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Keysight Technologies N9321C, User Manual

The Keysight Technologies N9321C is a cutting-edge device designed to provide precise and reliable RF spectrum analysis. Explore the full potential of this product by downloading the comprehensive User Manual for free from our website. Unlock the capabilities of N9321C and unleash the power of RF analysis in just a few clicks.

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Menu Maps

 

Limit Menu

194

Limit Menu

Limit Type

Margin

Upper Lower

Limit

Limit Line

Off  On

Off  On

Points

Freq

Amplitude

Add

Edit Limits

Limit 1

Limit 2

Limit

Fixed Rel

X Axis Unit

Freq  Time

Limit

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Delete Point

Delete All

Limit Beep

Off On

Start Threshold

Off  On

Recall Limits

Save Limits

Build From Trace

Summary of Contents for N9321C

Page 1: ...Keysight N9321C 22C 23C 24C Spectrum Analyzer User s Guide Sie haben Fragen oder wünschen eine Beratung Angebotsanfrage unter 07121 51 50 50 oder über info datatec de Distributed by ...

Page 2: ...S government customers under its standard commercial license which is embodied in its End User License Agreement EULA a copy of which can be found at http www keysight com find sweula The license set forth in the EULA represents the exclusive authority by which the U S government may use modify distribute or disclose the Software The EULA and the license set forth therein does not require or permi...

Page 3: ...11 Check the Shipment and Order List 12 Options 12 Safety Notice 13 Power Requirements 14 AC Power Cord 14 Power On and Check 16 Check for Instrument Messages 17 Environmental Requirements 18 Ventilation 18 Cleaning Tips 18 Rack Mount 19 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 21 HSA and BSA PC software 22 Helpful Tips 23 Perform Calibration 23 Using an External Reference 24 Enable an Options 24 ...

Page 4: ...creen Using Marker Delta 34 Comparing Signals not on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta 36 Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude 38 Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals 41 Measuring a Low Level Signal 44 Reducing Input Attenuation 44 Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth 46 Trace Averaging 47 Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy 49 Tracking Drifting Signals 51 Measuring a Source s F...

Page 5: ...n 73 Measuring Distance to Fault 73 Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor 75 Making an Average Power Measurement 76 Making a Peak Power Measurement 79 Power Meter Settings 81 Demodulate the AM FM signal 84 Demodulating an AM Signal 84 Demodulating an FM Signal 85 Analysis the Modulated Signals 87 AM FM Modulation Analysis 87 ASK FSK Modulation Analysis 90 Measuring Channel Power 93 Perf...

Page 6: ...litude 104 BW 108 Display 112 Enter 113 ESC 114 Frequency 115 Marker 118 Meas 123 Channel Power 123 Occupied BW 125 ACPR 127 Spectrum Emission Mask 128 MODE 134 Tracking Generator 134 Power Meter 137 Spectrum Monitor 140 Reflection Measurement 142 AM FM Modulation Analysis 144 ASK FSK Modulation Analysis 148 ...

Page 7: ...74 Command Errors 175 Execution Conflict 177 Device Specific Errors 179 Troubleshooting 183 Check the Basics 184 Warranty and Service Options 185 Contact Keysight Technologies 186 Menu Maps 187 Amplitude Menu 188 BW Menu 189 Sweep Menu 190 Display Menu 191 File Mode Task Planner 192 Frequency Menu 193 Limit Menu 194 ...

Page 8: ...nu 1 of 2 197 Measure Menu 2 of 2 198 Mode Tracking Generator 199 Mode Power Meter 200 Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis 201 Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis 202 Mode Reflection Measurement 203 Name Editor Menu 204 System Menu 205 SPAN Menu 206 Trace Det Menu 207 ...

Page 9: ...r and an introduction to the buttons features and functions of the front and rear instrument panels For the latest product information please refer to the link below http www keysight com find n9321c http www keysight com find n9322c http www keysight com find n9323c http www keysight com find n9324c For the latest option information please refer to the link below http www keysight com find sa_upg...

Page 10: ...requency Reference Option PFR The optional OCXO frequency reference provides the precise frequency measurement capability Spectrum Monitor Option MNT Provides the capability to analyze the stability of a signal over time The analyzer can be used to monitor the signal capturing performance or intermittent event over extended periods of time High Sensitive Measurement Option P04 P07 P13 P20 Includes...

Page 11: ...Option TMG Measures any one of several signals separated in time and exclude interfering signals Channel Scanner Option SCN provide the channel scan function in spectrum monitoring coverage test and band clearance EMI filters and quasi peak detector Option EMC provide the EMI filters function and quasi peak detector to make CISPR compliant EMI measurements Optimized Usability The analyzer provides...

Page 12: ...ut describes the total displayed frequency range 5 Frequency activates the center frequency function and accesses the menu of frequency functions 6 Function Keys relate directly to the following main functions BW activates the resolution bandwidth function and accesses the softkeys that control the bandwidth functions and averaging Trace Det accesses the softkeys that allow you to set up the trace...

Page 13: ...lity Keys relate directly to the following utilities Preset resets the analyzer to a known state System accesses the submenu to configure a series of system settings such as ports option and languages Shift switches alternate upper blue function of the hardkeys Save File accesses the file operation submenu or activate the quick save function after pressing Shift 8 Arrow Keys The up and down arrow ...

Page 14: ... level is average continuous power 30 dBm or DC voltage 50 VDC The impedance is 50 W for Option TG4 TG7 15 Standby Switch switches on all functions of the analyzer To switch the analyzer off press the switch for at least 2 seconds This deactivates all the functions but retains power to internal circuits so long as the analyzer is connected to line power 16 On LED green lights when the analyzer is ...

Page 15: ... 4 Reference level Amplitude Ref Level 5 Display Line Disp Display Line 6 Time and date display System Time Date 7 RF attenuation Amplitude Attenuation 8 Marker frequency Marker 9 Marker amplitude Marker 10 Indicator S Shift R Remote Control 11 USB disk indicator The USB memory device is in use 12 Key menu title Dependent on key selection 12 11 10 6 13 14 15 4 3 2 26 25 24 18 17 21 7 9 19 20 5 1 8...

Page 16: ...er Frequency Frequency Center Freq 21 Active function block The function in use 22 Low frequency channel Frequency LowFrqChannel 23 Sweep time rule Sweep Sweep Setup Swp Time Rule 24 Sweep type Sweep Sweep Setup Sweep Type 25 right Trigger Sweep F free run trigger V video trigger E external trigger C continuous sweep S single sweep Sweep Trigger 25 left Internal preamp Amplitude Int Preamp 26 Trac...

Page 17: ...m BNC female 6 REF OUT connector provides a frequency of 10 MHz amplitude of 10 dBm reference output BNC female 7 REF OUT connector Option PFR is an optional connector for precision 10 MHz reference from OCXO 8 AC Power Receptacle accepts a three pin line power plug 9 Power switch isolates the analyzer from the AC line power After switch on the analyzer enters into standby mode and the orange stan...

Page 18: ...ent offered for sale in Australia and New Zealand by Responsible Suppliers must be marked with the Regulatory Compliance Mark RCM Mark marks the on standby position of the switch indicates that the instrument requires AC power input indicates this product complies with the WEEE Directive 2002 96 EC marking requirements and you must not discard this equipment in domestic household waste Do not disp...

Page 19: ...y Notice 14 Power Requirements 15 Power On and Check 17 Environmental Requirements 19 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 22 Helpful Tips 23 This chapter helps you in preparing the spectrum analyzer for use and provides the information to start using the spectrum analyzer correctly ...

Page 20: ...settlement If you must return an analyzer to Keysight Technologies use the original or comparable shipping materials Options Verify if that the shipment includes your ordered options by checking the option label on the shipping container Unless specified otherwise all options are available when you order a spectrum analyzer some options are also available as kits that you can order and install act...

Page 21: ...if the spectrum analyzer covers are removed There are no operator serviceable parts inside To avoid electrical shock refer servicing to qualified personnel WARNING Electrical shock may result if the spectrum analyzer is connected to the power supply while cleaning Do not attempt to clean internally CAUTION Prevent damage to the instrument and ensure protection of the input mixer by limiting averag...

Page 22: ...ncluded with the analyzer Various AC power cables are available that are unique to specific geographic areas You can order additional AC power cables for use in different areas The table AC Power Cords lists the available AC power cables the plug configurations and identifies the geographic area in which each cable is appropriate The detachable power cord is the product disconnecting device It dis...

Page 23: ...a 8120 0696 AS 3112 2000 Option 901 Australia New Zealand 8120 1692 IEC 83 C4 Option 902 Continental Europe Korea Indonesia Italy Russia 8120 1521 CNS 10917 2 NEMA 5 15P Option 903 United States Canada Taiwan Mexico 8120 2296 SEV 1011 Option 906 Switzerland 8120 4600 SABS 164 1 Option 917 South Africa India 8120 4754 JIS C8303 Option 918 Japan 8120 5181 SI 32 Option 919 Israel 8120 8377 GB 1002 Op...

Page 24: ... light and the spectrum analyzer is in standby mode AC power applied 3 Press the standby switch on the front panel The On LED will light and the spectrum analyzer boots up Self initialization takes about 25 seconds the spectrum analyzer then defaults to the menu mode After power on let the spectrum analyzer warm up for 45 minutes for stabilization NOTE The front panel switch is a standby switch on...

