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Tip: Forget the math, calculating bridge links is easy as these variables are calculated with
the simple to use Cisco Outdoor Bridge Range Calculation Utility that we will discuss later
in this paper.

Normally 60 % of the first Freznel zone clearance is recommended. So the above formula for 60%
Freznel zone clearance can be expressed as:

0.60 F1= 43.3 x SQR (distance/4x Frequency in GHz)

These calculations are based on a flat terrain. Since the earth is not flat, earth curvature should be
taken into account when planning for paths longer than six miles.

Figure 22.

Freznel Zone and Earth Bulge Clearances

The table below can be used to determine how much Fresnel zone clearance in feet is
recommended for a particular path length in miles.

Height =

D

2

/8 + 43.3

√

D/4F

43.3

√

D/4F

60% first Fresnel

D = Distance between Antennas

H =
H1
+
H2

Earth bulge at midpath

H2=D

2

/6

H1 = 43.3

√

D/4F

H1 = Added Antenna Height for 60% Freznel Zone Clearance in feet
H2= Added Antenna Height for Earth Bulge Clearance in feet

Where,

D is the Path Length in miles

F is the frequency in GHz

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Содержание AIR-BR1410A-A-K9 - Aironet 1410 Wireless Bridge

Страница 1: ...tions The 802 11 specification was based on a presumption that a wireless LAN communication link keeping in mind this is defining a LOCAL Area Network would be not more than 1000 feet Therefore distances for Access Point to client communication are limited to approximately one mile range for quality performance irrespective of transmit power cable and antenna combinations This is due to timing res...

Страница 2: ...e Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing which is a multi carrier system as compared to single carrier systems OFDM allows sub channels to overlap giving us a high spectral efficiency The modulation technique allowed in OFDM is more efficient than the spread spectrum techniques use More bits are stuffed per second per hertz and provides up to 54 Mbps of data rate to network users For US based ...

Страница 3: ...gulations for WLAN operations in a particular band in United States The set of FCC regulations that apply to WLAN operation in the 5 GHz band is a subset of FCC Part 15 regulations In addition to US Australia New Zealand and various parts of Asia and Oceania also fall in the FCC regulatory domain For latest information please refer to the following URL www cisco com go aironet compliance http www ...

Страница 4: ...pporting clients and Access Points The channel numbers corresponding to the four centre frequencies for UNII 3 band are 149 153 157 and 161 Regulatory Domain Frequency Band Channel number Centre frequencies USA UNII middle band 5 725 5 825 GHz 149 153 157 161 5 745 GHz 5 765 GHz 5 785 GHz 5 805 GHz Table 1 Channel Numbers for UNII 3 Band The maximum antenna gain allowed is 6dBi The transmit power ...

Страница 5: ...same EIRP rules as FCC In exchange of this wide spectrum the ETSI recommendation mandates the inclusion of two features not currently found in 802 11 products Dynamic Frequency Selection DFS and Transmit Power Control TPC DFS and TPC are the two functions handled quite well by the HyperLAN2 specification The IEEE 802 11h standard covers both DFS and TPC that will apply to the 5 GHz band at a later...

Страница 6: ...uickly deployed and then moved if necessary without any licensing or government reporting An example would be at an airport or Homeland Security application where operations need to place cameras and or other data links near critical areas By placing a single bridge on top of a tall structure such as a control tower and another on a power light truck pointing toward the control tower they have eff...

Страница 7: ...t the outdoor site 2 1 Product Overview The system consists of a weather proof wireless bridge a Power Injector LR a Power Adaptor a grounding block at the building entrance and optionally external antennas The Bridge and the external antennas if used are installed outdoors The grounding Block is installed at the building entrance and the Power Injector LR and DC power supply are installed indoors...

Страница 8: ...lt in antenna The gain of captive antenna is 22 5 dBi We also have an option for connecting external antennas under a different SKU where it provides an N type RF connector for interfacing to various external antennas for greater range and flexibility Figure 5 AIR BR1410A A K9 and AIR BR1410A A K9 N Please note the Radome provides an environmentally sealed enclosure and is not removable from the h...

