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11 

Development Developer 

Fixer 

Time 

1½ min. 

4 min. 

Filmpack 2 

2½ ml 

3½ ml 

Filmpack 4 

3½ ml 

5 ml 

 

9.7.2  Removing the film 

 

After the film has been developed, snip off one 
corner of the wrapper with scissors and apply 
slight pressure to force all the liquid out of the 
wrapper.  

 

Then snip off one edge of the wrapper and use a 
metal clip to pull the film out. 

 

Wash the film for a few minutes in running wa-
ter before viewing.  

If the film is to be archived, it will require another 10 
minutes of fixing and 30 minutes more washing in 
running water. Normal fixer with or without harden-
ers can be used for this.  

 

9.7.3 

Storage of chemicals 

Whereas fixer is relatively stable, the developer can 
decompose as a result of air in the bottle. 

 

If developer needs to be kept for a long time 
though the bottle is already partially empty, it is  

 

better if it is transferred to a smaller con

 

tainer. This means it remains usable for longer.  

 

Before closing the developer bottle, squeeze the 
bottle so that the fluid comes to brim before 
closing it. This ensures that as little air as possi-
ble remains above the fluid in the bottle.  

 

Observe local regulations when disposing of 
chemicals. 

9.7.4 General 

information 

When exposing X-ray film, the distance of the film 
from the object should be kept as small as possible 
and the distance of the film from the radiation 
source as large as possible for the required exposure 
time and size of radiation source.  

The  film  can  also  undergo  exposure  from  beta  and 
gamma radiation emitted from low energy sources 
that may be present in a school. 

If the film is irradiated with a relatively large quan-
tity of "soft" X-ray radiation, the pattern of the wrap-
per may appear on the developed image.  

When the film is sealed into its PVC wrapper, pres-
sure points sometimes appear at the edges. After 
development these pressure points may appear as 
dark black patches. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10 Troubleshooting 

 

Fault Possible 

causes 

Solutions 

 
Mains indicator light is not work-
ing even though the mains con-
nection has been checked. 

 
Timer is set to 0 
 
Mains fuse has blown 
 
High voltage fuse has blown  
 
Indicator bulb has blown 
 
Other causes 

 
Set a short timer period. 
 
Replace the fuse (see Section 8.3). 
 
Replace the fuse (see Section 8.3). 
 
Replace the bulb (see Section 8.4). 
 
The equipment needs to be 
checked by the manufacturer. 

 
Cathode heater fails to glow, 
although the high voltage is 
switched on, the preselected tube 
current is greater than zero, and 
the mains voltage indicator lamp 
shows “ON” 

 
Cathode is faulty 
 
Heater control circuit is faulty 
 

 
The equipment needs to be 
checked by the manufacturer. 
 

Содержание U192001

Страница 1: ...3B SCIENTIFIC PHYSICS 1 X ray apparatus U192001 Instruction sheet 05 11 ALF Hh ...

Страница 2: ...ipment can no longer be operated without risk e g if visible damage is detected the equipment must immediately be withdrawn from use and secured in such a way as to prevent its inadvertent operation As soon as you have unpacked the X ray appara tus check it for any signs of damage that may have occurred during transport If any damage is found do not attempt to operate the equipment but inform the ...

Страница 3: ...imming potentiometer for setting emitter current 3 High voltage ON OFF button 4 Housing 5 Base 6 Timer 7 Key switch for mains supply 8 Jack socket for emitter current measurement giving an output voltage proportional to current 9 Cover 10 Screening plate with radiation warning label ...

Страница 4: ...for sample holder 16 Sample holder 17 Radiation exit window with brass collimator 18 Securing screws for leaded glass dome 19 X ray tube 20 Access holes 21 Leaded glass dome 22 Locking pin for cover 23 Length scale for focal point 24 4 mm sockets for addition of driver motor 25 High voltage selector switch 26 Mains voltage indicator lamp white 27 High voltage indicator lamp red ...