Page 25: ...me tips to check the instrument messages 1 Check the display to see if any messages display in the status bar Press System System Info Error History to review each message Refer to Chapter 5 Instrument Messages for detailed system message descriptions 2 When you have reviewed and resolved all of the error messages press System System Info Error History Clear error queue to delete the messages 3 Cy...

Page 26: ...er Do not allow these holes to be obstructed as they allow air flow through the spectrum analyzer When installing the spectrum analyzer in a cabinet do not restrict the convection of the analyzer The ambient temperature outside the cabinet must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the spectrum analyzer by 4 oC for every 100 watts dissipated within the cabinet Cleaning Tips To prevent ...

Page 27: ...ack Do not attempt to rack mount the spectrum analyzer by the front panel handles only This rack mount kit allows mounting of the spectrum analyzer with or without handles Refer to the following instructions when installing the rack mount kit on the spectrum analyzer 1 Remove feet key locks and tilt stands 2 Remove side trim strips and one middle screw per side ...

Page 28: ...h the spectrum analyzer to the rack using the rackmount flanges with two dress screws per side CAUTION Installing the spectrum analyzers into other racks may promote shock hazards overheating dust contamination and inferior system performance Consult your Keysight customer engineer about installation warranty and support details ...

Page 29: ...pectrum analyzer connector for the first time each day momentarily short the center and outer conductors of the cable together to eliminate any potential electrostatic charges that may exist 2 Personnel should be grounded with an approved type 1 MW resistor isolated ESD wrist strap before touching the center pin of any connector and before removing any assembly from the spectrum analyzer 3 Be sure...

Page 30: ...t files between the analyzer and PC It also provides some data analysis function for your further use You can get this software from the URL below http www keysight com find n9321c For the further description of the Keysight HSA and BSA PC software please refer to the on line help embedded in this software NOTE To connect the analyzer in the PC software via the USB LAN port please configure the an...

Page 31: ... minutes before calibration When the calibration is triggered the current measurement is interrupted and a gauge displays on the LCD The gauge simply indicates calibration is in process When it is finished the interrupted measurement restarts Please refer to the operation procedures as below 1 Input a 10 MHz 0 dBm signal to EXT TRIG IN 2 Press System Service Calibration Time Base by Ext to initiat...

Page 32: ...display in the upper bar of the display The signal level must be in the range of 5 to 10 dBm When the reference signal is ready the instrument switches the reference from time base to the external reference Enable an Options Option license key information is required to enable product options Contact your nearest Keysight office for purchasing a license Refer to the procedures below to activate th...

Page 33: ... the USB stick into the connector Press System Service Upgrade Firmware The analyzer will perform the update process automatically The upgrade procedure will take several minutes Once the upgrade is completed please follow the instruction to reboot CAUTION Any interruption during the update process will result in update failure and system data lost Do not remove the USB storage device until the up...

Page 34: ...d subnet mask with the proper LAN information or just press IP Address DCHP to set the IP address in LAN dynamically according DCHP Press Apply to enable the LAN connection according to the IP configuration you set GPIB Press System More Port Setting GPIB Address to set the GPIB address for the analyzer This softkey is only valid after the option G01 is installed Timed Power On Off Pressing System...

Page 35: ...erase all the user data in internal memory Press Enter as a terminator to start the erase process immediately The memory erase process takes about 15 minutes During the time there must be a constant power supply to ensure the successful erase If the erase process is interrupted please reboot the instrument and erase memory again Probe Power Output The Probe Power provides power for high impedance ...

Page 36: ...Getting Started Helpful Tips 28 ...

Page 37: ...ulus Response Transmission 59 Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter 62 Channel Scanner 65 Spectrum Monitor 70 Reflection Measurement 72 Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor 75 Demodulate the AM FM signal 84 Analysis the Modulated Signals 87 Measuring Channel Power 93 Perform an EMC Measurement 95 Files Operation 97 This chapter provides information on the analyzer functio...

Page 38: ...e several ways to enter or modify the value of the active function Knob Increments or decrements the current value Arrow Keys Increments or decrements the current value by a step unit Numeric Keys Enters a specific value Then press the desired terminator either a unit softkey or Enter hardkey Unit Softkeys Terminate enter a value with a unit softkey from the menu Enter Key Terminates an entry when...

Page 39: ...turn to the user defined instrument parameter setting When Preset Type is set to Last pressing Preset triggers a last power off condition The instrument will immediately return to the parameter setting when it is power off last time Setting up a User Preset To quickly return to instrument settings that are user defined perform the following steps to save the instrument state as the user defined pr...

Page 40: ...and Center Frequency 1 Press Amplitude 10 dBm to set 10 dBm reference level 2 Press Frequency 30 MHz to set 30 MHz to center frequency Setting Frequency Span Press Span 50 MHz to set 50 MHz frequency span Reading Frequency and Amplitude 1 Press Peak Search to place a marker labeled 1 on the 10 MHz peak NOTE Changing the reference level changes the amplitude value of the top graticule line Changing...

Page 41: ...the knob the arrow keys or the softkeys in the Peak Search menu to move the marker The marker information will be displayed in the upper right corner of the screen Changing Reference Level 1 Press Amplitude and note that reference level Ref Level is now the active function 2 Press Marker Marker To Mkr Ref Lvl Marker 10 000000 MHz 0 43 dBm Marker Annotation NOTE Changing the reference level changes...

Page 42: ...d to demonstrate this comparison 1 Preset the analyzer Press Preset With Preset Type of DFT 2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN 3 Set the analyzer center frequency span and reference level to view the 10 MHz signal and its harmonics up to 50 MHz Press Frequency 30 MHz Press Span 50 MHz Press Amplitude 10 dBm 4 Place a marker at the highest peak on the display 10 MHz Press Pea...

Page 43: ...t Pk Continue pressing the Next Pk softkeys until the marker is on the correct signal peak The amplitude and frequency differences between the markers are displayed in the active function block Figure 3 2 Delta pair marker with signals on the same screen NOTE To increase the resolution of the marker readings turn on the frequency count function For more information refer to Improving Frequency Res...

Page 44: ... this comparison 1 Preset the analyzer Press Preset With Preset Type set to DFT 2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN 3 Set the center frequency span and reference level to view only the 50 MHz signal Press Frequency 50 MHz Press Span 25 MHz Press Amplitude 10 dBm 4 Place a marker on the 50 MHz peak and then set the center frequency step size equal to the marker frequency 10 MH...

Page 45: ...et at the 50 MHz reference signal is at a lower frequency than the frequency range currently displayed Figure 3 3 Delta Marker with Reference Signal Off Screen The delta marker appears on the peak of the 100 MHz component The delta marker annotation displays the amplitude and frequency difference between the 50 and 100 MHz signal peaks 7 Press Marker Mode Off to turn the markers off ...

Page 46: ... 300 MHz Press BW 300 kHz Press Span 2 MHz A single signal peak is visible See Figure 3 5 for example Remote Standby On TG SOURCE CAL OUT 50MHz 10dBm 7 4 1 0 2 5 8 9 6 3 Back Enter M arker Peak Search Marker Auto Tune Det Display File Print BW Avg View Trace M eas M ODE Sweep Trig Local Save N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz 3 0 GHz PROBE POWER RF IN 50 50VDC MAX 30dBm 1W MAX CAT Ⅱ Frequency Enter 7 ...

Page 47: ...Signals of Equal Amplitude 4 Change the resolution bandwidth RBW to 100 kHz so that the RBW setting is less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals Press BW 100 kHz Notice that the peak of the signal has become flattened indicating that two signals are present 5 Decrease the video bandwidth to 3 kHz Press BW Video BW 3 kHz Two signals are now visible as shown in Figure 3 6 Use...

Page 48: ...dwidth improves the resolution of the individual signals and increases the sweep time Figure 3 6 Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude For fastest measurement times use the widest possible resolution bandwidth Under factory preset conditions the resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span ...

Page 49: ...et one source to 300 MHz at 10 dBm Set the other source to 300 05 MHz at 70 dBm 3 Set the analyzer as follows Press Preset With Preset Type of DFT Press Frequency 300 MHz Press BW 30 kHz Press Span 500 kHz 4 Set the 300 MHz signal to the reference level Press Peak Search Press Marker Marker To To Reference NOTE The 30 kHz filter shape factor of 15 1 has a bandwidth of 450 kHz at the 60 dB point Th...

Page 50: ...smaller signal The smaller signal will be hidden by the larger signal when the bandwidth settings are wider Reducing the RBW setting will allow less of the larger signal to pass through the analyzer and the smaller signals peak will then rise out of the noise floor Place a delta marker on the smaller signal Press BW 1 kHz Press Peak Search Press Marker Mode Delta ...

Page 51: ...s 50 kHz Figure 3 8 Resolved small signal from large signal NOTE The 1 kHz filter shape factor of 15 1 has a bandwidth of 15 kHz at the 60 dB point The half bandwidth 7 5 kHz is narrower than the frequency separation of 50 kHz so the input signals can be resolved ...

Page 52: ... frequency to 300 MHz amplitude to 70 dBm Connect the source RF OUT to the analyzer RF IN Figure 3 9 Setup for obtaining one signal 3 Set the center frequency span and reference level CAUTION Ensure that the total power of all input signals at the analyzer RF input does not exceed 30 dBm 1 Watt Remote Standby On TG SOURCE CAL OUT 50MHz 10dBm 7 4 1 0 2 5 8 9 6 3 Back Enter M arker Peak Search M ark...

