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4-2 Getting Acquainted with Your Keyboard

Before you begin using your computer, you should become familiar

with some keyboard functions. Your keyboard is divided into six sec-
tions. Refer to the previous page for the layout. The following gives an

explanation of these keys.

Function Keys

These are located on the left or at the top of the keyboard. Function

keys have specially defined uses preassigned by the software you use.

They are used independently or in combination with other keys.

Figure 4-2: Function Keys

Numeric Keypad

This is located on the right of the keyboard. At the center of the keypad
are nine numeric keys. These keys are used to move the cursor as well
as to enter numbers when either the Caps Lock key or Num Lock key
is pressed. Refer to the figure below:

Figure 4-3: Numeric Keypad

Chapter 4: Keyboard

Содержание Apex 386/33

Страница 1: ...K E E N 3 3 0 4 33MHz 386 SYSTEM User s Manual...

Страница 2: ...for a particular purpose The information in this document is subject to change without notice We assume no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document IBM PC IBM PC XT and IBM PC A...

Страница 3: ...iver Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Any special accessories...

Страница 4: ...uter from being damaged NEVER recon figure the board while the power is ON If you wish to reconfigure the computer at any time ensure that the power is turned OFF before changing any hardware set ting...

Страница 5: ...System Unit 7 1 7 Control Panel 8 Reset Button 8 Turbo Button 8 Indicator Lights 8 Keylock 9 System Power Switch 9 1 8 Rear Panel 10 Keyboard Connector 11 Power Cord Connector 12 Display Port 13 Power...

Страница 6: ...rocessor of PEM 3301 Mainboard 17 Installing Numeric Coprocessor 18 Shadow RAM 19 ROM Installation 21 2 2 PEM 3300 Motherboard 22 Restrictions 22 Onboard System Memory Size 24 Switch Settings 25 Video...

Страница 7: ...Diskettes and Files 10 Deleting Your Diskettes and Files 11 Finding Out What is on Your Disk 12 3 4 Hard Disk Drive Format 13 Preformat 13 Partition 13 Format 14 3 5 Helpful Hints 15 Chapter 4 KEYBOA...

Страница 8: ...11 Total System Memory Size 13 Installing Your PEI 306 RAM Card 20 6 3 Moving Your Computer and Peripherals 22 Short Move 22 Long Move 22 6 4 Technical Information 23 The Intel 80386 Microprocessor 2...

Страница 9: ...s 16 Figure 1 12 Installing Floppy and Hard Disk Drives 17 Figure 1 13 Copy Protection for 3 5 Floppy Disk 19 Figure 1 14 Copy Protection for 5 25 Floppy Disk 19 Figure 1 15 Keyboard 21 Chapter 2 SETT...

Страница 10: ...gure 2 24 1 MB Total Onboard System Memory 34 Figure 2 25 1 MB Total Onboard System Memory 34 Figure 2 26 2MB Total Onboard System Memory 35 Figure 2 27 2MB Total Onboard System Memory 35 Figure 2 28...

Страница 11: ...re 6 5 Cables for Disk Drives 5 Figure 6 6 Fastening Brackets on a Hard Disk Drive 6 Figure 6 7 Installing a Hard Disk Drive 7 Figure 6 8 Connecting a Hard Disk Drive 7 Figure 6 9 Connecting a Hard Di...

Страница 12: ...Table 2 5 DRAM Configurations 13 Table 2 6 Shadow RAM Control Port 19 Table 2 7 ROM BIOS Jumper 21 Table 2 8 Total 32 Bit Memory 25 Table 2 9 Onboard 32 Bit Memory 26 Table 2 10 SW1 6 Switch Setting 2...

Страница 13: ...System Memory Configurations B 15 Table 6 5 PEM 3300 Total System Memory Configurations A 16 Table 6 6 PEM 3300 Total System Memory Configurations B 17 Table 6 7 PEM 3300 Total System Memory Configur...

Страница 14: ...ur system Chapter 3 Operating Your System shows you the basics of BIOS program and the MS DOS functions Chapter 4 Keyboard explains the keyboard s features layout and basic functions Chapter 5 Trouble...

Страница 15: ...tart section at the beginning of chapter one Quick Start will provide you all the information you need to set up the hardware For the beginner Chapter 1 gives you the basic information you need to use...

Страница 16: ......