Страница 5: ...shape of slides or mounted on a 50 mm x 50 mm baseplate e g U19205 U19206 U19207 The pivoting arm can be turned by hand around the sample holder or can be coupled to a fixed angle at a 2 1 ratio for experiments on Bragg reflection for example The space where the experiment takes place is inside a closed housing with a transparent radiation proof cover The cover has a safety lock that prevents it f...

Страница 6: ...nature of X ray radiation investigation of X ray fluorescence and determination of mass absorption coefficients Scope of delivery 1 Fluorescent screen 1 Debye Scherrer camera 2 Film cartridges 1 Lead stencil 2 Plate electrodes on 4 mm plug 1 Slotted collimator aperture 1 mm 1 Pinhole collimator aperture 1 mm Ø 1 Spare magazine with circular apertures 2 Slotted apertures 1 mm 3 mm 1 Circular apertu...

Страница 7: ... quenching halogen trigger counter tube for regis tering α β γ and X radiation Dose rate range 10 3 to 10 mGy h Mass of active surface mica 2 0 to 3 0 mg cm Operating voltage 500 V Connection BNC Cable length 1 m Dimensions 57 mm x 22 mm dia 10 Ratemeter U19203 The ratemeter counts pulses from a counter tube and measures emitter current in an X ray tube In conjunction with a digital display with a...

Страница 8: ... on the X ray apparatus using the key switch The mains indicator lamp should now light up Once the time is up the machine should switch itself off 8 2 3 Closing the cover and switching on the high voltage Once the mains is connected select the high voltage supply U 20 kV 30 kV via the slide switch Close the cover and lock it with the locking pin in the centre position Press the high voltage button...

Страница 9: ...d select a high voltage of 20 kV Set the emitter current so that the counter tube registers around 200 to 400 pulses per second see 8 2 4 Remove the rubber stopper from the bottom of the apparatus at the rear to access the screw for adjusting the height of the tube and set it up so that the maximum rate of count is obtained Replace the rubber stopper 8 5 2 Sideways adjustment of X ray tube Turn of...

Страница 10: ...rrer camera is made up of three parts housing cover and a clamp with bevel gear see Fig 7 The motor drive can be used for exam ple to take rotating crystal images Remove the clamp from the sample holder and set the measuring arm to an angle 2 θ 90 and the sample holder to θ 90 Make sure that the smooth side of the sample holder is pointing to wards the tube Fix a 1 mm collimator to the brass colli...

Страница 11: ... When exposing X ray film the distance of the film from the object should be kept as small as possible and the distance of the film from the radiation source as large as possible for the required exposure time and size of radiation source The film can also undergo exposure from beta and gamma radiation emitted from low energy sources that may be present in a school If the film is irradiated with a...

Страница 12: ...nd lock it The cathode lights up brightly for a short time after the high volt age has been switched off After flash This is not a fault its purpose is to allow discharging of the high voltage components No X ray beam although the high voltage is turned on The cathode is not lit The emitter current is too small No emitter current Collimators or such like in the way of the beam X ray tube has lost ...

Страница 13: ...reen onto the measuring arm Fig 2 Inserting the ionisation chamber onto the measuring arm Fig 3 Inserting the Geiger Müller tube onto the measuring arm Aa Ab Ac Fig 4 Geometry of Bragg reflections a X ray tube b Monocrystal c Counter tube ...

Страница 14: ...of crystal into sample holder a Screw b Clamp c Base d Fixed section of sample holder A B Fig 6 Assembly of ionisation chamber A for low pressure B for normal atmospheric pressure Fig 7 Insertion and removal of Debye Scherrer camera ...

Страница 15: ...uper Mare Somerset BS23 1YE Tel 0044 0 1934 425333 Fax 0044 0 1934 425334 e mail uk3bs 3bscientific com Subject to technical amendments Copyright 2008 3B Scientific GmbH Fig 8 Debye Scherrer camera with motor drive 0 300 Fig 9 Insertion of scattering film revolver magazine ...

Страница 16: ......

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