Page 53: ...Marker Marker To To Center 5 Reduce the span to 500 kHz if necessary re center the peak Press Span 500 kHz 6 Set the attenuation to 20 dB Press Amplitude Attenuation 20 dB Figure 3 10A signal closer to the noise level Note that increasing the attenuation moves the noise floor closer to the signal level 7 To allow more of the signal power to pass through the analyzer decrease the attenuation to 0 d...

Page 54: ...width Resolution bandwidth settings affect the level of internal noise but have little affect on the displayed level of continuous wave CW signals Decreasing the RBW by a decade factor of ten reduces the noise floor by 10 dB 1 Refer to the procedure Reducing Input Attenuation on page 44 and follow steps 1 2 and 3 2 Decrease the resolution bandwidth Press BW and The low level signal appears more cl...

Page 55: ...ting any other settings Trace Averaging Averaging is a digital process in which each sweep of the trace returns measurement values for each point in the trace These values are then mathematically averaged with the previous sweep trace data which has been stored in the analyzer The amount of averaging is selected by choosing the number of trace sweeps to NOTE The analyzer allows you to change the R...

Page 56: ... Attenuation on page 44 of this chapter and follow steps 1 2 and 3 2 To turn averaging on toggle the softkey menu labeled Average Press BW Average On 3 Set the number of averages to 20 using the number keypad up and down arrows or the knob Press 20 Enter The averaging process smooths the viewed trace low level signals become more visible see Figure 3 13 Changes to the average number will restart t...

Page 57: ...nable the 50 MHz amplitude reference signal 3 Press Frequency Auto Tune The analyzer will detect the signal peak and locate it to the center of the display Refer to Auto Tune on page 115 4 Turn the frequency counter on Press Marker Function Counter 5 Move the marker with the front panel knob half way down the skirt of the signal response Figure 3 14Using Frequency Counter NOTE The frequency and am...

Page 58: ... marker need not be placed at the exact peak of the signal response 6 To turn off the marker counter Press Marker Function Off NOTE The Frequency counter properly functions only on stable CW signals or discrete spectral components The marker power level must be greater than 40 dB above the displayed noise level NOTE When using the frequency counter function the ratio of the resolution bandwidth to...

Page 59: ...mation refer to Max Hold on page 167 Use signal tracking to return a signal drifting in frequency to the center of the display The drifting is captured by the analyzer using the maximum hold function 1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN 2 Output a signal with the frequency of 300 MHz and amplitude of 20 dBm 3 Set the analyzer center frequency span and reference level Press Preset W...

Page 60: ...race 1 is in maximum hold mode trace 2 trace 3 and trace 4 are in store blank mode 7 Activate trace 2 and change the mode to continuous sweep Press Trace Det Select Trace Trace 2 Press Clear Write Trace 1 remains in maximum hold mode to show any drift in the signal 8 Slowly increase the frequency of the signal generator Your analyzer display should look similar to Figure 3 15 Figure 3 15 Viewing a...

Page 61: ...the input signal Use trace and the RF input attenuator to determine which signals if any are internally generated distortion products In this example we use the RF output of a signal generator to determine whether the harmonic distortion products are internally generated by the analyzer 1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN 2 Set the source frequency to 200 MHz amplitude to 0 dBm 3 ...

Page 62: ...to 0 dB Press Amplitude Attenuation 0 dB 7 To determine whether the analyzer generates harmonic distortion products first display the trace data in trace 2 as follows Press Trace Det Select Trace Trace 2 Press Clear Write 8 Allow trace 2 to update minimum two sweeps then store the data from trace 2 and place a delta marker on the harmonic of trace 2 Press Trace Det View Press Peak Search Press Mar...

Page 63: ... attenuator change the analyzer is generating at least in part the distortion The Marker amplitude readout comes from two sources 1 Increased input attenuation causes poorer signal to noise ratio This causes the Marker to be positive 2 The reduced contribution of the analyzer circuits to the harmonic measurement causes the Marker to be negative Large Marker readout indicates significant measuremen...

Page 64: ...ation After the performance of the source analyzer combination has been verified the device under test DUT for example an amplifier would be inserted between the directional coupler output and the analyzer input Frequency Enter 7 MOD On Off RF 4 1 0 2 9 6 3 On Off Amplitude FM Utility LF Out Preset Local AM I Q File Trigger Pulse M Sweep 8 FUNCTIONS LF OUT RF OUT 50 Remote Standby On N9310A RFSign...

Page 65: ...T Press Frequency 300 5 MHz Press Span 5 MHz 4 Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible Press BW and 5 Move the signal to the reference level Press Peak Search Press Marker Marker To To Reference 6 Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible Press BW and 7 Activate the second marker and place it on the peak of the distortion product beside the test signal using the Nex...

Page 66: ...Making Distortion Measurements 58 9 Measure the difference between this test signal and the second distortion product see Figure 3 17 Press Marker Mode Delta Press Peak Search Next Peak Figure 3 17Measuring the Distortion Product ...

Page 67: ...et the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth Press Frequency Start Freq 100 MHz Press Frequency Stop Freq 1 GHz Press Bw 3 MHz 4 Turn on the tracking generator and if necessary set the output power to 10 dBm Press Mode Tracking Generator Amplitude On 10 dBm Remote Standby On TG SOURCE CAL OUT 50MHz 10dBm 7 4 1 0 2 5 8 9 6 3 Back Enter Marker Peak Search M arker Auto Tune Det Display ...

Page 68: ...ce 3 and normalize Press Meas Normalize Store Ref 1 4 Normalize On 7 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer and change the normalized reference position Press Meas Normalize Norm Ref Posn 8 8 Measure the rejection of the low pass filter Press Marker 370 MHz Press Mode Delta 160 MHz NOTE To reduce ripples caused by source return loss use 6 dB or greater output attenuation Tracking generator output atten...

Page 69: ...surements Stimulus Response Transmission The marker readout displays the rejection of the filter at 160 MHz above the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter See Figure 3 19 as below Figure 3 19Measure the Rejection Range ...

Page 70: ...z low pass filter 1 To measure the response of a low pass filter connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3 20 This example uses a 370 MHz low pass filter Figure 3 20Transmission Measurement Test Setup 2 Press Preset With Preset Type of Factory 3 Set the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth Press Frequency Start Freq 100 MHz Press Frequency Stop Freq 1 GHz Press Amplitude Scale Type...

Page 71: ... 4 Normalize On 7 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer Note that the units of the reference level have changed to dB indicating that this is now a relative measurement 8 To change the normalized reference position Press Meas Normalize Norm Ref Posn 8 9 Place the reference marker at the specified cutoff frequency Press Marker Mode Delta Pair Ref 370 MHz 10 Place the second marker at 37 MHz Press Delta...

Page 72: ...ter 64 12 Use the front panel knob to place the marker at the highest peak in the stop band to determine the minimum stop band attenuation In this example the peak occurs with Delta of 563 MHz The attenuation is 60 93 dB See Figure 3 21 Figure 3 21Minimum Stop Band Attenuation ...

Page 73: ...processing on your PC Top Bottom N Channel Scanner Top Bottom N channel scan is used for searching the top bottom channels from specified channel range according channel power Figure 3 22 Top N Channel Scanner Measurement Please refer to the procedures below to perform a Top N channel scanner measurement 1 Connect the antenna to RF IN connector 2 Turn on the channel scanner function Press Meas Cha...

Page 74: ...t the customer defined scan as your need Press Start Freq to set the scan start frequency Press Freq Step Size to set the frequency interval for adjacent channels Press Bandwidth to set the bandwidth of each frequency channel which is used to calculate the channel power Press Number of Chn to set the number of frequency channels which will be scanned Press Apply as a terminator to apply all the se...

Page 75: ... you to set the range according to the embedded communication standard such as CDMA and GSM which is used specifically in different countries Press Signal Std to load a standard file as your need Please refer to Loading a File on page 100 for details Press Chn ID to select the specific channel according to the sig nal standard Or press Edit Method Custom It allows you to set the cus tomer defined ...

Page 76: ...e customized scan result Press Freeze to pause the display refresh but the scan is still running You can sort the channel by ID or power in ascending or descending order Or you can press Disp Mode to toggle the display mode between bar mode and time mode Figure 3 23 Time display mode in List N channel scanner NOTE Please make sure the file catalog is set to INT or USB unless the logging file can n...

Page 77: ...the specific distance on the road test The minimum interval distance is 1 meter The Measure Rule and Search Rule is toggled between Speed and Accuracy For each scan process the analyzer will first search and find out the available channels according to the selected scan mode Then a precise measurement will perform to get the scan result The accuracy mode in measurement rule is set as default to ge...

Page 78: ... signal and blue for noise floor The Y axis represents time with the trace from the newest sweep displayed at the bottom of the screen Earlier traces move up toward the top with each new sweep Two coupled markers allow the user to place a marker on any trace in the Spectrum Monitor and view the normal spectrum for the time of that sweep The time interval between sweeps can be adjusted and up to 15...