Страница 9: ...ach The Power Injector LR is a self contained functional unit suitable for indoor installation It provides a 100 Base T Ethernet link between the In building LAN and the outdoor wireless unit ODU The main function of Power Injector is to provide power onto the Ethernet connection to the ODU The Ethernet connection to the ODU is via two 75 ohm coax cables the coaxial cables can be RG6 RG59 or highe...

Страница 10: ...power injector It is rated to deliver 60 W of DC power It has two interfaces 1 DC output through a short cable via a barrel style power connector 25 OD center positive interfacing to Power Injector 2 Universal AC input connector to be plugged into an AC power cord 2 1 4 Grounding Block Grounding block Cisco provided should be installed inline with 75 ohm coax cables at the building entrance provid...

Страница 11: ...Anticipated Countries Korea 3 AIR BR1410A Z K9 Available Tx Power Settings 4 7 8 9 10 13 dBm Antenna Gain 22 5 dBi Anticipated Countries Australia and New Zealand All these Low power SKUs operate in the same frequency band as high power SKUs i e complete UNII 3 band Should the installer wish to deploy point to multipoint networks using Omni or Sector Antennas in these countries then High power SKU...

Страница 12: ...es through the bridges primary SSID The basic wireless components of a VLAN consist of two or more bridges communicating using wireless technology The bridge is physically connected through a trunk port to the network VLAN switch on which the VLAN is configured The physical connection to the VLAN switch is through the bridge s Ethernet port Figure 7 VLANs trunked through the wireless bridge links ...

Страница 13: ...terface FastEthernet0 1 Switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q Switchport mode trunk Please note that you must have 100 Mbps Ethernet connections between the switch and the Bridge 2 Enable 802 1q trunking on the Bridges Specify the VLAN id X as the native VLAN on the root and non root bridges by going into the GUI services and clicking on VLAN VLAN 11 802 1Q Trunk 100Mbps NATIVE VLAN VLAN 12 VLAN 12...

Страница 14: ...ed Page 14 of 53 Figure 9 Screenshot for VLAN configuration 3 Mapping Map the native VLAN to the Bridge SSID For this use the GUI interface and go to Security and click on SSID Manager Map the SSID to VLAN X Figure 10 Screenshot for VLAN configuration ...

Страница 15: ...based QoS Provide priority services for VOIP traffic based upon IP TOS DSCP The bridge can only classify traffic based on IP TOS Type of service bits in IP protocol header Precedence and DSCP differentiated services code point values and put it into the correct priority queues It has 8 priority queues corresponding to eight 802 11E priority values The CoS values associated with the eight priority ...

Страница 16: ...e 11 Screenshot for QoS configuration 2 Apply the policy You can apply the policy to the VLAN configured on the bridge If you do not use VLANs on your network you can apply your QoS policies to the bridge s Ethernet and Radio ports Figure 12 Screenshot for QoS configuration ...

Страница 17: ...upporting voice those rates needs to be disabled or the voice quality will be poorer depending on the rest of the network architecture Rate Mbps Calls G 711 Calls G 729 54 15 44 48 15 44 36 15 44 24 15 44 18 15 44 12 15 44 9 NO SUPPORT NO SUPPORT 6 NO SUPPORT NO SUPPORT Table 4 Maximum number of calls for P2P for G711 and G729 codec jitter 25 ms 3 3 Security Security is a major part of any enterpr...

Страница 18: ...d Leap can be used with wide variety of platforms No native EAP support is currently available on Legacy operating systems The main steps to set up the bridge link with Leap are 1 Configure the ACS server with a unique IP address Make sure that you can ping ACS server from the Root Bridge 2 Configure the ACS server with an AAA client with the Root Bridge s IP address and the appropriate shared sec...

Страница 19: ... 19 of 53 Figure 14 Screenshot for configuring Security 5 Configure Non Root Bridges with a user id password for example non root non root for LEAP authentication to the root bridge using ACS In GUI interface go to SSID manager in Security section to do this ...

