...

Страница 120: ... for the remaining disks in the MS DOS package Return to the root directory by entering You have now completed organizing your hard disk and installing the MS DOS files into subdirectories As you can see the files have been placed in subdirectories according to the type of activity you will doing when using them As you add application programs to the hard disk it is a good idea to create subdirect...

Страница 121: ...up your hard disk The first BACKUP will copy files from the hard disk onto diskettes The other RESTORE allows you to use the diskettes created by the BACKUP program to reload the files back onto the hard disk if necessary The following sections describe how to use these two command programs The BACKUP Command This command backs up one or more files from your hard disk onto floppy diskettes The dis...

Страница 122: ...f the diskettes you will be using The following table shows the approximate number of diskettes needed to backup an entire hard disk HARD DISK NUMBER OF DISKETTES CAPACITY 180K 360K 1 2M lOM byte 63 32 10 20M byte 125 63 20 3OM byte 185 95 30 40M byte 250 125 40 A few extra diskettes have been included in these numbers to make sure there are enough If your hard disk is not loaded to capacity or if...

Страница 123: ... you are in the root directory of the hard disk Enter Now make sure your diskettes are formatted and ready If you are running BACKUP from the MS DOS install diskette enter the command If you have set up your hard disk directories as described in the Organizing Your Hard Disk section above enter the command C BACKUP C DOS4 A S In the first example the A BACKUP command tells MS DOS to search the A d...

Страница 124: ...e The RESTORE Command MS DOS provides the RESTORE command program to allow you to copy files from the archive diskettes created by the BACKUP command back onto the hard disk You should only have use the RESTORE command if Your hard disk has been damaged then repaired or replaced Files have been accidentally erased from the hard disk You have reformatted the hard disk To use RESTORE first make sure...

Страница 125: ...sk drive has not yet been partitioned If the computer correctly executed the C command but failed to run a directory it probably means that the hard disk has been partitioned but not yet formatted Refer to the section above Installing Your Hard Disk for more information Once you have made sure the hard disk is ready to receive files you may proceed with the RESTORE procedure The routine described ...

Страница 126: ...e restoring files from diskettes in the A drive to the hard disk root directory The S switch tells MS DOS that you want to restore the subdirectories as well as the root directory files You will be prompted to insert the backup archive diskettes into the A drive one at a time It is very important that you insert these diskettes in order The BACKUP command program codes each archive diskette with a...

Страница 127: ...ible for this manual to provide detailed instructions for connecting these devices Please follow the instructions provided with your peripheral If you should have problems with the installation of a peripheral device contact your dealer for a stance Connecting Peripherals Peripherals are devices that can be connected to your computer system to increase its ability to communicate and process inform...

Страница 128: ...nted inside your main system unit Since your system CPU must be in constant communication with both the keyboard and the display monitor specific circuits connect them together Since other peripheral devices only communicate with the system CPU occasionally they can use general purpose ports Computerized data is composed of electronic words called bytes As an example each letter or number that app...

Страница 129: ...he data and when the first bit of a particular byte is being sent among other things Standardized protocols for these signals have been agreed upon by the microcomputer industry so that the different manufacturer s machines can communicate with each other Your computer system uses the RS 232C asynchronous serial communications interface The serial port connector is the left hand 9 pin D type conne...

Страница 130: ...To install this type of printer connect an appropriate cable between the parallel port connector on the rear panel of the system motherboard in the main system unit and the input connector on the printer Information on the correct cable will be found in your printer s manual serial interface port See the printer s manual for complete Connecting Modems Modems are used to connect your computer to th...

Страница 131: ...f the internal drive compartments are in use or if you want to place your main system unit away from your work area while keeping a drive next to your keyboard The floppy disk drive control port is provided on your system motherboard While the cabling for these ports has been designed to be used inside the main system unit cabinet it is possible to route the connectors outside to an external drive...

Страница 132: ...our main system unit you will usually need the following tools a small medium Phillips type screwdriver a small flat blade screwdriver General Precautions In the interests of personal safety and product reliability you should review the following information Follow all of the instructions and warnings marked on this product or included in this manual Make sure you have enough room to work on the u...

Страница 133: ...enleve le couvercle Once removed the cover must be replaced and screwed in position before the power supply cord is plugged back in Apres le couvercle a enleve visse le couvercle en place et remettre le cordon d alimentation Warning Installing or removing circuit boards or plugging cables in with the system AC power turned on can damage your system Figure 7 1 cover Mounting Screws Expanding Your S...