Page 79: ... the spectrogram will be saved into a trace or CSV data file for your future use Please refer to Loading a File on page 100 to load the saved spectrogram trace file Spectrum Monitor Audio Alert The spectrum monitor provides an audio alert with a frequency dependent on the different control parameters This alert needs two markers to specify the measure channel The Band Power of the channel specifie...

Page 80: ...quency range It is best to keep the calibration frequency range as close as possible to the actual sweep frequencies necessary for the measurements Calibrating over a larger frequency range than the actual measurement range will reduce the accuracy of the test results Calibrate with a T combo calibrator T combo calibrator This is a T shaped mechanical calibrator It consists of a calibrated open sh...

Page 81: ...flection Press Mode Reflection Measurement Reflection Measurement to select the Reflection Measurement Mode It allows you to set the Y axis of the graticule as return loss VSWR or reflection coefficient value Measuring Distance to Fault For this measurement an internally generated signal emits from the RF OUT port of the tester and is transmitted to the cable and antenna system DUT The tester rece...

Page 82: ... frequency to 50 MHz 3 Press Stop 400 MHz to set the stop frequency to 400 MHz 4 Press Calibrate to bring up the calibration process guidance Follow the instructions to perform a calibration For more information about calibration refer to Preparation on page 72 5 Remove the calibrator and connect the cable under test DUT to the RF OUT connector on the top panel of the tester The DTF measurement st...

Page 83: ...asurement accuracy For best accuracy users are recommended to perform external zeroing for input signals below 30 dBm for best accuracy CAUTION The maximum power for the RF IN port and the RF OUT port of the analyzer is 30 dBm 1 W The maximum power for the U2000 Series Power Sensor port is 25 dBm 316 mW When directly coupled to a base station the test set can be damaged by excessive power applied ...

Page 84: ...ue for service providers Average power can be measured for the channel of interest while the base station is active All other channels should be inactive Average power is a broadband measurement If other signals are present the analyzer will also measure their power contributions Figure 3 25Connection with base station To make an average power measurement you connect the power sensor and cable zer...

Page 85: ...e power sensor used 6 Connect the analyzer to the base station Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured A typical BTS connection is after the output of the power amplifier and duplexer The connection requires a cable and two Type N barrel connectors in addition to the power sensor and external attenuator 7 Press Meas Setup Disp Range to set the display range of the measurement when it...

Page 86: ...ot sure of the power level you are about to measure When it is set to Off press Range to select the upper range or lower range The lower range uses the more sensitive path and the upper range uses the attenuated path 10 Press Meas Meas Seup Disp Mode to set the display in meter chart or trace display the measurement result will displays on the screen as shown Figure 3 26 Power Measurement Table 1 ...

Page 87: ...ect the power sensor to the USB port of N932xC The sensor will automatically initialize perform zeroing While remaining connect to the device under test and calibrate without connecting to an external source 3 Press General Setup Freq to set the frequency of the signal under test As a wideband device the power sensor has a frequency response The power sensor utilizes a complex correction algorithm...

Page 88: ...et and the predefined protocol list will pop up Select the wanted item and press Preset as a terminator The related settings will be set automatically Figure 3 27 Customized Preset the U2020 Power Sensor 4 Press Meas Disp Disp Mode Trace to find the measurement results as Figure 3 28 below Figure 3 28 Peak Power Measurement Marker Readings Gate Results Pulse Parameter Results ...

Page 89: ...please press Meas Peak Setup Trace Setup to set the X and Y scale 1 Press Meas Meas Disp Dis Range to access the end points menu 2 Press Top and enter the maximum scale value using the numeric keypad Then press dBm to complete the setup 3 Press Bottom and enter the minimum scale value desired using the numeric keypad Then press dBm to complete the setup Setting Power Meter Resolution There are fou...

Page 90: ...stant and a duration Signal samples acquired during the time interval specified by the gate are used for the measurements in that gate A system of up to four independent gates is provided Set the Trigger Press Meas Peak Setup Trig Acq to set the trigger parameters listed below for the measurement gate Acqn Set the single free run or continuous trigger mode Select to enable trace and auto trigger d...

Page 91: ...y Holdoff Set the holdoff time to disable the trigger mechanism after a trigger event occurs Hysteresis Set the hysteresis to help generate a more stable trigger by preventing triggering unless the RF power level achieves the trigger level and the additional hysteresis value It can be applied to both rising and falling edge trigger generation Hysteresis is only available for the internal trigger s...

Page 92: ... DFT 2 Connect an antenna to the RF IN connector 3 Select a frequency range on the analyzer For example the frequency range for AM broadcasts in the United States is 550 to 1650 kHz Press Frequency Start Freq 550 kHz Stop Freq 1650 kHz 4 Place a marker on the signal of interest Press Peak Search Next Right Pk or Next Left Pk 5 Set the frequency of interest to center frequency Press Marker Marker T...

Page 93: ...is modulated at 300 MHz with FM deviation of 10 kHz and FM rate of 1 kHz 3 Set the center frequency to the center of the FM signal in this case 300 MHz Press Frequency 300 MHz 4 Set the analyzer to zero span for time domain analysis Press Span Zero Span Press Sweep Sweep Time 5 s 5 Set the resolution bandwidth to capture the full bandwidth of the FM signal Press BW 100 kHz 6 Turn on the optional p...

Page 94: ...asurements Demodulate the AM FM signal 86 8 Listen to the FM signal Press Demod Setting Speaker Vol rotate the knob to adjust the speaker volume The headphone jack is available for the audio signal output alternatively ...

Page 95: ...lation index or FM deviation and Minimum carrier frequency offset This mode allows you saving the waveforms with metrics for reporting as well as the set up parameters for future measurements or analysis In the following example you can use any source available such as AM FM radio as long as it has AM FM signal generation capability AM Modulation Analysis Please refer to the procedures below for t...

Page 96: ...lysis FM Modulation Analysis Please refer to the procedures below for the FM modulation analysis 1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and turn on the signal generator s FM and RF output 2 Turn on the FM demodulation analysis function Press MODE Modulation Analysis AM 3 Press Frequency Carrier Freq 100 MHz to set the carrier frequency 4 Set the attenuation state to Auto default Press A...

Page 97: ...nals 6 Set the FM deviation limit and turn on the limit function Press Shift Limits FreqDev UP 11 FreqDev Low 9 9 Limits on The red value in the result indicates the demodulated FM devia tion exceeds the limits set as above Figure 3 30 FM modulation analysis ...

Page 98: ...ers can be saved for reports and future Measurements In the following example you can use any source available such as your remote key of the car as long as it has ASK FSK generation capability For ASK FSK signal its Filter is Nyquist and Alpha is 0 35 ASK Modulation Analysis Please refer to the procedures below to analysis the ASK modulation 1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and t...

Page 99: ...s Shift Limits ASK Depth UP 71 ASK Depth Low 70 Limits on 9 Press Shift Disp Display Eye Diagram to view the eye diagram Figure 3 31 ASK Eye Diagram FSK Modulation Analysis Please refer to the procedures below to analysis the FSK modulation 1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and turn on the signal generator s FSK modulation and RF output 2 Turn on the ASK demodulation analysis funct...

Page 100: ... the symbol rate 5 Press Filter Setup Ref Filter Nyquist to set the filter type 6 Set the attenuation state to Auto default Press Amplitude Attenuation Auto 7 Setting the FSK deviation limit and turn on the limit Press Shift Limit FreqDev UP 85 kHz FreqDev Low 80 kHz Limits on The figure below shows the FSK symbol and the measurement result Figure 3 32 FSK Symbol View ...

Page 101: ...ethod known as the integration bandwidth IBW method A swept spectrum is used as the basis for this calculation Therefore it is important to set the resolution bandwidth correctly before making this measurement using the following formula Please refer to the procedures below to set a channel power measurement 1 Press Meas Channel Power to select the channel power measurement mode 2 Press Standard C...

Page 102: ...easure other channel power in the same standard Please follow the similar procedure as above to measure the channel power in the CDMA and LTE standard To measure the channel power in GSM standard the default setting is 10 MHz span 300 kHz RBW and the continuous peak search is enabled The instrument will measure the channel power after the center frequency is changed ...

Page 103: ...eq Start Freq 30 MHz to set the start frequency at 30 MHz 3 Press Freq Stop Freq 1 GHz to set the stop frequency at 1 GHz 4 Press Amplitude Y axis unit dBuV to set the Y axis unit to dBuV 5 Press Attenuation 10 dB to set the attenuation to 10 dB 6 Press BW File type 120 kHz CISPR to set the analyzer with CISPR RBW 7 Press VBW 1 MHz to set the VBW wider than CISPR RBW 8 Press Trace Det Detector Pos...

Page 104: ...e peak detector 11 Press Peak Search to place a marker on the signal which is out of limit 12 Press Marker Marker To To Center 13 Press Span Zero Span 14 Press Trace Det Detector Quasi peak to set the quasi peak detector 15 Press Marker Marker To To Center NOTE You can edit a limit line file by pressing Shift Limit Limit 1 Edit limit or in HSA and BSA PC software by clicking File New Limit ...

Page 105: ...and power saving mode This file type is not used for test parameter setup information file extension SET Screen stores screen captures of the display file extension JPG Limits which stores data sets to determine whether a trace has exceeded preset specifications file extension LIM CSV records the trace data and available for review on PC file extension CSV Task Planner contains the user defined me...