Страница 20: ...t radio data rate Very close bridge links one Kilometer or less are fairly easy to achieve assuming there are no obstructions referred to in radio jargon as a Clear Line Of Sight or LOS If both buildings are very close a link might be attained from a window by using one of the upper floors of the building avoiding the need to install a bridge outdoors This might be fine for a temporary event or in...

Страница 21: ...r unless a high gain antenna is used that can tightly focused the radio waves in a given direction Tip High gain antennas can focus radio waves allowing them to go much further similar to adjusting the focus of a flashlight from a flood type light into a tight beam Figure 17 Line of Sight disappears at 6 miles 9 6 Km due to earth curve The higher the frequency used the more dependent you are upon ...

Страница 22: ...g or up in a bucket truck to successfully perform this task Once you are on the roof or other high location look around see if you can spot the site s you wish to link If the site is behind trees or other obstructions a tower may be required To determine if a tower is required a very low tech method is to simply tie a few helium balloons together with some kite string The low cost helium foil type...

Страница 23: ... affect our line of sight introducing a small loss sometimes referred to as rain fade or simply fade margin but generally this has little effect on our bridge link If you have established a good stable bridge link this is not a problem however if the link was poor to begin with then bad weather could degrade performance or cause loss of link Tip Cisco Outdoor Bridge Range Calculation Utility allow...

Страница 24: ...pipe or determine if another nearby building or structure would work better If this Bridge is located on a radio tower you may want to mount it higher on the tower or determine if more suitable tower exists If a tree or other obstruction is under your control perhaps you can remove it Technical jargon It is possible to calculate the radius of the Fresnel zone in feet at any particular distance alo...

Страница 25: ...calculations are based on a flat terrain Since the earth is not flat earth curvature should be taken into account when planning for paths longer than six miles Figure 22 Freznel Zone and Earth Bulge Clearances The table below can be used to determine how much Fresnel zone clearance in feet is recommended for a particular path length in miles Height D2 8 43 3 D 4F 43 3 D 4F 60 first Fresnel D Dista...

Страница 26: ...ge and vice versa When two or more Bridges are used the primary Bridge is identified as the Root or main site while the other sites are designated as Non Root sites When operating in Point to Point mode the 1400 series Bridge can be ordered with an integrated 22 5 dBi antenna making it a simple one piece outdoor unit The Point to Point range with the integrated antenna is 7 5 miles at 54 Mbps or u...

Страница 27: ...rection In this application we could use a 1400 series Bridge that supports the use of remote antennas and then use an Omni Directional antenna on the Root Bridge which then transmits radio signals in all directions Since the radio signal would be going all directions this comes at a price since it is not possible to transmit the energy nearly as far as it could if it was able to focus the energy ...

Страница 28: ...tions for use with Bridge 1400 series As the radio energy is focused using different antennas the coverage pattern or angle in which of the radio signal propagates changes this is known as the antenna beamwidth When using the 9 dBi antenna it will transmit with a horizontal beamwidth of 360 degrees going in all directions this will certainly cause the radio waves to disperse the power in all direc...

Страница 29: ... Bridge Range Calculation Utility was written using Microsoft Excel so the user is able to see exactly how the calculations are performed This utility supports Wireless Bridge links using Cisco 2 4 GHz BR 350 Series Bridges as well as the Cisco 5 7 GHz BR 1410 Series Bridges There are many variables that affect the overall distance of a Bridge link let s define the variables used in the Outdoor Br...

Страница 30: ...GHz have 4 9 Ft of cable and are designed to connect directly to the 1400 Series Bridge Should you wish to add to this cable length not recommended you can enter in the loss of the non Cisco supplied cable as well as the length 8 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Displayed so the installer can verify compliance with their countries rules and regulations 9 Environmental conditions Allows terrain a...

Страница 31: ...stances with the utility 4 6 Site Survey It is recommended that you perform a radio site survey prior to actually installing the equipment A site survey can flush out problems such as interference Fresnel zone issues or logistics problems with installing the Bridges A proper site survey should involve temporarily setting up a Bridge link and taking some measurements to determine if your antenna ca...