Страница 134: ... panel sockets Set the monitor safely aside Unplug the keyboard and set it aside Unscrew the screws on the rear panel of the unit and set them aside Carefully slide the main system unit s cover towards the front of the unit Continue sliding the cover forward until it can be removed completely Set the cover aside Figure 7 2 Removing the Cover 7 8 Expanding Your System ...

Страница 135: ...e the cover onto the unit adjust the alignment to permit the cover to slide over the disk drive nosepieces When the cover is properly seated on the main system unit chassis replace and tighten down the screws on the rear panel Reconnect the keyboard to its connector on the rear panel of the main system unit Place the video monitor on top of the main system unit and connect the AC power and signal ...

Страница 136: ...ystem motherboard If you are adding other systems to a basic computer or expanding your system by installing additional hardware follow the procedure below to install the circuit boards First read all of the instructions provided with the expansion product Then carefully unpack the circuit board s to be installed Warning Most computer circuit boards have static sensitive components on them These p...

Страница 137: ...new hardware arrangement You will be able to do this without removing the system motherboard from the main system unit chassis although you may need to unplug the disk drive ribbon cable from its connector to allow easy access to the jumpers Figure 7 3 Installing the Circuit Boards Expanding Your System 7 11 ...

Страница 138: ...uide Making sure the board is correctly aligned carefully insert the board s edge contacts into the slot connector on the main system unit s motherboard A gentle rocking motion is helpful in getting the board started in the edge connector Once started press the board into the motherboard connector until it is seated completely The tab at the bottom of the mounting bracket should fit into the slot ...

Страница 139: ...he board you just installed to another slot If any external equipment is used with the expansion board connect it to the board s rear panel connector s following the instructions given with the product When the installation of the board is completed close the main system unit cabinet as described above Disk Drive Compartments To install expansion devices such as additional floppy disk drives into ...

Страница 140: ...ay in Replace the hold down clamps and their mounting screws Connect any internal power cables to the correct pins on the rear of the expansion unit Connect any required control cables to the device Close the main system unit cabinet as described above Note Your main system unit is supplied with the cables necessary to connect two floppy disk drives to the system motherboard Follow the instruction...

Страница 141: ...ottom of the plate into the bottom of the drive frame Replace the mounting plate onto the mounting frame by sliding the plate into the two openings provided in the mounting frame Replace the hold down screws Connect the hard disk drive controller cables to the drive Replace the main system unit cover Note Your system has an on board IDE type HDC and if you want to install the another type of HDD e...

Страница 142: ...Humidity 10 to 90 no condensation l Compatibility IBM PC AT l Power Supply 145W 110 Range 100 125VAC 4A 5O 6OHz 230 Range 200 240VAC 2A 5O 6OHz l Keyboard 101 key keyboard System MotherBoard l Firmware AMI Software BIOS l Operating System Support MS DOS l Bus Interface IBM PC XT PC AT compatible l Expansion Slots 2ea 8 bit 62 pin connector 4ea 16 bit 98 pin connector Specifications A 1 ...

Страница 143: ...or 1 44M byte 2ea 9 pin RS 232C asynchronous serial communications port lea 25 pin Centronics compatible parallel printer port lea 5 pin Keyboard port 1 mini speaker CPU Logic l Main Central Processor 386sx 16 microprocessor IC l Math Coprocessor IC 387sx coprocessor optional System Memory l Memory Address Space 24 address lines 16MB l Data Interface 16 bit memory access A 2 Specifiations ...

Страница 144: ...256K 256K 256K 256K 0 0 256K 1M 1M 0 1M 256K 256K 1M 1M 1M 1M 1M 64K byte 8 bit operations 4 channel 16 bit operations 3 channel l Programmable Timers 3 l Vectored Interrupt Levels 15 System Timing l System Clock Speed 16MHz high 8MHz low l Clock Cycle Time 62 5ns 16MHz 125ns 8MHz BANK 3 SIZE 0 0 5M 0 640M 0 1M 0 1 5M 256K 2M 0 2M 0 3M 0 4M 0 4 5M 1M 5M 0 6M 1M 8M Specifications A 3 ...

Страница 145: ...80 09F 74LS612 DMA Page Register OAO OBF 8259A Interrupt Controller 2 OCO ODF 8237A 5 DMA Controller 2 OF0 Clear Math Coprocessor Busy OF1 Reset Math Coprocessor OF8 OFF Math Coprocessor 378 37F Parallel Printer Port 1 3FO 3F7 Diskette Controller 3F8 3FF Serial Port 1 Note l O address hex 000 to FFF are reserved for the system board I O Hex 100 to 3FF are available on the l O channel A 4 Specifica...

