6. INTRODUCTION
6.3 Core body temperature
Core body temperature, also called core body temperature, is the opera ng temperature of an organism, specif-
ically in deep structures of the body such as the liver, in comparison to temperatures of peripheral ssues. Core
temperature is normally maintained within a narrow range so that essen al enzyma c reac ons can occur. Sig-
nificant core temperature eleva on (hyperthermia) or depression (hypothermia) over more than a brief period
of me is incompa ble with human life.
6.4 Skin surface temperature
Skin surface temperature is the temperature of the outermost surface of the body. Normal human skin temper-
ature on the trunk of the body varies between 33.5 and 36.9 °C (92.3 and 98.4 °F), though the skin’s temperature
is lower over protruding parts, like the nose, and higher over muscles and ac ve organs.[1] Recording skin tem-
perature presents extensive difficul es. Although it is not a clear indicator of internal body temperature, skin
temperature is significant in assessing the healthy func on of skin.
6.4.1 Factors influencing skin temperature
Skin is the largest of the human body’s organs, making up approximately 15-16% of total adult body weight. The
surface of the organ exhibits significant regional temperature varia on and o en survives thermal extremi es
that would prove damaging to internal organs.
Surface skin temperature in humans varies alongside ambient temperature, internal temperature and condi ons
affec ng both the skin and underlying structures. Consequently, a uniform temperature is not typically main-
tained by skin as a whole, as demonstrated by inconsistencies between different regions of the body even in spite
of measurements taken under various external condi ons. Lower temperatures are characteris cally observed
in proximity to superficial veins, rela ve to superficial arteries, and over protruding body parts including the toes,
fingers, ears and nose. Meanwhile, skin surface temperature has been observed to be higher over ac ve organs
rather than those at rest, as well as over muscles rather than tendons or bones.
Other notable influences on skin surface temperature include instances of heat stress (in which significant por-
ons of cardiac output are directed to the skin), lowered skinfold thickness (contributes to significantly greater
surface temperature varia on during exercise) and local thermal control of cutaneous blood vessels (local heat-
ing may prompt vasodila on whilst local cooling decreases blood flow to the skin).
6.5 Normal Core Body Temperature Ranges
Normal body temperature in a healthy person is a range that fluctuates throughout the day. Body temperature
can vary as much as 1.0° to 2.0°F (0.5°C to 1.0°C) and is lowest in the morning (2-4 AM) while res ng and is
warmest in the a ernoon (4-6 PM) while ac ve. Up to 5% of the popula on has a body temperature that falls
outside of the normal range. Body temperature varia on is the result of an individual’s metabolic rate. Slower
equals cooler and faster means higher normal body temperature. Metabolic rate is determined by factors such
as gene c makeup, lifestyle, age, and environment.
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Revision 1.2.0 EN, 28
th
May, 2020
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