Страница 32: ...0 MHz systems operate in unlicensed bands That is there are no restrictions on the types of devices that operate in these bands provided that they all conform to a common set of rules Although not a common occurance one could find a wireless camera or another device using the same frequency channel Changing channels usually resolves interference issues 5 1 Possible Interference from the devices in...

Страница 33: ...ommunications but again this tends to be intermittent The Radio Location band from 5 250 to 5 650 GHz is shared with Radiolocation or radar of which the most active user is AWACS Although the frequency band falls in UNII 1 UNII 2 band range 5 150 5 350 GHz the first and second harmonic weaker signals may be present in UNII 3 band but this airborne platform has many megawatt ERP pulsed signal sourc...

Страница 34: ...several pieces instead of as one block Use a lower setting in areas where communication is poor or where there is a great deal of radio interference Also one can run the link test at every frequency and watch for signal quality signal level and the number of retries Choose the best channel with good signal quality and minimum number of retries One should clearly understand the relationship between...

Страница 35: ...oors and the distance between the bridge and the antenna has been extended using LMR 400 600 cables Tip Cisco does not offer LMR 400 or LMR 600 cable with N Type connectors to extend the distance from the bridge ODU to the antenna beyond the 4 9 ft 1 5 meter pigtail distance but these are very readily available from Third Party Sources Although you can use the longer cable there will be losses ass...

Страница 36: ... will it hold the weight of the bridge 2 If on the roof try to get close to the side of the roof that you plan to transmit from otherwise the roof itself may effect your Fresnel clearance 3 Is a good source of ground available for the grounding block 4 Is there a hole to route the cables inside the building or will you need to drill a hole If you do drill beware of electrical wires and pipes Watch...

Страница 37: ...rofessional installer when in doubt 6 3 Mounting the Bridges The BR 1400 outdoor unit can be mounted directly to a user supplied mast pipe or directly to a side of a radio tower For larger mast pipes 2 5 to 4 5 inches in diameter the mast pipe attaches to the outside of the bracket For smaller mast pipes 1 5 to 2 5 inches in diameter the mast pipe attaches to the inside of the bracket Figure 32 Th...

Страница 38: ... coaxial cable away from sharp objects if mounting on a roof top do not stretch the cable across places where people will walk or move heavy equipment that might cut or damage the cable Always make sure the cable lies flat on the roof and never suspend it where someone could trip over it Before the cable enters into the building make sure the cable is routed through the grounding block and that ca...

Страница 39: ...ction at the coax interface which will provide surge protection on the center conductors of all the F type connectors Use a heavy gauge wire and keep ground wire as short as possible The use of a good ground will lessen the chance of damage due to a nearby strike and helps to bleed off any static charges that may build up on the cable Note There is no known or guaranteed protection from a direct l...

Страница 40: ... installation linking the Bridges If you have not pre configured the Bridges you will find upon startup they will default into a Bridge Install Alignment mode and the following rules apply The Station role of the bridge is autoinstall The bridge assumes a non root bridge role and is able to associate to another root bridge within 60 seconds after IOS is loaded ...

Страница 41: ...DHCP server and will assign a new address Tip It is suggested that you check the Cisco website for later versions of firmware and review all documentation that came with the Bridge before installing the device 6 7 Indoor testing Understanding Maximum Operational Receive Level Should you decide to configure both bridges by Ethernet using the default address of 10 0 0 1 and assuming you have configu...

Страница 42: ...rns solid Amber during installation of the Root this could mean you have interference or that your Bridge has located another Bridge operating as Root If this occurs you will need to power down the interfering Bridge or pre configure this link 6 9 Configuring the Non Root Bridge Mount the Bridge on the site and carefully align the bridge to the Root side Power up the Bridge and observe the Bridge ...