Страница 146: ...f you are not installing expansion products that require changing the motherboard s configuration jumper settings Hardware Settings The system motherboard provides a set of headers to set the system configuration These are located at various points on the board Shorting jumpers installed on the shunts control the system configuration settings System Mother Board B l ...

Страница 147: ...ompare these settings with the information stored in its configuration RAM as part of the diagnostic routines If any inconsistencies are found they will be shown on the display monitor before MS DOS is loaded At that time you will be prompted to run the SETUP program to change the options stored in the configuration RAM It is important that these settings describe the actual equipment installed on...

Страница 148: ...t connectors on the system motherboard noting the location of each board and any internal cable connections for re installation later Carefully unplug all of the cables connected to the system motherboard noting their locations for later Remove the several screws that attach the system motherboard to the chassis Carefully slide the motherboard out of the chassis To re install the motherboard rever...

Страница 149: ...mber of connectors for communication with other parts of the computer system These connectors are discussed below For pinout information on these connectors see Appendix D Connector Pinouts The connectors provided on the system motherboard are for signal power in facing and the I O ports as follows B 4 System Mother Board ...

Страница 150: ...lot for PC XT boards l Four 16 bit slots for PC AT boards or B bit PC XT boards Keyboard Port CONN1 The keyboard connector CONN 1 is a 5 pin DIN connector for keyboards that are compatible with the IBM AT keyboard Parallel Port CONN6 Connector CONN6 on the system board provides a standard Centronics 25pin parallel interface System Mother Board B 5 ...

Страница 151: ...r CONN8 Connector CONN8 provides a speaker connection for audible tone generation The connector is a two pin header IDE Interface Connector CONN5 You use this 40 pin connector with IDE type Hard disk drive Note If you want to know the detailed pin assignment of those I O connectors see Appendix D of this manual B 6 System Mother Board ...

Страница 152: ...e displayed on the video screen is made up of a large number of individual dots This is true whether the displayed screen image is made up of text or graphics or is a mixture of both The higher the monitor s resolution is the smaller the individual dots can be Smaller dots means that more of them can be displayed in the same space If more dots are displayed then more text characters and better loo...

Страница 153: ...00 With the higher resolution CGA has gained acceptance in the office environment By using colored text screens and low level graphics a number of software packages have been made easier to use Enhanced Graphics Adaptor EGA EGA video systems provide high resolution 640 X 350 maximum color graphics capabilities These monitor systems are often used in computer aideddesign workstations and other soft...

Страница 154: ...chrome green or amber CGA dot resolution 640x200 maximum text display 80 columns x 25 lines colors 2 of 16 colors 640 x 200 4 of 16 colors 320x 200 EGA dot resolution 640 x 350 maximum text display 80 columnsx43 lines colors 16 of 64 colors VGA dot resolution 720x400 text only 640 x 480 text and graphics maximum text display 80 columnsx50 lines colors 16 of 262 144 256 of 262 144 320x200 res Video...

Страница 155: ...m TTL Monochrome These monitors provide up to 1000x350 resolution with either a green or amber colored screen Primarily intended for text only applications these monitors can run Hercules compatible graphics programs although applications requiring full CGA or EGA color compatibility will be difficult if not impossible to use A TTL monochrome monitor and a Hercules compatible controller board will...

Страница 156: ...troller board instead Multi sync Multi sync monitors are so named because they are able to adjust themselves to any standard video format Providing resolutions up to 1400 x 1200 multi sync video monitors are used with software that needs very high resolution color graphics Connecting your computer to a multi sync monitor by way of either an EGA or VGA controller board provides one of the highest r...

Страница 157: ... 2 Input 3 output 4 output 5 Ground 6 Input 7 output 8 Input 9 Input Signal Name Carrier Detect CD Receive Data RD Transmit Data TxD Data Terminal Ready DTR Singal Ground GND Data Set Ready DSR Request to Send RTS Clear to Send CTS Ring Indicator RI SignaIs conform to EIA Standard RS 232C Connector Pinouts D 1 ...

Страница 158: ...round Signal Name Strobe Data Bit 0 Data Bit 1 Date Bit 2 Data Bit 3 Data Bit 4 Data Bit 5 Data Bit 6 Data Bit 7 Acknowledge Busy Paper Out select Autofeed Error Initialize Printer Select Printer GND 1 All outputs are software generated All inputs ate real time signals not latched 2 All signals are TTL compatible Keyboard Port 5 pin mini DIN connector Pin Signal Name 1 Keyboard clock 2 Keyboard da...