Page 106: ...b to choose the file type you need 5 Press Enter to save the file The file will be saved immediately and File saved will be shown in the status bar Quick Saving a File Press Save to quickly save a trace or a screen to either the local memory or an external USB device depending upon the setup of the save path Refer to the steps for saving a trace screen 1 Press File Setup Qsave Type to set the quic...

Page 107: ...steps below to create the user menu 1 Follow the file saving procedure above to save a state file in internal memory 2 Rotate the knob to highlight the saved file 3 Press Files Operation Copy to 4 Rotate the knob to highlight the folder named USER Press Browse Folder to access into this folder 5 Rotate the knob to highlight the folder named State Press Browse Folder to access into this folder 6 Pr...

Page 108: ...k planner file list 2 Rotate the knob to highlight the task planner file which you need 3 Press Recall to load the task planner file The measurement task will list in sequence 4 Press Run to initiate the measurement in sequence For the automatic task all the measurement tasks are executed automatically without interruption For the manual task the program is paused and releases a result report when...

Page 109: ...ob or arrow keys to highlight the file name you need 5 Press File Operation Copy To to access the copy submenu Chose the location for copy destination then press Copy to copy the file immediately Deleting a File Perform the following process to delete a specific file Note that once a file is deleted from local memory it cannot be recovered 1 Press File Directory Memory Type to select the path 2 Us...

Page 110: ...Functions and Measurements Files Operation 102 ...

Page 111: ...eference This chapter describes each front panel hardkey and their associated softkeys menus The front panel key descriptions are organized alphabetically The lower level softkeys are listed as they appear in the softkey menus ...

Page 112: ...s normally coupled to the reference level control it reduces the power level of the input signal at the input mixer Selecting Auto re couples the attenuator Change the attenuation by using the arrow keys the knob or the numeric keypad Key access Amplitude Attenuation Preamp On Off Option P07 Toggles the internal pre amplifier function between on and off Pressing Preamp On results in a correction b...

Page 113: ...to set 0 dB attenuation 50 dBm reference level and turn the preamplifier on It s very helpful to observe the low level signals with this settings Key access Amplitude More Hi Sensitivity Ref Offset Adds an offset value which ranges from 327 6 dB to 327 6 dB to the displayed reference level Reference level offsets are only entered by using the numeric keypad Entering an offset does not affect the t...

Page 114: ... below to use the amplitude correction function 1 Please refer to the procedures below to create a correction file in BSA PC software a Open the PC software b Press File New Correction to access the correction file editing pop up menu c Refer to the figure below to add the point data with frequency and amplitude offset value Figure 4 Editing correction file in PC software d When the editing is com...

Page 115: ...r field strength measurement Key access Amplitude More Correction Impedance 50ohm 75ohm Toggles the computational input impedance between 50ohm and 75ohm This is only software function in which sets the input impedance for unit conversions This set affects the results when the y axis unit is voltage or current units dBmV dB V dB A V A but does not affect the results when it is power units dBm W Th...

Page 116: ...olution bandwidth changes the video bandwidth changes to maintain the VBW RBW ratio A mark appears next to Res BW on the display when it is not coupled To recouple the resolution bandwidth press Res BW Auto Key access BW RBW Video BW Auto Man changes the analyzer post detection filter from 1 Hz to 3 MHz using the knob or arrow keys If an invalid bandwidth is entered the analyzer chooses the closes...

Page 117: ... video power RMS or voltage averaging When trace average is on the average type is shown on the left side of the display Selecting an average type manually causes the analyzer to use that type without regard to other analyzer settings Key access BW Average Type Is Detector peak or Negative peak Is Trace Average On Is Detector Sample Is Avg Type Power Is Trace Average On Is Avg Type Power Ratio 10 ...

Page 118: ... of the display Log Pwr In this Average type all filtering and averaging processes work on the voltage of the envelope of the signal This scale is good for observing rise and fall behavior of AM or pulse modulated signals such as radar and TDMA transmitters When this type of averaging is selected VAvg appears on the left side of the display There are actually four types of averaging processes with...

Page 119: ...then the sweep time is changed as the RBW changes to maintain amplitude calibration Video bandwidth VBW is normally coupled to RBW If VBW is set to Auto then the VBW is changed as the RBW changes When 200Hz CISPR filter is selected and Quasi Peak detector is set to off the sweep mode is FFT If CISPR RBW is selected the marker counter and gated sweep function are disabled Key access BW Filter Type ...

Page 120: ...ift Disp Display Line Activates an adjustable horizontal line that is used as a visual reference line The display line used for trace arithmetic has amplitude values that correspond to its vertical position when compared to the reference level The value of the display line appears in both the active function block and on the softkey The arrow keys knob or numeric keypad may be used to adjust the d...

Page 121: ...o the analyzer For most applications it is better to use the units softkeys to terminate value entry When in File menu the Enter key is used to terminate filename entries When the analyzer is in the remote mode pressing Enter returns the analyzer to the local control mode and enables front panel inputs ...

Page 122: ...overloads Clears error messages from the status line along the bottom of the display Association with other functions Provides a permitted setting for triggering other functions such as Activates LIMIT function for pass fail judgement Activates SAVE function for current trace saving CAUTION When pressing ESC the current parameter annotation in the lower left corner which is an indicator of availab...

Page 123: ...nal For more information about Peak Search refer to Peak Search on page 152 Key access Frequency Auto Tune Center Freq activates the center frequency function and sets the horizontal center of the display to a specific frequency Key access Frequency Center Freq Start Freq sets the frequency starting at the left side of the graticule The left and right sides of the graticule correspond to the start...

Page 124: ...ost communication protocol standards which is used in several countries Please refer to Loading a file on page 72 for how to recall a file Key access Frequency Channel Std Freq Offset inputs a frequency offset value added to the frequency readout of the marker to account for frequency co versions external to the analyzer Offset entries are added to all frequency readouts including marker start fre...

Page 125: ...e baseband channel on and off When it is set to On the SSB and DANL performance will be better from 3 kHz to 12 MHz This softkey is only visible when the option BB1 has been installed and only available in Spectrum Analysis Spectrum Monitor mode Key access Frequency CF Step ...

Page 126: ...ecting Auto mode moves the marker to the automatically selected trace The trace selection will search for the lowest numbered trace in the following mode order Clear write Max hold Min hold and View If there are no traces in any of these modes it selects trace 1 Key access Marker Marker Trace Mode Normal Activates a single frequency marker at the center of the active trace if not already displayed...

Page 127: ...er and an R reference above the marker for example 1R The delta marker is identified with the marker number only Key access Marker Mode Delta Pair Span Pair Toggles the Span Pair function between the span and center markers The start marker number is indicated with a number and an R above the marker such as 1R and the stop marker is indicated with only the marker number Adjusting the span changes ...

Page 128: ...ilable in zero span To Reference Changes the reference level to the active marker value moving the marked point to the reference level top line of the graticule In Delta mode this softkey sets the reference level to the amplitude difference between the markers Key access Marker Marker To Function Accesses the marker function softkeys listed below Normal Activates the default readout mode This func...

Page 129: ...requency Time Sets the marker readout to Time The default selection in zero span displays the time interval between a normal marker and the start of the sweep or the time of the delta marker relative to the reference marker Key access Marker More Read Out Zoom In Out Activates the marker zoom in out function which triggers a series of operation as below Save current state as a backup state file Se...

Page 130: ...s Marker More All Off Logging Start Stop Press this softkey to start recording the marker value to a CSV file The frequency and amplitude value of the marker will be continuously recorded in the file Press this softkey Logging Stop again to stop logging and save the CSV file immediately Key access Marker More Logging Start Stop ...

Page 131: ...o be used for the measurement Center Freq Sets the center frequency of display Key access Meas Channel Power Integ BW Specifies the range of integration used in calculating the power in a channel For example set the main center channel bandwidth Note that the white frame indicates the integration bandwidth Be sure the span is set between 1 and 10 times the integration bandwidth Change integration ...

Page 132: ...ange is set to off manual press Top and Bottom to set the display range of the channel power meter Key access Meas Channel Power RRC Filter This softkey is a combined key to set the Root Raised Cosine filter state and the filter Alpha value When the filter is set to On there will be an annotation RRC ON on the display Key access Meas Channel Power Filter BW Press this softkey to set the filter ban...

Page 133: ... the main menu of occupied bandwidth measurement including all related parameters and measurement results The occupied bandwidth function also indicates the difference between the center frequency and the center frequency of the channel This Transmit Freq Error is defined as the difference between the f1 f2 2 and the tuned center frequency of the signal Selecting a Method Press MEAS OBW Method to ...

Page 134: ...ent calculation from the OBW calculation The x dB bandwidth result is also called the emissions bandwidth EBW This sets the green frame f1 and f2 are the two cross points of the signal and the pair of vertical lines of the displayed green frame to your specified dB value below the maximum power and compute the total power in the frame The emission bandwidth is then calculated ranging from 0 1 dB t...

Page 135: ... optional 6 adjacent channels Press adjacent Chn State to turn on off each adjacent channel power display Key access Meas ACP Adjacent Channel BW Specifies the range of integration used in calculating the power in the adjacent channel Use the knob the arrow keys or the numeric keypad to set the bandwidth Key access Meas ACP Adj Chn Space Sets the space value between the center frequency of main ch...

