The final initialization step is to flush the receiver buffers. You do this with two reads from the
receiver buffer at Base A0. When done, the UART is ready to use.
Reception
Reception can be handled in two ways: polling and interrupt-driven. When polling, reception is
accomplished by constantly reading the Line Status Register at Base A5. Bit 0 of this
register is set high whenever data are ready to be read from the chip. A simple polling loop
must continuously check this bit and read in data as it becomes available. The following code
fragment implements a polling loop and uses a value of 13, (ASCII Carriage Return) as an end-
of-transmission marker:
do{
while (!(inportb(BA5) & 1)); /*Wait until data ready*/
data[i++]=
inportb(BASEADDR);
}while (data[i]!=13);
/*Reads the line until null character rec'd*/
Interrupt-driven communications should be used whenever possible and is required for high
data rates. Writing an interrupt-driven receiver is not much more complex than writing a polled
receiver but care should be taken when installing or removing your interrupt handler to avoid
writing the wrong interrupt, disabling the wrong interrupt, or turning interrupts off for too long a
period.
The handler would first read the Interrupt Identification Register at Base A2. If the
interrupt is for Received Data Available, the handler then reads the data. If no interrupt is
pending, control exits the routine. A sample handler, written in C, is as follows:
readback = inportb(BA2);
if(readback & 4)
/*Readback will be set to 4 if data are
available*/
data[i++] = inportb(BASEADDR);
outportb(0x20,0x20);
/*Write
EOI to 8259 Interrupt Controller*/
return;
Transmission
The Auto feature of the PCI-422/485-2 card automatically enables the transmitter when data
are ready to send so no software enabling is required. The following software example is for
non-Auto operation.
First the RTS line should be set high by writing a 1 to Bit 1 of the Modem Control Register at
Base A4. The RTS line is used to toggle the transceiver from receive mode to transmit
mode and vice versa. It is not carried out on the line in RS485 and is not used for handshaking.
Similarly, the CTS line is not used in RS485 and should always be enabled by installing a
jumper as described earlier.
After the above is done, the card is ready to send data. To transmit a string of data, the
transmitter must first check Bit 5 of the Line Status Register at Base A5. That bit is the
transmitter-holding-register-empty flag. If it is high, the transmitter has sent the data. The
process of checking the bit until it goes high followed by a write is repeated until no data
remains. After all data has been transmitted, the RTS bit should be reset by writing a 0 to Bit 1
of the Modem Control Register.