Страница 159: ...Data 3 12 Data 12 13 Data 2 14 Data 13 15 Data 1 16 Data 14 17 Data 0 18 Data 15 19 Ground 20 Key 21 Not Connected 22 Ground 23 l o w 24 Ground 25 IOR 26 Ground 27 Not Connected 28 ALE 29 Not Connected 30 Ground 31 IRQ 14 32 IOCS 16 33 Al 34 Not Connected 35 A0 36 A2 37 CS0 38 CS1 39 Active 40 Ground Connector Pinouts D 3 ...

Страница 160: ... 12 pin post header Pin Signal Name 1 Power Good Signal 2 5 Volts 3 12 Volts 4 12 Volts 5 Ground 6 Ground 7 Ground 8 Ground 9 5 Volts 10 5 Volts 11 5 Volts 12 5 Volts Figure D l Expansion Slot Connectors D 4 Connector Pinouts ...

Страница 161: ...nector Pinouts Pin A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 A 19 A 20 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 26 A 27 A 28 A 29 A 30 A 31 I O Type Input I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O Input Output I O I O I O I O l O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O Signal Name l O CH CK SD7 SD6 SD5 SD4 SD3 SD2 SD1 SD0 I O CH RDY AEN SA19 SA18 SA17 SA16 SA15 S...

Страница 162: ...30 B 31 l O Type Ground output Power Input Power Input Power Input Power Ground output output I O I O output Input output Input I O output Input Input Input Input Input output output output Power output Ground Signal Name GND RESET DRV 5 VDC IRQ9 5 VDC DRQ2 12 VDC OWS 12 VDC GND SMEMW SMEMR IOW IOR DACK3 DRQ3 DACK1 DRQ1 REFRESH CLK IRQ7 IRQ6 IRQ5 IRQ4 IRQ5 DACK2 T C BALE 5 VDC OSC GND ...

Страница 163: ...put D 2 Input D 3 Input D 4 Input D 5 Input D 6 Input D 7 Input D 8 output D 9 Input D 10 output D 11 Input D 12 output D 13 Input D 14 output D 15 Input D 16 Pober D 17 Input D 18 Ground Signal Name SBHE SA23 SA22 SA21 SA20 SA19 SA18 SA17 MEMR MEMW SD8 SD9 SD10 SD11 SD12 SD13 SD14 SD15 MEM CS16 l O CS16 IRQlO IRQ11 IRQ12 IRQ15 IRQ14 DACK0 DRQ0 DACKS DRQ5 DACKG DRQ6 DACK7 DRQ7 5 VDC MASTER GND Con...

Страница 164: ... l Printer and communication ports This section contains descriptions of operation for all the tests available through this program located in the ROM BIOS Included here also are possible error messages When to Run Advanced Diagnostics Advanced ROM Diagnostics can be run whenever a device or controller malfunction is suspected These tests are especially useful when floppy diskette based diagnostic...

Страница 165: ...f the unit When the system first starts and the memory tests have been completed this message displays briefly for your decision respond as indicated in the brackets Press DEL Note If you do not press the DEL key after a few seconds the system finishes the start up process and attempts to find an operating system After a few more seconds the system offers the user a second opportunity to enter dia...

Страница 166: ...The Signature Line This line includes the title of the program the copyright the name of the company which designed the program the date and the time in military format l The Diagnostics Options Line This is where the user chooses the device adapter to be tested The options are Hard Disk Floppy Disk Keyboard Video and Miscellaneous Printer and Communications Each device option on the Diagnostics O...

Страница 167: ...irecting cursor keys the ENTER key and the ESC key Use the Left and Right arrow keys to move in the Diagnostics Options Line Use the Up Down arrow keys to move within a Diagnostics Options Window Use the ENTER key to select the option in the Diagnostics Options Window Press ESC to abort and return to the previous menu l Test Function Line This line briefly describes the function of the test highli...

Страница 168: ...evice 1 Hard Disk Format 2 Auto Interleave 3 Media Analysis and 4 Force Bad Tracks These tests are not valid for a SCSI Fixed Disk Drive Warning Performing the following tests will destroy and data on the hard disk being tested Hard Disk Format Auto Interleave and Media Analysis Error Messages There are two types of error messages that can be generated as a result of performing the Hard Disk tests...

