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G) Locating Transformers, Splices, and Faults

1) Underground Transformers

To locate an underground transformer, the operator first 
locates an energized cable connected to the trans-
former. He then traces the cable toward the trans-
former by the maximizing technique described previ-
ously. (Note -- the nulling technique cannot be used for 
locating a transformer). Since the electromagnetic field 
propagated from a transformer is many times greater 
than that propagated from the cable, the signal 
response will rise greatly as the operator walks into the 
vicinity of the transformer and will continue to rise until 
the detection rod is directly over the transformer. Each 
time that the increased signal-response “pegs” the 

Model 600 Power Cable Locator

17

Summary of Contents for 600

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Page 2: ...erating Principals 4 C Preliminary Procedures 7 D Maximizing or Peaking Technique 8 E Minimizing or Nulling Technique 11 F Depth Measurement 14 G Locating Transformers Splices Faults 17 1 Underground Transformers 17 2 T Splices and Y Splices 18 3 Grounded Faults 18 H Operating Suggestions Cautions 19 III Maintenance 22 IV Servicing 22 ...

Page 3: ... swivel mounted detection rod Fig 1 By turning the swivel the detection rod can be set into detented positions either parallel to the extension arm perpendicular to it or inclined at 45 degrees to it Fig 3 6 and 9 The controlbox contains and shields the electronic circuitry on its face are mounted a gain control a selector switch a phone jack and a meter Fig 2 The pistol grip handle not only serve...

Page 4: ...y the detection rod is amplified by the circuitry in the control box With the gain control and the selector switch the operator can vary the amount of amplification over a wide range can adjust the degree of meter sensitivity and can also test the state of the battery at any time The amplified signal is heard through the headphones and is indicated visually by the meter 2 ...

Page 5: ...er needle will indicate the condition of the battery if the meter needle deflects into the green area at the right of the scale the battery is good if the meter needle falls to the left of the green area the battery should be replaced c The second third fourth and fifth positions of the selector switch adjust the sensitivity of the meter response to signal reception The second position provides th...

Page 6: ...rol the operator can regulate the amount of amplifi cation that is imparted to the signal He should always adjust the gain to produce a response level at the meter and headphones that is strong enough to be observed but not so strong as to saturate the circuit and thereby to render imperceptible the variations that may occur in the sensed signal 3 What the detection rod senses is the electromagnet...

Page 7: ...he sensed signal In walking toward the cable in cross ing it and in walking away from it the operator is vary ing the distance between the detection rod and the cable as well as the orientation of the detection rod with respect to the cable see below and the sensed signal will vary in accordance with this c Varying the orientation of the detection rod with respect to the cable at any given distanc...

Page 8: ...ave maximum sensitivity when directly over the energized cable The minimizing technique requires that the detection rod be so oriented as to have minimum sensitivity when directly over the energized cable In both techniques an initial reference level of signal response is set by adjustment of the gain control and then variations are observed as the operator carries the instrument into positions th...

Page 9: ...er needle will come to rest c If desired the battery may be checked at this point To do this turn the selector switch to battery test and observe the indication of the meter see explanation above Part II Section A When the battery test is completed return the selector switch either to one of its peak or to one of its null positions d Place the detection rod at the desired angle of orienta tion per...

Page 10: ...arth The selector switch is set to one of its peak positions To locate the cable the operator holds the Kab L Tec vertically and aligns the pistol grip handle parallel to the expected direction of the cable Fig 4 He then adjusts the gain control for a signal level that will make the 60Hz hum audible on the headphones and will deflect the meter needle to approximately half scale a meter reading of ...

Page 11: ...Model 600 Power Cable Locator 9 ...

Page 12: ...ized cable on either side of the cable the response will fall to lesser levels Fig 4 and 5 Consequently by finding the point of maximum response the energized cable is located The located cable may now be traced along its entire run by the nonmaximizing technique The operator maintains the Kab L Tec in the same orientation that is with the pistol grip handle parallel to the run of the cable He set...