Page 136: ...erage will be displayed at the end of each sweep Setting Avg Number to Off disables measurement averaging Key access Meas SEM Meas Type Displays a menu to select a measurement reference type Total Pwr Ref or PSD Ref Key access Meas SEM Ref Channel Accesses the softkeys to change the reference channel settings Key access Meas SEM Total Pwr Ref When Total Pwr Ref is selected the power in the carrier...

Page 137: ...this can be set by the user When Auto is selected this is the measured power in the reference carrier PSD Ref is the mean power spectral density in the carrier that is used as the reference in computing the relative power spectral density values for the offsets When Man is selected this can be set by the user When Auto is selected this is the measured mean power spectral density in the reference c...

Page 138: ... 00 1 C On 7 500 8 500 1000 00 55 84 55 84 Man 39 00 49 00 1 D On 8 500 12 000 1000 00 55 84 55 84 Couple 49 00 49 00 1 E Off 12 500 15 000 1000 00 55 84 55 84 Couple 49 00 49 00 1 Table 4 Offsets Limits Defaulted for 802 11a and HiperLAN 2 Radio Standardsa Offset Start Freq MHz Stop Freq MHz Abs Start dBm Abs Stop dBm Abs Couple Rel Start dBc Rel Stop dBc Rel Couple Meas BW A On 9 00 11 00 16 00 ...

Page 139: ... for Start Freq Stop Freq Sweep Time Res BW Meas BW Abs Start Abs Stop etc Press Offset to select the letter of the desired offset is underlined Only one selection at a time is shown on this key label Key access Meas SEM Offset Limits Start Freq On Off Specifies the inner limit frequency closest to the carrier for both segments of the specified offset pair When Start Freq Off is selected the offse...

Page 140: ...Start Freq ranging from 150 00 to 50 00 dBc with 4 significant digits Key access Meas SEM Offset Limits More Rel Stop Couple Man Enters a relative level limit at Stop Freq ranging from 150 00 to 50 00 dBc with 4 significant digits and to toggle this function between Couple and Man If set to Couple this is coupled to Rel Start to make a flat limit line If set to Man Rel Start and Rel Stop the user ...

Page 141: ... measurement results is larger than the corresponding limit for Abs Start and Abs Stop or the limit for Rel Start and Rel Stop Meas BW Specifies the bandwidth to use when measuring the offset When using the front panel only the currently selected offset is affected All the offsets are affected when remote control This is the multiplier applied to the resolution bandwidth to determine the bandwidth...

Page 142: ...cess Mode Tracking Generator Amptd Step Sets the step size of the power level range of the tracking generator The default setting is one vertical scale division when in a logarithmic amplitude scale Key access Mode Tracking Generator CAUTION Power level sensitive devices connected to the tracking generator output may be accidentally damaged This is because the actual source amplitude will be great...

Page 143: ...zed reference level even if the value of the normalized reference level is changed This function remains in effect on all subsequent sweeps until it is turned off The normalize function is most useful for applying correction data to a trace while making a stimulus response measurement with a tracking generator For example connect the cables and a thru line in place of the device to be measured bet...

Page 144: ...ithout affecting the instrument gain or attenuation settings This allows the displayed trace to be moved without decreasing measurement accuracy The normalized reference position is indicated with a character on the left side of the display and a character on the right side of the display Ref Trace View Blank Allows you to view or blank the reference trace on the display NOTE The minimum resolutio...

Page 145: ... power sensor The U2000 Series USB Power Sensors have their sensor calibration tables stored in non volatile memory which means that the reference calibration factor is automatically loaded upon power up Key access Mode Power Meter Zero Cal Zero Type Toggles the zeroing type of the Power Sensor between internal and external When this type is set to EXT pressing Zero will bring up a message which i...

Page 146: ... s display range will be set automatically according to the measurement data Top Max data 0 5 Bottom Min data 0 5 The default setting is Off Top Sets the top value of the power meter display range Range from Bottom 0 01 to 200 dBm The default value is 20 dBm Bottom Sets the bottom value of the power meter display range Range from 200 to Top 0 01 dBm The default value is 70 dBm Resolutio n 1 2 3 4 ...

Page 147: ...bled when the measurement is in process or if the display mode is set to Meter This submenu is used to view the measurement chart Key access Mode Power Meter Meas Setup Home View the first 21 points of current measurement chart End View the last 21 points of current measurement chart Prev View the previous points of the chart Next View the next points of the chart Pause Continue Continues or pause...

Page 148: ...n the spectrogram Increasing the update time allows data capturing over a longer period of time in the spectrogram Key access MODE Spectrum Monitor Spec View Enables you to view the details in the captured spectrogram when the Spectrogram is running Pressing Spec View pauses the running spectrogram Press Home End to view the first last spectrogram in cache Press Playback to playback the spectrogra...

Page 149: ...trum Monitor Timed Setting This submenu allows you to configure automatic time save function You can set start date time stop date time in this menu Press Timed Save On the analyzer will start the auto saving function from the Start Time File Type Toggles the saved file type between trace and CSV File Path Allocate the path where the file is saved File Size Set the number of frames for the spectro...

Page 150: ...s the calibration type between full span calibration and selected span calibration Full span calibration runs an open short load calibration across the full frequency span A FullSpan calibration ignores the frequency changes during measurements Selected span calibration performs an open short load calibration across a user defined frequency span A SelectedSpan Cal requires a re calibration of the ...

Page 151: ...he trace both activated and in memory is viewable Key access Trace Data Mem Disp Mode This softkey allows you to set the Y axis of the graticule as return loss VSWR or reflection coefficient value Key access Meas Disp Mode IIM On Off This softkey toggles IIM between on and off When there is a need to measure the antenna feed line in field there are probably some interference signals coupled into t...

Page 152: ...dulation Analysis EqLPF This specifies the IF bandwidth for the signal to be analyzed The measurement accuracy will be impacted if this value isn t set precisely Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis Filter Setup Accesses the Filter setup submenu for further configuration Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis Meas Filter Selects the measure filter as Root Nyquist Nyquist and Gaussian Ref F...

Page 153: ...le key is set to on these parameters are adjusted automatically according to the measurement result Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis Y Scale Accesses the submenu to configure the X scale parametes Scale Div sets the number of symbols in one division Ref Value sets the starting value in term of times at the reference position Ref position sets the display reference position to either Top C...

Page 154: ...oltage rises to a level set by the RF trigger level Ext Rise Fall Activates the trigger condition that will start a sweep when the external voltage passes through 2 volts The external trigger signal must be a 0 V to 5 V TTL signal Sets the trigger polarity to positive negative Trig Delay Allows you to set and turn on or off a delay during which the analyzer will wait to begin a sweep after receivi...

Page 155: ...t If average is on pressing this softkey will halt averaging of the current value and then continue averaging from the current count number when a single sweep function triggers Key access Mode AM FM Modulation Analysis More CarrFreq Step Changes the step size for the center frequency function Once a step size has been selected and the center frequency function is activated the arrow keys change t...

Page 156: ...e ASK FSK Modulation Analysis Filter Setup Accesses the Filter setup submenu for further configuration Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis View Accesses the submenu to select four display mode Symbol displays the binary symbol in full screen window Waveform displays the signal waveform ASK Error displays the ASK error Eye Diagram Displays the Eye diagram Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation ...

Page 157: ...n one division Ref Value sets the starting value in term of times at the reference position Ref position sets the display reference position to either Top Ctr center or Bottom The Ext Gain is set to add the external gain to the test result If the Auto scale key is set to on these parameters are adjusted automatically according to the measurement result Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis M...

Page 158: ...rigger polarity to positive negative Trig Delay Allows you to set and turn on or off a delay during which the analyzer will wait to begin a sweep after receiving an external trigger signal Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis More Limits Set a limit value to warn you if the measured value exceeds the value specified here The test result will be in purple if this result exceeds the correspon...

Page 159: ...count number when a single sweep function triggers Key access Mode ASK FSK Modulation Analysis More CarrFreq Step Changes the step size for the center frequency function Once a step size has been selected and the center frequency function is activated the arrow keys change the center frequency by the step size value The step size function is useful for finding harmonics and sidebands beyond the cu...

Page 160: ... Peak Next Right PK Moves the marker to the next peak to the right of the current marker position The signal peak must exceed the peak threshold value by the peak excursion value If there is no peak to the right the marker will not move and the No Peak Found error message will appear on the display Key access Peak Search Next Right Peak Pk Pk Search Finds and displays the frequency or time if in z...

Page 161: ...the same amplitude one of them may be found instead Signals near 0 Hz cannot be maintained effectively This function is intended to maintain the marker on signals with a frequency that is changing and an amplitude that is not changing Key access Peak Search Continuous PK Peak Table Peak Table Displays a list of up to ten signal peaks that is updated at the end of each sweep The peaks can be sorted...

Page 162: ... the noise floor on both sides of the signal the marker peak does not recognize signals less than peak excursion value above the noise floor To correct this when measuring signals near the noise floor reduce the excursion value To prevent the marker from identifying noise as signals reduce the noise floor variance less than the peak excursion value by reducing the video bandwidth or by using video...

Page 163: ...r when the analyzer is turned on Power On set to Preset recalls the analyzer settings previously with the Preset function Power On set to Last recalls the analyzer settings when the analyzer is turned off by the front panel power switch Preset Type Selects User or Factory preset settings User Pressing Preset recalls the analyzer settings defined by Save User Preset DFT Pressing Preset recalls the ...