Страница 17: ...get to work as soon as possible the Quick Start section at the beginning of this chapter provides you all the information you need to set up the hardware If you want to upgrade your hardware later re...

Страница 18: ...plete compatiblity with software written for IBM PC AT 80286 type computers your computer vastly exceeds them in capability and processing power The PEI 306 RAM Card maintains the highest performance...

Страница 19: ...omputer observe the figure below to set up your personal computer You will still want to use this manual later as a reference book Note Save all packing materials in case you need to ship or resell yo...

Страница 20: ...apped high speed SRAM cache memory Write Back cache update for 0 watt state memory write operations DTK Phoenix Award or AMI BIOS support Shadow RAM function for BIOS and video for PEM 3301 motherboar...

Страница 21: ...0ns Data Bus Bandwidth 32 bits ROM 32KB legal BIOS Expansion slots one 32 bit six 16 bit one 8 bit Disk Drive s Floppy disk drive 3 5 and 5 25 bay Hard disk drive 3 5 halt high and 5 25 bay Power Size...

Страница 22: ...is pictured below You may choose peripherals and upgrades for the system as your needs require Even if your system is different from the one pictured it should operate in the same basic manner Figure...

Страница 23: ...1 6 System Unit The system unit may house a motherboard disk drives a power supply and optional expansion cards Figure 1 3 System Unit Case Chapter 1 System Overview 7...

Страница 24: ...m the RAM test stage by pressing the reset button Note however that any data which have not been saved to disk will be lost Turbo Button The Turbo button allows you to change the running speed of the...

Страница 25: ...d is disabled to deny unauthorized users access to the computer Figure 1 5 Keylock and Two Security Lock Keys System Power Switch The system power switch is located on the control panel You should alw...

Страница 26: ...Turn off all power switches before connecting or disconnecting cables wires En sure that cables wires are attached to the external device first and connected to the outlet unit later Turn the system u...

Страница 27: ...ctor The keyboard supplied with your system can be plugged into sockets in front of the case Plug the keyboard cable into the socket shown below Figure 1 7 Connecting the Keyboard Cable Chapter 7 Syst...

Страница 28: ...Power Cord Connector The power supply has two receptacles one supplies power to a monitor the other connects to the main power source Figure 1 8 System Power Cord 12 Chapter 1 System Overview...

Страница 29: ...ge of video options to meet your needs You have a wide choice of the following video standards MGA Monochrome Graphics Adapter also referred to as Hercules CGA Color Graphics Adapter EGA Enhanced Grap...

Страница 30: ...can run on either 115V or 230V as indicated in Figure 1 10 The voltage setting switch is located above the monitor power outlet Refer to the Table 1 1 for power cord specifications Figure 1 10 Voltag...

Страница 31: ...Table 1 7 Power Cord Specifications Chapter 1 System Overview 15...

Страница 32: ...to be used by referring to your expansion card manuals or peripheral manuals You may consult your dealer for more about the expansion cards available for your system Typical peripherals are shown in...

Страница 33: ...p to six disks drives in the system unit of either with 5 25 or 3 5 sizes More information about how to install disk drives may be found in the chpater 6 Figure 1 12 Installing Floppy and Hard Disk Dr...

Страница 34: ...ne standard 3 5 floppy disk can store up to 720KB of data One high density 3 5 floppy disk can store up to 1 44MB of data Table 1 2 Floppy Disk Specifications Note Only high density floppy disks can b...

Страница 35: ...y sliding the small tab on a 3 5 disk to cover the hole Refer to the figures below on how to copy protect floppy disks When a disk is copy protected you cannot add new information to it or change any...

Страница 36: ...s it is best to use a hard disk A hard disk can raise your efficiency because the hard disk keeps programs and data available at your fingertips Moreover your system gives you a wide range of 3 5 half...

Страница 37: ...oard has a set of function keys cursor keys and a numeric keypad The figure below shows a typical keyboard Refer to Chapter 4 for a more detailed description of the keyboard Figure 1 15 Keyboard Chapt...

Страница 38: ...mechanical power failure or damage do not attempt to repair the system unit monitor s cables wires Refer all such problems to experienced service personnel Ensure that the back of the system unit is a...

Страница 39: ...Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 40: ...s topics you are less likely to need to know right away You may also skip this chapter unless you want to add to or alter your system unit hardware yourself It is recommended to have your dealer or te...