Page 13: ...ently as the Kab L Tec is held in its normal vertical position the detection rod likewise is vertical that is its length is pointing straight up and down The selec tor switch is set to one of its null positions To locate an energized cable the operator holds the instrument vertically and adjusts the gain control for a response level that will make the 60 Hz hum audible on the headphones and will a...

Page 14: ... cable lies Conversely if the null area is so sharp that it is difficult to detect it at all The gain of the amplifier must be reduced Finding a sharp null point thus locates where the cable lies The located cable may now be traced along its entire run by the same minimizing technique By finding two null points the operator can determine the direction in which the cable runs He then walks with the...

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Page 16: ...allel to the run of the cable and adjust if necessary the gain control for a full scale reference level reading 100 on the meter normally it will not be necessary to readjust the gain control from the setting used previously for nulling directly over the cable The operator then walks laterally to the side on which the high end of the detection rod is situated Thus in fig 10 p 16 the operator is wa...

Page 17: ...rea Conversely if the null area is so sharp that it is difficult to detect it at all the gain of the amplifier must be reduced Thirdly the operator measures the surface distance between the two marks which he has made on the surface of the earth The distance between these two marks will be equal to the distance from the surface of the earth down to the cable fig 12 p 19 Model 600 Power Cable Locat...

Page 18: ...to compare the two Normally provided these measurements are taken carefully and accu rately they will be equal When they are not equal this will be due to distortion of the electromagnetic field caused either by a splice by a change in the cable s direction or by an adjacent utility line in such cases the cable will lie at a depth which corresponds to the longer of the two surface measurements 16 ...

Page 19: ...d previ ously Note the nulling technique cannot be used for locating a transformer Since the electromagnetic field propagated from a transformer is many times greater than that propagated from the cable the signal response will rise greatly as the operator walks into the vicinity of the transformer and will continue to rise until the detection rod is directly over the transformer Each time that th...

Page 20: ...e of the complex patterns of the electro magnetic field near a splice the nulling technique cannot be used reliably near a splice In tracing each of the lines toward the point of convergence adjust ments may have to be made on the gain control in order to compensate for different levels of current in the different lines connected to the splice 3 Grounded Faults To locate a fault in which there is ...

Page 21: ...ion that is the extension arm must be straight up and down or perpendicular to the surface of the earth 2 For extreme accuracy in depth measurements not only must the instrument be held in a perfectly vertical position but also the detection rod must be held as close as possible to the earth s surface Otherwise the triangular relationship illustrated in Fig 12 will not be maintained Model 600 Powe...

Page 22: ...eld no longer exerts much influence upon it 5 The maximizing and minimizing techniques can conveniently serve as checks on each other Locating a cable for example by a null response minimizing will verify its location by a peak response maximizing 6 Because a null response is generally sharper and more defined than a peak response it is usually easier and faster to pinpoint the location of a cable...

Page 23: ...al sources of electromagnetic radiation are present in the same vicinity the maximizing technique is generally more reliable than the minimizing 9 Whenever possible current should be raised to a high level in the line which one seeks to locate or trace for example by increasing the load on the line This will strengthen the electromagnetic radiation from the line and will make it easier to locate a...

Page 24: ...roximately 150 hours the battery should be replaced whenever the battery test procedure see Part II Section A p 3 indicates that its voltage is low To replace the battery the knurled nut at the end of the pistol grip handle must be loosened and the battery clip must be removed from the handle Fig 13 The battery connector is then unplugged from the battery and the battery is removed from the batter...

Page 25: ...3 7694 We will inform you of any local repair stations in your area or advise you to ship the instrument directly to the factory If you ship the product we suggest you a Pack the instrument carefully and secure b Include any accessory items normally used with the instrument c Include a note with the instrument stating the nature of the problem s you have encountered in using the instrument d Inclu...

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