Page 164: ...t Refer to Instrument Messages on page 173 for details Service Accesses the submenu to set the service settings as below Key access System More Service Calibration Accesses the submenu to calibrate the time base of the analyzer load default values for the alignment system Upgrade Enables the firmware upgrade process once the USB disk with the firmware upgrade package plug connected Prev Page Next ...

Page 165: ...able licensing for individual options A user may not turn off an option using this system Once an option has been licensed for a given analyzer it cannot be transferred to a different analyzer Port Setting Access the submenu to set the ports as below Key access System More Port Setting Ip Config Toggles the IO port between USB LAN and GPIB option for remote control Probe Power Provides power for h...

Page 166: ...al graticule division divide the frequency span by 10 Span Enter the span frequency range value Key access Span Full Span Changes the span to full span showing the full frequency range of the analyzer Key access Span Zero Span Changes the frequency span to zero In this mode the current center frequency is displayed in the time domain the x axis is displayed in units of time like a conventional osc...

Page 167: ...nalyzer selects the optimum shortest sweep time ranging from 10 ms to 1000 s The auto selection is determined by three measurement settings Frequency Span The selected Resolution Bandwidth The selected Video Bandwidth Note that changing one of the three factors above will change the sweep time The sweep time is in direct ratio to frequency span and is in reverse ratio to the selected resolution ba...

Page 168: ... triggered Pressing Preset When Preset Type is set to Factory sets the sweep mode to continuous sweep Key access Sweep Single Sweep When the analyzer is in continuous sweep mode and not in a measurement mode MEAS Measure Off pressing Sweep Single Sweep will change the sweep setting to single sweep It will then begin a sweep after the trigger conditions are met If the analyzer is already in single ...

Page 169: ...ger level by using the arrow keys the knob or the numeric keypad External Activates the trigger condition that will start a sweep when the external voltage connected to EXT TRG IN on the rear panel passes through approximately 2 volts The external trigger signal must be a 0 V to 5 V TTL signal Key access Trace More Gated Sweep Accesses the menu of keys to select the gated sweep parameters This fun...

Page 170: ...fter the gate signal is received before the gate sweep is implemented The gate delay is auto coupled to a minimum value with different RBW values Gate Length Set the gate length for gated sweep The gate length is auto coupled to a minimum value with different RBW values Gate Source There are three sources for gated sweep When External is selected a TTL signal is required For External and Periodic ...

Page 171: ... fast measurement function to decrease the sweep time Fast sweep will decrease the measurement accuracy Sweep Type This softkey toggles the sweep type between swept mode and FFT mode This FFT mode is only available when RBW is set to 1 kHz 3 kHz or 10 kHz Key access Sweep Sweep Setup Dwell Time Sets the dwell time for Quasi Peak detector When the dwell time is set to AUTO the time couples with EMC...

Page 172: ...s the limit line function to on or off The limit points must exist before the limit function can be turned on Either Limit or Margin as well as Test must be turned on for a limit test Limit points must be defined before the Limit function can be turned on Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Test On Off Toggles the testing of the limit lines between on and off If trace 1 is at or within the bounds of ...

Page 173: ...r any key not associated with the editor will close the editor Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Point Creates or edit a limit point Up to 20 points can be defined for each limit line Enter the point number using the numeric keypad then Press Enter or use the knob or arrow keys to move to an existing point Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Edit Frequency Edits the frequency value for a limit point A...

Page 174: ... Y point is made from each measured data point Once the limit have been built from the trace changes that you make to the trace such as frequency range do NOT change the limits Build From Trace action doesn t change any limit state if limit is on the display will be updated However limits properties will be edited just like standard limits Key access Shift Limit Limit 1 2 Delete Limit Deletes the ...

Page 175: ...ace Updates the trace point value if a new maximum level is detected in successive sweeps Key access Trace Det Max Hold Min Hold Retains the minimum level for each trace point of the selected trace Updates each minimum trace point if a new minimum level is detected in following sweeps Key access Trace Det Min Hold View Holds and displays the amplitude data of the selected trace The trace register ...

Page 176: ...ntaneous level of the signal at the center of the bucket represented by each display point QuasiPeak displays a weighted sample detected amplitude using specific charge discharge and meter time constants derived from the legacy behaviors of analog detectors and meters Positive Peak displays the max of the signal in the bucket Negative Peak displays the min of the signal in the bucket The detector ...

Page 177: ...hen Sample detection is selected Samp appears in the upper left corner of the display Normal Selects the maximum and minimum video signal values alternately When selecting Normal detection Norm appears in the upper left corner QuasiPeak Quasi peak detection displays a weighted sample detected amplitude using specific charge discharge and meter time constants derived from the legacy behaviors of an...

Page 178: ...sulting in trace smoothing Increasing the average duration will further smooth the trace The average is restarted when any of the following occurs A new average duration is entered Any related parameter e g center frequency is changed Avg Restart is pressed Press Average Dura Off to turn off averaging Key access Trace Det More Average Number On Off Trace Math This softkey provides a submenu for th...

Page 179: ...e set to on simultaneously Math By This softkey toggles the caculation type between power and logarithmic power When it is set to power the variable A and B will be calculated in power and the result variable C will display in converted logarithmic power When it is set to log power the variable A and B will be calculated in lograithmic power and the result variable C will display in logarithmic po...

Page 180: ...Key Reference Trace Det 172 ...

Page 181: ...Instrument Messages 173 5 Instrument Messages Overview 174 Command Errors 175 Execution Conflict 177 Device Specific Errors 179 ...

Page 182: ...alyzer corrected the setting automatically press System System Info Errors History to read the specific descriptions of those messages Example In this example a failure explanation is generally included with each error to further define its meaning The instrument messages in this guide are listed numerically 1 330 Self test failed Code A self test failure occurred Explanation in manual Message Num...

Page 183: ...or The parser was expecting a separator and encountered an illegal character 104 Data type error The parser recognized a data element that is not allowed 108 Parameter not allowed More parameters were received than expected for the header For example the ESE common command only accepts one parameter so receiving ESE 0 1 is not allowed 109 Missing parameter Fewer parameters were received than requi...

Page 184: ... suffix This message is used when the device cannot detect more specifics described for errors 131 to 139 131 Invalid suffix The suffix does not follow the syntax described in IEEE 488 2 or the suffix is inappropriate for the device 134 Suffix too long The suffix contained more than 12 characters 138 Suffix not allowed A suffix was encountered after a numeric element which does not allow suffixes ...

Page 185: ...nts entered Indicates that a legal program data element of block expression or string type was received that contained more data than the device could handle due to memory or related device specific requirements 224 Illegal parameter value An attempt was made to select a user file that contains 0 bits Select another user file that contains at least 1 bit 241 Hardware missing Missing device hardwar...

Page 186: ...ages Execution Conflict 178 330 Self test failed A self test failure occurred Report this error to Keysight Technologies 340 calibration failed An expected file was not found while trying to load internal calibration ...

Page 187: ...ffice 201 Option not installed The desired operation cannot be performed because a required option is not installed 204 TG Frequency Limit The tracking generator has reached the limit of its allowable frequency range 211 RBW limited to 1 kHz when Span 1 MHz In spans greater than 1 MHz narrow digital resolution bandwidths below 1 kHz are not available 213 Span limited to 1 MHz when RBW 1 kHz In nar...

Page 188: ... then try again 605 Media is protected A save was attempted to a write protected device 610 File access is denied The file is protected or hidden and cannot be accessed 612 File not found The analyzer could not find the specified file 651 Connect TG OUT to RF IN Attempt to align the tracking generator without its output connected Connect the TG SOURCE to RF IN 652 Connect CAL OUT to RF IN you must...

Page 189: ...y of state over the remote interface was unsuccessful 762 Unable to load file A failure occurred while loading a file 764 Unable to save file Attempt to save a file failed the file was not saved 767 Fatal LDS error Attempt to initialize the instrument state has failed Cycle instrument power If this fails to correct the problem contact your nearest Keysight Technologies service center 768 Unable to...

Page 190: ...one of the following Turn on video trigger while the Average Detector or a Marker Function is active Turn on the Average Detector or a Marker Function while Video Trigger is active 782 Video Trigger cannot be used with Mkr Func Due to the Average Detector the video Trigger cannot be used with Maker function 783 Allowable span for current CF exceeded 784 Allowable CF for current span exceeded 805 D...

Page 191: ...w to check for a problem with your Keysight Technologies spectrum analyzer and how to return it for service If you experience a problem or would like additional information about your analyzer Keysight Technologies worldwide organization is ready to provide the support you need ...

Page 192: ...as expected return the analyzer to a known state by pressing Preset Is the measurement being performed and the results that are expected within the specifications and capabilities of the analyzer Refer to the Technical Overview for your analyzer Is the analyzer displaying an error message If so refer to Instrument Messages on page 173 for details To meet specifications the analyzer must be aligned...

Page 193: ...l details The calibration cycle of N932xC spectrum analyzer is one year NOTE If the analyzer is still under warranty or is covered by a maintenance contract it will be repaired under the terms of the warranty or plan the warranty is located at the front of this manual If the analyzer is no longer under warranty or is not covered by an Keysight Technologies maintenance plan Keysight Technologies wi...