Страница 169: ... functions are displayed in a window with 2 lines The actual error message could be any of the following l Address mark not found l Requested sector not found Sector not found l Reset failed l Drive parameter activity failed l Bad sector flag detected l Bad ECC on disk read Unrecoverable error checking and correction ECC or cyclic redundancy check CRC error l ECC corrected data error l Controller ...

Страница 170: ...isk to the system or 2 reformat a used hard disk which has developed some bad patches as a result of aging or poor handling After entering the Advanced ROM Diagnostic program the following screen will appear Hard disk is highlighted with a block cursor in the main menu Below this horizontal menu is another menu which lists all available hard disk tests Hard Disk Format is highlighted in this menu ...

Страница 171: ...to the right of the question mark The first question will already be answered for you as long as a value has been previously entered at the CMOS Setup screen This value is 0 for a C drive and 1 for a D drive If the disk drive ID C D has been previously entered at the CMOS Setup Screen then the ID CID will appear to the right of the question mark following the Disk Drive C D field If this informati...

Страница 172: ...r the period of the test only unless they are entered at the CMOS Setup screen The CMOS Setup program is addressed earlier in this tab in a separate section The information box to the right contains a listing of 47 possible drive types The first 16 are visible when the box first appears Entries 17 through 47 are visible by scrolling through the list using the up and down arrow keys The 47th entry ...

Страница 173: ...ing zone of the heads This number determines the cylinder location where the heads will normally park when the unit is shut down l Capacity This is the formatted capacity of the drive based on the following formula To choose a drive type use the up and down arrow keys The bar cursor highlights each selection in sequence The type value 1 47 of your highlighted selection will automatically appear in...

Страница 174: ...e and press ENTER The cursor will move to the next field Mark Bad Tracks Y N ROM DIAGNOSTICS C 1986 American Megatrends Inc Tue Feb 13 1990 ll 49 07 Disk Drive C D Disk Drive Type Interleave 1 16 Revise an entry Mark Bad Tracks Y N Y Delete an entry Start Cylinder Number Clear bad trk list End Cylinder Number Save and Exit Start Head Number End Head Number Preformat Hard Disk Figure E 3 Performing...

Страница 175: ...ber S the cylinder number Cyl and the head number Head At the bottom of the box the number of track entries are tallied To the right of the Bad Track List box is the Bad Track List Edit Menu This also appears when entering Y at the Mark Bad Tracks Y N field in the Hard Disk Format box At the Bad Track Edit Menu you can 1 add an entry 2 revise an entry 3 delete an entry 4 clear the bad track list a...

Страница 176: ...l disappear and the block cursor will once again highlight Add an entry in the Bad Track Edit Menu To add more entries press ENTER The program will not accept dual entries Attempting to enter dual entries will prompt the box to display the message Entry already present enter again The cursor will return to the track number field prompting you for a new value Entries are listed in the Bad Track Lis...

Страница 177: ...ad Track List box is highlighted Use the up and down arrow keys to highlight the entry you wish to delete After highlighting the desired entry you wish to delete press ENTER to delete it The entry box will disappear and the block cursor will once again highlight And an entry in the Bad Track Edit Menu To add more entries press ENTER Using the up and down arrow keys move the cursor bar until Clear ...

Страница 178: ... the formatting to begin in the cylinders specified in the previous two fields The default value is 0 End Head Number See Figure E 2 Enter the cylinder number where you want the formatting to end The default value is the last head in each cylinder Proceed If all the previous entries contain the appropriate values then press Y If N is entered here the cursor will return to the Disk Drive Type field...

Страница 179: ...on of the Activity box the specified cylinders heads and sectors are displayed sequentially as they are formatted Note The test can be aborted at any time by pressing the ESC key When the test is aborted or finished press ENTER to return to the main menu ROM DIAGNOSTICS C 1986 American Megatrends Inc Tue Feb 13 1990 11 49 07 Preformat Hard Disk Figure E 5 Initiating the Hard Disk Format Test E 16 ...

Страница 180: ...rleave value The BIOS will then format the hard disk using this interleave factor If a list of bad tracks is required before formatting the hard disk press ESC to abort the second part of the test Then press ENTER to return to the main menu Perform the Hard Disk Format Test To perform the Auto Interleave Routine l At the Hard Disk menu highlight Auto Interleave using the bar cursor Then press ENTE...