Страница 41: ...y provides high performance with a cost approaching that of DRAM The motherboard contains an Intel 80386 processor a 80387 math coprocessor socket BIOS chips and expansion slots The figure on the next...

Страница 42: ...Figure 2 1 PEM 3301 Motherboard Layout Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 3...

Страница 43: ...er that when inserting chips RAM modules you must make sure the notched or dotted end of the chip RAM module is lined up with the notched end of the socket Gently push the chip RAM module into the soc...

Страница 44: ...he ON position is labeled the OFF position is not SW1 should be set appropriately based on the following description Figure 2 4 The Six Switch DIP SW1 Table 2 1 Total 32 Bit Memory Note Total 32 bit m...

Страница 45: ...memory extension card the switch setting for total 32 bit memory must be for an amount larger than or equal to total installed memory including onboard 32 bit memory and 32 bit memory on the PEI 306 F...

Страница 46: ...otal onboard 32 bit memory plus that on the PEI 306 32 bit extension memory card For example if the switch setting for total 32 bit memory is 6MB you ll need 6MB on the PEI 306 card and onboard togeth...

Страница 47: ...ttachments and jumper option adjustments on the mainboard have to be made See the illustration below for the location of each of the jumpers and connec tors Most of the jumpers are preset at the facto...

Страница 48: ...no effect on the function of the board while it keeps the cap handy The illustration below shows the side and top views of a three pin jumper in which pins two and three are shorted Top View Figure 2...

Страница 49: ...short 1Mbit x 9 SIMM DRAM 2 3 short 256Kbit x 9 SIMM DRAM W3 Bank 1 DRAM Type Selection 1 2 short 1Mbit x 9 SIMM DRAM 2 3 short 256Kbit x 9 SIMM DRAM W4 W5 Cache Size Selection 1 2 short 64KB cache m...

Страница 50: ...ore information The following table lists the jumper settings required for each cache memory configuration listed above Table 2 4 Cache Memory Configuration Table 2 5 shows the jumper and switch setti...

Страница 51: ...Figure 2 7 Cache Configurations 12 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 52: ......

Страница 53: ...Figure 2 8 1MB Total Onboard Memory Figure 2 9 2MB Total Onboard Memory 14 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 54: ...Figure 2 10 4MB Total Onboard Memory Figure 2 11 5MB Total Onboard Memory Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 15...

Страница 55: ...Figure 2 12 8MB Total Onboard memory 16 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 56: ...rd The PEM 3301 mainboard supports the Intel 80386 33 processor The processor chip should be inserted into the processor socket U12 with the notch as shown below Figure 2 13 Location of Processor Chap...

Страница 57: ...r chip should be inserted into the coprocessor socket U11 with the notch on the package oriented in the same direction as the corresponding notch on the socket Jumper W1 should be SHORTED if an Intel...

Страница 58: ...cated for video BIOS shadow RAM BIOS and video addresses are allocated for shadow RAM Both sections are 64KB in size Refer to the table below for more informa tion Figure 2 15 System and Video BIOS No...

Страница 59: ...u may run the SHADOW EXE file and modify shadow RAM as you desire Note 1 Because 128K of DRAM is reserved for shadow RAM the switch setting for the starting address on the PEI 306 should be xMB 256KB...

Страница 60: ...r to the illustration below for the location of the DIP sockets and ROM selection jumper W7 on the mainboard Figure 2 16 ROM Installation of PEM 3301 Mainboard ROM access time is 15Ons Table 2 7 ROM B...

Страница 61: ...hing that of DRAM The motherboard contains a Intel 80386 processor a 80387 math coprocessor socket BIOS chips and expansion slots The figure on the next page will familiarize you with the layout of th...

Страница 62: ...Figure 2 17 PEM 3300 Motherboard Layout Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 23...

Страница 63: ...at when inserting chips RAM modules you must make sure the notched or dotted end of the chip RAM module is lined up with the notched end of the socket Gently push the chip RAM module into the socket a...

Страница 64: ...ion is labeled the OFF position is not SW1 should be set appropriately based on the following description Side View Top View Figure 2 20 The Six Switch DIP SW1 Table 2 8 Total 32 Bit Memory Note Total...

Страница 65: ...total 32 bit memory must be for an amount larger than or equal to total installed memory in cluding onboard 32 bit memory and 32 bit memory on the PEI 306 For example if the total memory installed is...