Page 194: ... spectrum analyzer by its product number and full serial number Online assistance http www keysight com find assist United States tel 800 829 4444 fax 800 829 4433 Canada tel 877 894 4414 fax 800 746 4866 China tel 800 810 0189 fax 800 820 2816 Europe tel 31 20 547 2323 fax 31 20 547 2390 Japan tel 81 426 56 7832 fax 81 426 56 7840 Korea tel 080 769 0800 fax 080 769 0900 Latin America tel 1 305 26...

Page 195: ...s and their associated menu keys in Spectrum Analyzer mode Refer to Chapter 4 Key Reference on page 103 for key function descriptions The name editor menu is shown separately though it is accessed when entering data for many keys The front panel key menus appear in alphabetical order as follows ...

Page 196: ...IV Scale Type Log Lin HiSensitivity More dBm 1 dB DIV 2 dB DIV 5 dB DIV 10 dB DIV dBmV dBuV W V Off On Y Axis Unit Ref Offset Correction Impedance 50 ohm 75 ohm dBmV EMF dBuV EMF V EMF Apply Corrections Off On Correction2 Impedance Off On Correction1 Correction3 Correction4 Off Load User PSD Function Off On ...

Page 197: ...189 Menu Maps BW Menu BW Menu BW RBW VBW VBW RBW Avg Type Log Pwr Power Voltage Auto Man Auto Man Auto Man Filter Type Normal RBW 1MHz CISPR 120kHz CISPR 9kHz CISPR 200Hz CISPR ...

Page 198: ...weep Sweep Setup Swp Time Rule Sweep Type Speed Accuracy Auto Sweep FFT Free Run RF Burst Video External Gated Sweep Gated View On Off View Video Level Trigger Slope Rise Fall On Off Gated Delay SweepTime Gated Length Gated Source External Periodic Timer RF Burst Burst Level Trigger Slope Rise Fall Dwell Time ...

Page 199: ...enumap is for Spectrum Analyzer mode Disp Disp Mode Sort By Down Up View Back Threshold Bar Time On Off Freeze This menumap is for Channel Scanner measurement Disp X scale Y Scale Display waveform Scale Coupling Ref Value Ref Position Left On Off Scale DIV This menumap is for ASK FSK modulation analysis ...

Page 200: ...r Task Planner Save As Recall Rename Files Operation File Directory View FileType Setup Move To Delete Copy Move 1 ALL STA TRC SET JPG more BMP CSV ANT LIM STD more COR TPF more 2 QSave Type QSave Naming On Off Sort By Prefix Edit The softkey Copy Move only exists in the submenu of Copy To Move To 1 2 The softkey View FileType is fixed as TPF in Task Planner Mode ...

Page 201: ...Frequency Menu Frequency Menu Frequency Center Freq CF Step Auto Man Start Freq Stop Freq Chan Standard Unit Freq Offset Freq Channel Auto Tune LowFreqChannel This softkey is only visible when option BB1 is installed ...

Page 202: ...Upper Lower Limit Limit Line Off On Off On Points Freq Amplitude Add Edit Limits Limit 1 Limit 2 Limit Fixed Rel X Axis Unit Freq Time Limit Off On Delete Point Delete All Limit Beep Off On Start Threshold Off On Recall Limits Save Limits Build From Trace ...

Page 203: ...ter To Start All Off Zoom In Off Normal Read Out Frequency Delta Ref Marker To Counter To Stop Delta to Span Frequency Period Time More Demod Setting AM Demod Type AM FM Speaker Vol Delay Time Normal Delta Delta Pair Ref Delta Span Pair Span Center Relative to Noise Band Power Demod To Reference On Off Logging Start ...

Page 204: ...6 Peak Search Menu Peak Peak Search Next Left PK Next Right PK Next Peak Pk Pk Search Continous Pk More Peak Table Peak Criteria On Off Export Table On Off Peak Table to CSV Peak Excursion Peak Threshold Peak Type Max Min To Center ...

Page 205: ... Auto Man Spectrum SEM Monitor Channel Scanner Avg Number Meas Type Ref Channel On Off Offset Limit Fail Setting Total Pwr Ref PSD Ref Chan Integ BW Chan Span Sweep Time Res Bw Auto Man Total Pwr Ref PSD Ref Offset Chan Span Stop Freq Sweep Time Auto Man Res BW Auto Man On Off More Abs StartAmpt Abs Stop Ampt Couple Man Rel StartAmpt Rel StopAmpt Meas BW Fail Mask Log On Off Hold On Off Beep On Of...

Page 206: ...ave Time Setting File Type TRC CSV File Path File Size Home Page Up Page Down End Playback Play Stop Update Int On Off Spectrum SEM Monitor Channel Scanner Scan Start Scan Mode Recall Range Edit Logging Start Edit Method Start Freq Freq Step Size Bandwidth Number of Chn Custom Std Apply List Top N Bottom N Setup Meas Interval Interval Type Measure Rule Speed Accuracy Top bottom Cycle On Off Time D...

Page 207: ...tor Mode Spectrum Analyzer Tracking Generaotr Amplitude Off On Amptd Step Amptd Offset Normalize Store Ref 1 4 Normalize Norm Ref Lvl Norm Ref Posn Off On Ref Trace Blank View Power Meter Spectrum Monitor Task Planner Modulation Analysis Reflection Measurement ...

Page 208: ...ro Zero Type INT EXT Auto Range On Off Limit Beep Range Lower Upper Limits On Off Upper Limit Lower Limit Offset On Off Rel On Off Dis Range Resolution Disp Mode Meter Char Chart View Pause Freq Power Range Return Limits Rel Offset Average Meas Interval Average On Off Avg count Auto Man Step Detect On Off ...

Page 209: ...IFBW EqLPF Detector MODE Peak Peak Hold On Off Peak Peak 2 RMS Preamp On Off Attenuation Ref Value Ref Position Scale Div Ext Gain Limit On Off CarrPow Upr AMDepth Up FreqDev Up AMDepth Low FreqDev Low CarrFreq Off Up X Scale Y Scale More CarrFreq Step Average On Off More Limits Auto CarrFreq On Off Sweep Single Cont Single Auto Scale On Off Return Return More ...

Page 210: ...ree Run Ref Value Ref Position Scale Div Ext Gain Limit On Off CarrPow Upr ASK Depth Up FreqDev Up ASK Depth Low CarrFreqOff Up EXT Rise Ext Fall Trig Delay On Off X Scale Y Scale More Meas Length Average On Off More Trigger Limits Sweep Single Cont Single Auto Scale On Off Return Return Auto CarrFreq On Off CarrFreq Step Attenuation Auto Man Preamp On Off More Meas Filter Ref Filter Alpha BbT Fil...

Page 211: ...Type Window Limit Line Limits Limit On Off Edit Limits Limit Type Limit Beep On Off On Off Upper Lower b Cable Type Select Cable RG BTS Cust Cable Atten Vel Factor c None Rectangular Hamming 3 Sample Blackman 4 Sample Blackman Data Mem Data Trace Memory Data Memory Trace Math Average On Off a Disp Mode IIM On Off On Off More Single Sweep Single Cont Meas a Press Meas twice to toggle the submenu be...

Page 212: ...Menu Maps Name Editor Menu 204 Name Editor Menu ABCDEFG HIJKLMN Return OPQRSTU VWXYZ Name ...

Page 213: ... System Info Pwr On Setting Save User IP Address Static DCHP Sys Name Gateway Subnet Mask Time Pwr On Time Pwr Off Repeat Mode Once Everyday Power On Time Date Apply Ext Input Trig Ref DFT User Last Off On Beeper Key Lock On Off On Off Time Date Preset DC Pwr In Standby Pwron Show System Installed Options IP Admin Upgrade Firmware Calibration Diagnostics Add Option Probe Power Off On Time Base By ...

Page 214: ...Menu Maps SPAN Menu 206 SPAN Menu Span Span Full Span Zero Span Last Span ...

Page 215: ... Write Max Hold Min Hold View Blank More 1 2 3 4 1 of 2 Detector Average Number Normal Average Pos Peak Auto Man Off On Trace Math Sample Neg Peak Avg Restart Average Dura Off On Variable A Math Type Math By Variable B Variable C Log Pwr Pwr Off A B C A B C B A C ...

Page 216: ...Menu Maps Trace Det Menu 208 ...

Page 217: ...monic distortion measuring 53 I improving frequency resolution and ac curacy 49 instruction manual 10 instrument messages 169 Int Preamp 102 ISM1 A 10 L Limits 162 M Marker key 116 Marker Table 119 Meas key 121 measuring ACP 125 channel power 121 distortion 53 low level signal 44 multiple signals 34 occupied BW 123 SEM 126 source frequency drift 51 TOI 56 menu maps 183 messages 17 MODE key 132 N N...

Page 218: ...U Uncoupled definition 47 using frequency counter 49 V VBW RBW 106 ventilation 18 Video BW 106 View Trace key 165 viewing signal 32 W WEEE 10 ...

Page 219: ......

Page 220: ...nge without notice Keysight Technologies 2012 2021 Edition 4 August 2021 N9322 90002 N9322 90002 www keysight com Sie haben Fragen oder wünschen eine Beratung Angebotsanfrage unter 07121 51 50 50 oder über info datatec de Distributed by ...

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