Страница 181: ... Proceed field This will return the cursor to the Disk Drive Type field unless the Disk Drive ID C D has not been previously entered at the CMOS Setup screen If this has not been done the cursor will prompt you for an appropriate response at this field first After you have entered the appropriate information at the first two fields enter Y at the Proceed field A WARNING box will appear on the scre...

Страница 182: ...te calculated The cylinders heads and sectors formatted for each value during this first part of the test are displayed in the Activity box Format highlighted in the upper part of the box flickers to indicate that the cylinders heads and sectors displayed below are being formatted After the optimum interleave factor has been determined the Bad Tracks List will display the optimum interleave factor...

Страница 183: ...is will not list any new bad patches which may have developed as a result of aging or poor handling This test locates all bad tracks on the hard disk and lists them in the Bad Track List box Since this test writes from all cylinders and heads on the hard disk to verify any bad tracks this test may require several minutes to complete For best results run this test to its entirety E 20 Advanced ROM ...

Страница 184: ...a Analysis Press ENTER Fill in the appropriate response for each of the following fields in the Hard Disk Surface Analysis information box Disk Drive C D Disk Drive type Interleave 1 16 Start cylinder number End cylinder number Start Head number End Head number Proceed Y N Advanced ROM Diagnostics E 21 ...

Страница 185: ...this time Entering N will return the cursor to the Disk Drive Type field in the Hard Disk Surface Analysis information box Entering Y will initiate the test While the test is performed Write and Verify are highlighted with a block cursor in the Activity box These words flash during the test The status line below displays the cylinder head and sector numbers as they are written and verified Note Th...

Страница 186: ...ultiplying 64KB by 15 multiplying this value by 18 2 of times the timer interrupt counts in 1 set and dividing this value by the number of system timer ticks Track to Track Seek Time is calculated by multiplying the number of ticks by 1000 and dividing this value by 18 2 times sec x the number of Seeks 200 64KB x 15 times x 18 2 times set Transfer rate KB sec system timer ticks timer ticks x 1000 ...

Страница 187: ...formation box Each of these fields is described earlier in this tab under the heading Hard Disk Format Test When you have filled the first two fields with an appropriate response enter Y in the Proceed field This initiates the test When the test is completed press ENTER to return to the main menu Figure E 8 Hard Disk Performance Test E 24 Advanced ROM Diagnostics ...

Страница 188: ...ber End Head number Proceed Y N Each of these fields are described earlier in this tab under the heading Hard Disk Format Test When you have filled the first six fields with an appropriate response enter Y in the Proceed field This will cause the Activity box to appear on the right side of the screen As the test is performed the cylinder numbers head numbers and sector numbers are first displayed ...

Страница 189: ...al and random read and verify operations on the cylinder and head range specified in the Hard Disk Read Verify Test Information box To perform the Hard Disk Read Verify Test At the Hard Disk Menu highlight Hard Disk Read Verify Test Press ENTER Fill in the appropriate response for each of the following fields in the Hard Disk Read Verify Test information box E 26 Advanced ROM Diagnostics ...

Страница 190: ...y box to appear on the right side of the screen As the test is performed the cylinder numbers head numbers and sector numbers are first displayed sequentially to the specified range then randomly displayed Seek is highlighted with a block cursor in the Activity box and flashes during the entire process Note To abort this test press ESC When this test is aborted or finished press ENTER to return to...

Страница 191: ... during the POST A Read Verify test is performed on all sectors in the test cylinder This test should pass in at least one sector If the test fails in all sectors then one of two possible problems has occurred Either the test cylinder itself is faulty or too many cylinders were specified for the hard drive in the CMOS Setup program To perform the Check Test Cylinder Test E 28 Advanced ROM Diagnost...

Страница 192: ...n previously entered at the CMOS Setup screen If this has not been done the cursor will prompt you for an appropriate response at this field first After you have entered the appropriate information at the first two fields enter Y at the Proceed field This causes the Activity box to appear on the right side of the screen The words Write and Verify are highlighted in the upper half of the box These ...

Страница 193: ... F l o p p y Keyboard Video Miscellaneous I Activity Reset Seek Format Verify Write Read status CYL Head Sector 305 3 17 Hit ESC to Abort Perform Read Write Operation On The Highest Cylinder Figure E 11 Performing the Check Test Cylinder Test E 30 Advanced ROM Diagnostics ...

Страница 194: ...n allows you to define a set of tracks as faulty before performing a low level format This routine accomplishes the same objective as the Hard Disk Format Test serving as a short cut routine for marking bad tracks before formatting the disk This routine should be run if you neglected to enter bad tracks in the Hard Disk Format Test To run the Force Bad Tracks Routine perform the following At the H...