Страница 66: ...tting for total on board 32 bit memory plus that on the PEI 306 32 bit exten sion memory card For example if the switch setting for total 32 bit memory is 6MB you ll need 6MB in some combination on th...

Страница 67: ...attachments and jumper option adjustments on the mainboard have to be made See the illustration below for the location of each of the jumpers and connec tors Most of the jumpers are preset at the fact...

Страница 68: ...his has no effect on the function of the board while it keeps the cap handy The illustration below shows the side and top views of a three pin jumper in which pins two and three are shorted Figure 2 2...

Страница 69: ...nector W1 W6 Bank Selection 1 2 short bank 0 2 3 short bank 1 W7 DRAM Type of Bank 0 1 2 short 1Mbit x 9 SIP DRAM or 1Mbit x 1 DIP DRAM 2 3 short 256Kbitx9 SIP DRAM or 256Kbitx4 DIP RAM W8 DRAM Type o...

Страница 70: ...table lists the jumper settings required for each cache memory configuration listed above Jumpers W9 W10 Cache Memory Configuration 64KB 256KB Table 2 11 Cache Memory Configuration Table 2 12 shows th...

Страница 71: ...Figure 2 23 Cache Configurations 64KB cache 256KB cache 32 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 72: ...Table 2 12 DRAM Configurations Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 33...

Страница 73: ...Figure 2 24 1MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration A Figure 2 25 1MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration B 34 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 74: ...Figure 2 26 2MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration A Figure 2 27 2MB Total Onboard Memory Configuration B Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 35...

Страница 75: ...Bank 0 266Kbit x 9 RAM module x 4 pieces Figure 2 28 2MB Total Onboard memory Configuration C 36 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 76: ...Bank 0 1Mbit x 36 pieces Figure 2 29 4MB Total Onboard memory Configuration A Figure 2 30 4MB Total Onboard memory Configuration B Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System 37...

Страница 77: ...Figure 2 31 5MB Total Onboard memory Bank 0 1Mbit x 36 pieces Bank 1 1Mbit x 9 RAM module x 4 pieces Figure 2 32 8MB Total Onboard memory 38 Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System...

Страница 78: ...300 mainboard supports the Intel 80386 33 processor The processor chip should be inserted into the processor socket U161 with the notches aligned as shown below Figure 2 33 Location of Processor Chapt...

Страница 79: ...chip should be inserted into the coprocessor socket U160 with the notch on the package oriented in the same direction as the corresponding notch on the socket The jumper W1 should be SHORTED if an Int...

Страница 80: ...e unit This is easily ac complished with the following tools a small flat blade screwdriver and a small Phillips screwdriver Be sure that the power to the system is switched OFF before you open the ca...

Страница 81: ...this case you should connect cables on the power supply to 2 six pin connectors You may also need to attach the four pin connectors for disk drives Be sure the four black wires of the power supply ca...

Страница 82: ...Table 2 13 Power Supply Pinouts Once you have completed connecting the cables the RAM Card is installed and ready to go If you have nothing else left to do close the case according to the instructions...

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Страница 85: ...er uses is Microsoft Corporation s MS DOS the world s most widely used operating sys tem for PC XT ATs Next there is the application software that you use for work and play Finding application softwar...

Страница 86: ...e prompts displayed on the monitor Starting DOS with the Computer on If you don t have a DOS disk in your disk drive when you start your computer you will see the following message on the screen follo...

Страница 87: ...p program is simple to use It is extremely important that you respond correctly to prompts about your computer System Setup Program You will need to run the setup program in the following situations y...

Страница 88: ...ears the following message will be shown on the screen SETUP utility will be starting When the RAM test is completed the SETUP program will take over Once you have entered the SETUP program you will s...

Страница 89: ...you will see in using the program If you choose item 1 from The screen on the previous page to configure your system the following will appear You should correctly respond to prompts about your compu...

Страница 90: ...m 9 you will be asked to confirm that the configuration data are correct Figure 3 3 Before Restarting If at a later date you alter the configuration of your system you will need to go through the prog...

Страница 91: ...ss Ctrl Alt 5 on the key pad Pressing Esc will exit this utility Note that these two utilities can be used in the 80 column text display mode only Refer to the figure below for the Calculator Figure 3...

