The LDG Z-11Pro
In 1995 LDG pioneered a new type of automatic antenna tuner. The LDG design uses banks of
fixed capacitors and inductors, switched in and out of the circuit by relays under microprocessor
control. A built-in SWR sensor provides feedback while the microprocessor searches the
capacitor and inductor banks, seeking the lowest possible SWR. The tuner is a “Switched L”
network consisting of series inductors and parallel capacitors. LDG chose the L network for it’s
minimum number of parts and its ability to tune unbalanced loads, such as coax-fed dipoles,
verticals, Yagis or virtually any coax-fed antenna. The inductors are switched in and out of the
circuit by relays controlled by the microprocessor. An additional relay switches between high and
low impedance ranges.
The capacitors are connected to ground with the inductor relays. Another relay switches the entire
capacitor bank to the input or output side of the inductor. This switching allows the Z-11Pro to
automatically handle loads that are greater than 50 ohms (high setting) and less than 50 (low
setting).
The SWR sensor is a variation of the Bruene circuit. This SWR measuring technique is used in
most dual-meter and direct-reading SWR meters. Slight modifications were made to the circuit to
provide voltages (instead of currents) for the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that provide
signals proportional to the forward and reverse power levels. The single-lead primary through the
center of the sensor transformer provides RF current sampling. Diodes rectify the sample and
provide a DC voltage proportional to RF power. Variable resistors calibrate the FORWARD and
REVERSE power levels. Once adjusted, the forward and reverse power sensors produce a
calibrated DC voltage proportional to the forward and reverse RF power levels. These two
voltages are read by the ADCs in the microprocessor. Once in a digital format, they are used to
calculate SWR in real time.
The relays operate from DC supplied by the power input jack. The total current drawn by the Z-
11Pro depends primarily on the number of energized relays, with the maximum current drain
being approximately 300 mA, but only during the few seconds a tuning cycle is running. At all
other times, the tuner is in a “deep sleep” mode drawing only a few milliamps. The last tuned
setting is automatically reset on the next power-up.
The microprocessor’s oscillator runs at 20 MHz. The main tuning routine takes about 75 cycles to
make a tuner adjustment and take a new SWR measurement, or 7 milliseconds per tuner
adjustment. If running at maximum speed, the microprocessor can try all inductor-capacitor
combinations in under 3 seconds. Unfortunately, the mechanical relays can’t react as quickly as
the microprocessor, and the tuning speed must be slowed down to compensate for relay settling
time.
The tuning routine includes an algorithm to minimize the number of tuner adjustments. The
routine first de-energizes the high/low impedance relay if necessary, then individually steps
through the inductors to find a coarse match. With the best inductor selected, the tuner then steps
through the individual capacitors to find the best coarse match. If no match is found, the routine
repeats the coarse tuning with the high/low impedance relay energized. The routine then fine
tunes the capacitors and inductors. The program checks LC combination to see if a 1.5 or lower
SWR can be obtained, and stops when it finds a good match.
The microprocessor runs a fine tune routine just after the tuner finds a match at an SWR of 1.5 or
less. This routine tries to get the SWR as low as possible (not just 1.5); it takes about a half
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