Страница 195: ...ox to appear on the right side of the screen Format is highlighted in the upper half of the box This flashes while the test is in progress to indicate that this function is being performed In the lower half of this box the status line displays the number of the cylinders the number of the heads and the number of the sectors in sequence as they are formatted When this routine is finished press ENTE...

Страница 196: ...ns be certain that the formatted diskettes required for these tests does not contain valuable information which cannot be recovered from the hard disk or from another diskette ROM DIAGNOSTICS C 1986 American Megatrends Inc Tue Feb 13 1990 11 49 07 Hard Disk Floppy Commu Display Printer c Memory Co pmt A 1 2MB 03F8 02F8 Color 0378 Real 640K Extd 3328KB Absent Format the Floppy Diskette Figure E 13 ...

Страница 197: ...age is generated while running the Disk change line test if the program detects that the disk change is not working This can also happen if you have not removed and reinserted the diskette as requested during the test Replace the disk drive if you suspect a faulty drive CHANGE LINE Not Available This error message is generated if the Disk change line test is performed on a 360KB or 720KB drive Con...

Страница 198: ...o proc c A 1 2MB 03F8 02F8 Color 0378 Real 640K Extd 3328KB Absent Format the Floppy Diskette Figure E 14 The Diskette Format Test This test determines the ability of the floppy disk controller to perform the low level formatting function on a diskette Note The diskettes formatted with this option do not contain the file structure necessary to accept files for an operating system such as DOS To us...

Страница 199: ...mat should be highlighted with the bar cursor Press ENTER That causes the Diskette format box to appear on the left side of the screen The box contains the following questions fields that must be answered with appropriate responses These are Floppy Disk Drive A B Proceed Y N The response for the first field depends upon the response given in the CMOS Setup screen If the response entered by the use...

Страница 200: ...ber of the cylinders the number of the heads and the number of the sectors in sequence as they are formatted When this test is finished press ENTER to return to the main menu Drive Speed Test This test determines the rotations speed of the drive Consult your floppy drive documentation for acceptable tolerances ROM DIAGNOSTICS C 1986 American Megatrends Inc Tue Feb 13 1990 11 49 07 MB 03F8 02F8 Col...

Страница 201: ...st field depends upon the response given in the CMOS Setup screen If the response entered by the user at the CMOS Setup screen was A this field will automatically display A If the response entered by the user at the CMOS Setup screen was B this field will automatically display B To change the response enter the appropriate value at the CMOS Setup screen When you are satisfied with the information ...

Страница 202: ...ar briefly as the test begins The test will record a LOWER limit and an UPPER limit during this time period The Current Speed will flash Note To abort the test press ESC When the test has been aborted or completed press ENTER to return to the main menu Random Read Write Test This test performs a random read write operation on the diskette checking the random seek read and write capability of the d...

Страница 203: ...means that the data on the diskette required to perform these tests will be destroyed When performing these operations be certain that the formatted diskettes required for these tests does not contain valuable information which cannot be recovered from the hard disk or from another diskette To perform the Random Read Write Test Highlight Floppy in the main menu by using the left and right arrow ke...

Страница 204: ...tup screen was A this field will automatically display A If the response entered by the user at the CMOS Setup screen was B this field will automatically display B To change the response enter the appropriate value at the CMOS Setup screen When you are satisfied with the information entered for the first field enter Y at the Proceed field Note Entering N the default will return you to the Floppy D...

Страница 205: ...R to return to the main menu Sequential Read Write Test This test performs a sequential read write operation checking the sequential seek read and write capability of the drive The diskette used in this test must be formatted under the user s operating system before running the test Warning This test is a destructive operation This means that the data on the diskette required to perform these test...

Страница 206: ... box contains the following questions fields that must be answered with appropriate responses These are Floppy Disk Drive A B Proceed Y N The response for the first field depends upon the response given in the CMOS Setup screen If the response entered by the user at the CMOS Setup screen was A this field will automatically display A If the response entered by the user at the CMOS Setup screen was ...

Страница 207: ...lay Printer Memory Co pmt c A 1 2MB 03F6 02F6 Color 0378 Real 640K Extd 3326KB Absent Perform Sequential Read Write Test Figure E 17 The Sequential Read Write Test Note I Entering N the default will return you to the Floppy Drive Menu Entering Y causes two information boxes to appear 1 a message box on the left side of the screen and 2 the Activity box on the right side of the screen The message b...