Страница 92: ...If you are using a floppy disk drive insert the DOS system disk in drive A and switch on your computer You will see a message similar to the following Current date is Fri 01 01 1990 Enter new date MM...

Страница 93: ...ted you will see the following prompt Format another diskette Y N Press N if you do have nothing else to be formatted Formattlng a low density disk To format a lowdensity disk type the following at th...

Страница 94: ...espond to the prompts on your screen Backing up a diskette on a single floppy disk drive system At the A prompt type the following A diskcopy Press Enter and respond to the prompts on your screen Afte...

Страница 95: ...ther data Erasing a diskette To erase a whole directory of files type the following at the drive prompt A del Enter All the files in the open directory are now erased Deleting a file To delete a singl...

Страница 96: ...mand DIR A After you hit the enter key all the file information will be displayed on the screen If you use the DIR command without a drive letter MS DOS lists the directory of the disk which was most...

Страница 97: ...partitioning process Insert your DOS diskette in drive A and type a to get the A prompt Then type A FDISK J The FDISK command displays a series of menus to help you partition your hard disk for MS DOS...

Страница 98: ...new partition as follows A FORMAT D If you want to use partition 1 drive C to start DOS you have to specify the S option when formatting the disk You can use this system disk to boot your system late...

Страница 99: ...colon when specifying the name of a drive Spell the filename correctly Use the appropriate extension such as doc or exe Refer to the DOS Reference for additional information if a command still doesn t...

Страница 100: ...Chapter 4 Keyboard...

Страница 101: ...our keyboard and its functions n how to adjust your keyboard angle A computer keyboard sends messages from you to the computer It has QWERTY keys Function keys Cursor control keys A numeric keypad Spe...

Страница 102: ...most popular are the PC keyboard the PC AT keyboard and the enhanced keyboard Figure 4 1 below illustrates the basic layout of a typical enhanced keyboard Function Keys Keyboard Special Keys Indicator...

Страница 103: ...left or at the top of the keyboard Function keys have specially defined uses preassigned by the software you use They are used independently or in combination with other keys Figure 4 2 Function Keys...

Страница 104: ...y is activated Activating Num Lock makes 5 operative Activating Num Lock makes 6 operative Otherwise the cursor key is activated Activating Num Lock makes 1 operative Otherwise end moves the cursor to...

Страница 105: ...functions are explained as follows Figure 4 4 Indicator Lights Caps Lock When this light is on characters are in uppercase mode Num Lock When this light is off the cursor control function of the nume...

Страница 106: ...ata on the screen With Scroll Lock activated you can move text vertically in line units Pressing this key halts the current operation pressing it again allows the operation to continue Moves the curso...

Страница 107: ...n Performs a tab function similar to that of a typewriter Changes lowercase letters to capitals Moves cursor back one space and erases characters Pressing this key activates uppercase letters pressing...

Страница 108: ...ese keys move the cursor in the indicated direction Figure 4 7 Cursor Keys Key Combinations The keys shown below have special functions when pressed simul taneously Table 4 4 Special Functions 8 Chapt...

Страница 109: ...ard Tilt Adjustment Under the rear of the keyboard are two small legs that can be pulled out or pushed in to change the keyboard angle to suit you Figure 4 8 Adjustment of Keyboard Angles Chapter 4 Ke...

Страница 110: ...Troubleshooting...

Страница 111: ...But if some problems do occur more likely than not you will be able to solve them by referring to this chapter No matter whether you are a new or experienced user you should become familiar with the...

Страница 112: ...blem is with software you should probably talk to your software dealer If the problem is with the hardware try to narrow down the source of the problem Is it your disks or disk drives Keyboard Printer...

Страница 113: ...ort because some software can only run in the MGA display mode Is the power fuse burned out If you have gone through the above checklist and your system still does not function properly check the foll...

Страница 114: ...e are three levels of system error messages that you might see displayed on your computer These are related to the software you use Following are the ones most commonly en countered Software error mes...

Страница 115: ...herefore required Error messages generated by MS DOS BASIC or other high level applications These messages relate to problems due to incorrect use or malfunc tion of a high level application under whi...

Страница 116: ...e procedure If the problem persists contact your software dealer System does not boot This can be caused by defective hardware or a faulty system disk Turn off your computer and try again if unsuccess...