Страница 43: ...ridge will scan and attempt to pick a quiet channel for you Tip When bridge links are over one Kilometer always set the distance Km parameter Figure 35 Bridge Radio Configuration Screen 6 11 Aligning the Antenna Align the antennas as close as you can first using known direction and line of sight Physically mount the bridges and get everything secure before making minor antenna alignment changes Ti...

Страница 44: ...RSSI Figure 37 Antenna Alignment Chart RSSI signal to DC voltage comparison 6 12 Configuring the Power Injector The Power injector contains an Ethernet switch which governs the job of handling packet buffering auto negotiation and link status information Two Ethernet switch ports are used Port 0 is connected to the ODU through 75 ohm coax cables and Port1 is connected to the internal LAN through C...

Страница 45: ...n the PILR and internal LAN If the network device that PILR is connected does not support Auto negotiation or not configured to be in auto negotiation mode duplex mode on that device needs to be configured to be in half duplex mode For details refer to the Application note for the Power Injector on the WNBU website http wwwin cisco com eag wnbu tech_resources app_notes shtml 6 13 Weather proofing ...

Страница 46: ...roying the sealing properties If you need to use these types for whatever reason always cover it with a good quality electrical tape first If the connection will be underground then use tape layers and Coax seal then perhaps apply a rubber coating such as Plastic Dip trademark of Performix spray on or dip coating over the final tape layers See http www plastidip com consumer products html 6 13 2 R...

Страница 47: ...ss Bridge links between two buildings to increase the overall throughput The 1400 Series Wireless Bridges can be stacked together to create two redundant point to point wireless links These links need to operate on non adjacent non overlapping RF channels This provides higher bandwidth redundancy and load balancing When possible minimum physical separation criteria should be followed when installi...

Страница 48: ...used to help verify isolation Adjacent channel interference analysis indicates that a system can tolerate a maximum input power from an adjacent unit of 34 dBm maximum on a second adjacent RF channel This means that with 24 dBm of output power 58 dB of isolation is required between units to insure satisfactory operation of each system In other words separation D between antennas must be adjusted t...

Страница 49: ...rom Bridge C and align it to associate bridge A Measure RSSI voltage and make sure it is less than 2 V 40 dBm if not reduce the power on all bridges to 12 dBm if RSSI is still larger alternate polarization of link 2 iii Verify Isolation between Bridge C and D Shut down bridge A configure bridge C as root then let Bridge D associate to it Measure RSSI voltage and make sure it is less than 2 V 40 dB...

Страница 50: ...co IOS virtual LAN technology FEC cannot recover from an 802 11a wireless link failure in a timely manner Packets will be lost during that period See the 1400 Series release notes for more information concerning this limitation PagP automates the creation of FEC groups PagP packets are sent between FEC capable ports in order to negotiate the forming of a channel If a link is added or fails PagP dy...

Страница 51: ...may not Sometimes if the switch decides to transmit on one link and receive on the other neither link s bridges are accessible The only reliable way to manage the 1400 bridges within PagP is to turn it off and route the traffic manually by configuring the switches properly 8 Appendix ...

Страница 52: ...Center Frequency Channel149 5745 MHz Channel153 5765 MHz Channel157 5785 MHz Channel161 5805 MHz Frequency Accuracy 20 ppm Spectral Mask at max power Per FCC Part15 UNII specifications and 802 11a standards 11 MHz 20 dBc 20 MHz 51 dBc 30 MHz and further 61 dBc FCC protected bands 41 2dBm EIRP Min Sensitivity Concatenated PER 10 2 54 Mbps 68 dBm 48 Mbps 70 dBm 36 Mbps 74 dBm 24 Mbps 77 dBm 18 Mbps ...

Страница 53: ... initially hard coded 32 sample Cyclic Prefix optional 550 1350 ns Maximum tolerable ACI Concatenated packets 1 PER 3 dB above min sensitivity 54 Mbps 1 dBc 48 Mbps 0 dBc 36 Mbps 4 dBc 24 Mbps 8 dBc 18 Mbps 11 dBc 12 Mbps 13 dBc 9 Mbps 15 dBc 6 Mbps 16 dBc Table 6 BR1400 Radio Specifications ...

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