Страница 208: ...tten and verified sequentially by sector number In other words sector I will be written and verified for all 80 tracks followed by sector 2 3 and so on When the test has been aborted or completed press ENTER to return to the main menu Disk Change Line Test This test verifies the disk change line capability of the floppy drive A drive with disk tine change capability allows the operating system to ...

Страница 209: ...ine Test Highlight Floppy in the main menu by using the left and right arrow keys Below this menu is another menu which lists all possible tests available for the Floppy drive At this Floppy Disk Menu Diskette format should be highlighted with the bar cursor Use the down arrow key to highlight Disk Change Line Test Press ENTER That causes the Disk Change Line Test box to appear on the left side of...

Страница 210: ...loppy Drive Menu Entering Y causes two information boxes to appear 1 a message box on the left side of the screen and 2 the Activity box on the right side of the screen The message box contains the following message Remove Diskette from Drive Press ENTER when ready After inserting a formatted diskette in the drive and pressing ENTER the Activity box will contain the following information In the up...

Страница 211: ...mbol will also be displayed on the keyboard display in its proper location To perform the Scan ASCII Code Test Highlight Keyboard in the main menu by using the left and right arrow keys Below this menu is another menu which lists the Scan ASCII Code Test Press ENTER This causes a screen keyboard layout to display Scan code and ASCII Code fields rest above the keyboard layout on the screen To test ...

Страница 212: ...ent Perform All The Video Tests Figure E 19 Video Tests The range of video tests available depends upon the type of display adapter card installed in the system The following tests are available for both monochrome and color display adapters and monitors l Sync Test This checks the sync capability l Adapter Test This performs a test on the display memory l Attribute Test This checks the attributes...

Страница 213: ... main menu by using the left and right arrow keys Below this menu is another menu which lists the various tests Run All Tests is highlighted with a block cursor To highlight and of the visual tests below the Sync Test use the up and down arrow keys Press ENTER to initiate test and follow onscreen messages Error Messages ROM Diagnostics Generated Error Messages This error message is generated if th...

Страница 214: ...er Interface I O Error l Error Time Out On Printer All error messages except for Printer Out of Paper indicate a problem with the controller To perform the Printer Adapter Test Highlight Miscellaneous in the main menu by using the left and right arrow keys Below this menu is another menu which lists the two tests Printer Adapter Test is highlighted with a block cursor Press ENTER The message box i...

Страница 215: ...umpered as follows l TXD RXD 2 3 shorted l RTS CTS 4 5 shorted l DSR DTR 6 20 shorted This test is programmed to read the following data 9600 baud rate odd parity 2 stop bits and 8 bit data This test first performs a reset function to check for all possible errors Then the test performs a send function followed by a receive function E 52 Advanced ROM Diagnostics ...

Страница 216: ...nu is another menu which lists the two tests Printer Adapter Test is highlighted with a block cursor To highlight Comm Adapter Test use the down arrow key Press ENTER The RS 232C Connector Details Information box will appear This box displays the jumper settings The message line at the bottom of the box will prompt you for an answer to the following question Are the Pins Connected as Above Y N The...

Страница 217: ...This test will run for about 2 minutes Press ENTER to return to the main menu when the test is completed Display Printer A 1 2MB 03F8 02F8 Color 0378 Real 64OK Extd 3328KB Absent Figure E 21 Serial Communication Adapter Test E 54 Advanced ROM Diagnostics ...

Страница 218: ......

Отзывы:

Нет отзывов

Похожие инструкции для CW3S16 Canadian Product

Бренд: Daikin Страницы: 20

Бренд: CompuLab Страницы: 19

Бренд: Acer Страницы: 51

Бренд: Baaske Medical Страницы: 40

Бренд: Asus Страницы: 16

Precision 370 - SX280 Ultra Small Form Factor

Бренд: Dell Страницы: 162

Бренд: Winmate Страницы: 60

Бренд: Winmate Страницы: 92

Бренд: Kogan Страницы: 8

Бренд: Shuttle Страницы: 28

Бренд: Shuttle Страницы: 72

Бренд: StarTech.com Страницы: 38

Бренд: Garmin Страницы: 3

Бренд: KAUKO Страницы: 14

Viglen Omnino Pro

Бренд: XMA Страницы: 60

Бренд: Getac Страницы: 163

ambiento Series

Бренд: TCi Страницы: 36

STYLEVIEW Series

Бренд: Ergotron Страницы: 2

Бренды по названию

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Популярные бренды

Загрузить еще бренды