Страница 117: ...on or power loss RTC Checksum Error Indicates that the system memory refresh function does not work Refresh Indicator Error Indicates that the system memory refresh does not work Base 64K Memory Error...

Страница 118: ...or System Memory Mismatch Run Setup Indicates a mismatch of memory size in the real time clock as well as onboard You need to run the setup program Display Card Mismatch Run Setup Indicates a mismatch...

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Страница 120: ...formation on moving your computer This manual is not a technical reference manual This chapter provides some technical information about your system but if you need more check out a technical library...

Страница 121: ...he instructions below to do so Be certain to refer to the manuals for both the disk drive and the controller card for any additional specific information regarding them that may be of importance Flopp...

Страница 122: ...the Floppy Disk Drives Next connect the floppy hard disk controller cable and one of the four cables from the power supply The power cable is simple to connect simply plug it in to the correct adapter...

Страница 123: ...Figure 6 3 Connecting a Floppy Disk Drive Figure 6 4 Connecting a Floppy Disk Drive to an FDC Card 4 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Страница 124: ...d to the card Pin 1 is clearly marked on the card See the figure below Figure 6 5 Cables for Disk Drives Follow the same procedure for any additional drives you want to install Removal To remove a dri...

Страница 125: ...ard Disk The installation of a hard disk drive is similar to that for a floppy disk drive First fasten the bracket on the drive Figure 6 6 Fasten the Brackets on a Hard Disk Drive 6 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Страница 126: ...l Next place the disk drive inside the bay and fasten the brackets to the chassis Refer to the figure below Figure 6 7 Installing a Hard Disk Drive Chapter 6 Appendix 7...

Страница 127: ...Figure 6 6 Connecting a Hard Disk Drive Figure 6 9 Connecting a Hard Disk to a HDC Card 8 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Страница 128: ...t is impossible to make a mistake The two hard disk controller cables are of different sizes the red wires on the cables should be connected so that they are toward the central portion of the case Rem...

Страница 129: ...B SIMM modules which allow for up to 12MB of memory for maximum expandability With so many memory configurations setup becomes a major con sideration The PEI 306 386 RAM Card has been designed with ma...

Страница 130: ...s are aligned at an angle of 25 degrees Refer to the figure below Notch RAM Module RAM Module S o c k e t Figure 6 11 SIMM Type RAM Module Remember that when inserting the RAM module you must make sur...

Страница 131: ...ou to set the DRAM type of banks 0 2 for either 411000 RAM or 41256 RAM Jumper W1 selects bank 0 W2 selects bank 1 and W3 selects bank 2 Refer to the table below for more information Table 6 1 Jumpers...

Страница 132: ...6KB or 1MB SIMM Type RAM Modules Static Column Page Mode Table 6 2 DRAM Chip Speed Total System Memory Size The PEI 306 RAM Board provides you up to 16MB of total system memory Total system memory mea...

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Страница 139: ...nsured that the power to the system is switched OFF refer to Figure 2 35 for your computer to open it up You will see expansion slot CON5 on your mainboard as below Figure 6 12 32 Bit Expansion Slot f...

Страница 140: ...es Avoid touching the connector contacts or any components with your hands as this could damage the card Insert the card into an empty expansion slot as shown in the illustration below Figure 6 13 Ins...

Страница 141: ...nto flop py disks Enter the DOS system program and invoke the PARK com mand This command will lock up your hard disk to protect it from damage while the computer is being moved Turn off all power swit...

Страница 142: ...a fast 8086 with a 32 bit extension if necessary The Protected Virtual Address mode is the natural environment of the 80386 Software can perform a task switch into tasks designated as virtual 8086 mo...

Страница 143: ...alled the cache index field contains enough bits to specify a block location within the cache The second field called the tag field contains enough bits to distinguish one block from other blocks that...

Страница 144: ...Figure 6 14 Direct Mapped Cache Organization Chapter 6 Appendix 25...

Страница 145: ...he cache RAM replacing the current sub block The logic also changes the tag stored at locations FFF8h to FFh The processor then reads the second byte of the new four byte sub block Cache Updating Writ...

Страница 146: ...he maintained by another device will contain stale data A system that prevents the stale cache data problem is said to maintain cache coherency The PEM 3301 uses the method of hardware transparency to...

Страница 147: ...Figure 6 15 Cache Architecture 28 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Страница 148: ...p on page 41 One way of overcoming the 640KB barrier is by using expanded memory This requires the use of additional bank switched physical memory memory organized in banks which can individually be s...

Страница 149: ...System Memory Map The AT compatible system memory map is as follows Figure 6 16 System Memory Map 30 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Страница 150: ...d 1 190MHz clock Interrupt Controller 8259 IRQ0 Channel 1 Refresh Request Generator Gate 1 CLK IN 1 Always enabled 1 190 CLK OUT 1 MHz clock Refresh Request Cycle Channel 2 Gate 2 CLK IN 2 CLK OUT 2 S...

Страница 151: ...Interrupt Controllers Table 6 9 Interrupt Controllers 32 Chapter 6 Appendix...

Страница 152: ...CH7 Spare Table 6 10 DMA Channels The channels of DMA Controller 1 support data transfers between 8 bit I O adapters and 8 bit or 16 bit system memory and the channels of DMA Controller 2 are used for...

Страница 153: ...one 62 pin and one 36 pin con nector slots two 8 bit adapter one 62 pin connector slots and one 32 bit memory board 80 pin connector slot The following illustration shows the pin assignments of the I...

Страница 154: ...A19 I O Address bits 0 though 19 are used to address memory and I O devices within the system These 20 address lines in addition to LA17 through LA23 allow access of up to 16Mb of memory SA0 through S...

Страница 155: ...ogic at power up time or during a low line voltage outage This signal is active high SD0 Through SD15 I O These signals provide bus bits 0 though 15 for the microprocessor memory and l O devices DO is...

Страница 156: ...ention The interrupt requests are prioritized with IRQ9 through IRQ12 and IRQ14 through IRQ15 having the highest priority IRQ9 is the highest and IRQ3 through IRQ7 having the lowest priority lRQ7 is t...

Страница 157: ...is derived from MEMW and the decode of the low 1 Mb of memory When a microprocessor on the l O channel wishes to drive MEMW it must have the address lines valid on the bus for one system clock period...

Страница 158: ...ontrol of the system A processor or DMA controller on the I O channel may issue a DRQ to a DMA channel in cascade mode and receive a DACK Upon receiving the DACK an I O microprocessor may pull MASTER...

Страница 159: ...bit device without wait cycles OWS is derived from an address decode gated with a Read or Write command In order to run a memory cycle to an 8 bit device with a minimum of two wait states OWS should b...

Страница 160: ...DF 3F0 3F7 3F8 3FF Device DMA Controller 1 8237 Master Interrupt Controller 8259 Timer 8254 Keyboard Controller 8042 Real time clock NMI mask DMA Page Register 74LS612 Interrupt Controller2 8259 DMA C...

Страница 161: ...the serial format along with the parity bit Reports the response of the keyboard to the system Reports errors to the system through the status register The keyboard controller has two 8 bit ports One...

Страница 162: ...in 36 Bit 5 Undefined Pin 37 Bit 6 Keyboard clock output Pin 38 Bit 7 Keyboard data output 32 Bit Memory Expansion Bus The 32 bit memory expansion bus optimizes the memory subsystem to take advantage...

Страница 163: ...Figure 6 19 Pin Assignments of the 32 bit Memory Expansion Bus 44 Chapter 6 Appendix...

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Страница 165: ...ere will be an address conflict ASCII This is an acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII code includes both control and graphic characters and is used for exchanging i...

Страница 166: ...channel is 32 bit this means the data travels at least twice as fast as data on a 16 bit data bus A group of data units forming a single unit of data There are eight bits in a single byte clock proces...

Страница 167: ...the file and the dates they were created and up dated It is always good practice to organize related files in a single directory diskette This refers to removable data storage disks sometimes also cal...

Страница 168: ...s a filename and an extension In DOS filenames are from one to eight characters long An extension starts with a period has three characters and follows immediately after the filename fixed or hard dis...

Страница 169: ...ue given to a memory loca tion microprocessor This is an integrated circuit that receives coded instruc tions for execution It is also referred to as a CPU modem A modem connects your computer with ot...

Страница 170: ...drive letter peripheral Output devices which are driven by the computer port A communication channel between a computer and its peripheral components printed circuit board An electronic circuit board...

Страница 171: ...igned to be as foolproof as an ordinary television set a careful read ing of this section will help you to ensure the long life and troublefree operation of your computer software Computer programs su...

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