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FLIR EX Series, User Manual

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Thermographic measurement techniques

15

15.2.1.1.1

Method 1: Direct method

Follow this procedure:

1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection

angle (a = b).

Figure 15.1

1 = Reflection source

2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a

piece if cardboard.

Figure 15.2

1 = Reflection source

#T559828; r.18043/22369; en-US

51

Summary of Contents for EX Series

Page 1: ...User s manual FLIR Ex series ...

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Page 3: ...User s manual FLIR Ex series T559828 r 18043 22369 en US iii ...

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Page 5: ... 5 1 Procedure 8 6 Description 9 6 1 Camera parts 9 6 1 1 Figure 9 6 1 2 Explanation 9 6 2 Keypad 9 6 2 1 Figure 9 6 2 2 Explanation 9 6 3 Connectors 10 6 3 1 Figure 10 6 3 2 Explanation 10 6 4 Screen elements 11 6 4 1 Figure 11 6 4 2 Explanation 11 7 Operation 12 7 1 Charging the battery 12 7 1 1 Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply 12 7 1 2 Charging the battery using the FLIR stand a...

Page 6: ...ature scale mode 17 7 14 1 General 17 7 14 2 When to use Lock mode 18 7 14 3 When to use Manual mode 18 7 14 4 Procedure 19 7 15 Setting the emissivity as a surface property 19 7 15 1 General 19 7 15 2 Procedure 19 7 16 Setting the emissivity as a custom material 19 7 16 1 General 19 7 16 2 Procedure 19 7 17 Changing the emissivity as a custom value 20 7 17 1 General 20 7 17 2 Procedure 20 7 18 Ch...

Page 7: ...2 2 1 General 40 12 2 2 Figure 40 12 3 Oxidized socket 41 12 3 1 General 41 12 3 2 Figure 41 12 4 Insulation deficiencies 42 12 4 1 General 42 12 4 2 Figure 42 12 5 Draft 43 12 5 1 General 43 12 5 2 Figure 43 13 About FLIR Systems 44 13 1 More than just an infrared camera 45 13 2 Sharing our knowledge 45 13 3 Supporting our customers 45 13 4 A few images from our facilities 46 14 Glossary 47 15 Th...

Page 8: ...59 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law 60 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law 61 17 3 4 Non blackbody emitters 62 17 4 Infrared semi transparent materials 64 18 The measurement formula 65 19 Emissivity tables 69 19 1 References 69 19 2 Tables 69 T559828 r 18043 22369 en US viii ...

Page 9: ...the products and or features Additional pending patents and or pending de sign patents may also apply 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 001106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 001954074 002021543 002058180 002249953 002531178 0600574 8 1144833 1182246 1182620 1285345 1299699 1325808 1336775 1391114 1402918 1404291 1411581 1415075 1421497 1458284 1...

Page 10: ...hot or cause an explosion Injury to persons can occur WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid The liquids can be dangerous Injury to persons can occur CAUTION Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at strong energy sources for example devices that cause laser radiation or the ...

Page 11: ...es Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not solder directly onto the battery Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not use the battery if when you use charge or put the battery in stora...

Page 12: ... not do this CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this CAUTION Do not apply solvents or equivalent liquids to the camera the cables or other items Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens ha...

Page 13: ...ctronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details 3 5 Training To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com http www irtraining com http www irtraining eu 3 6 Documentation updates Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifi cations of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notific...

Page 14: ...omer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following information to hand T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 6 ...

Page 15: ...cation number and revision number of the manual 4 3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC Mac software Freeware and evaluation versions of PC Mac software User documentation for current obsolete and historical products Mechanical drawings in dxf and pdf format Cad data models in stp format Appli...

Page 16: ...nnected to a computer takes considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand alone battery charger 2 Push the On off button to turn on the camera 3 Open the lens cap by pushing the lens cap lever 4 Aim the camera toward your target of interest 5 Pull the trigger to save an image Optional steps 6 Install FLIR Tools on your computer 7 Start FLIR Tools 8 Connect the camera to yo...

Page 17: ... 6 1 1 Figure 6 1 2 Explanation 1 Digital camera lens 2 Infrared lens 3 Lever to open and close the lens cap 4 Trigger to save images 5 Battery 6 2 Keypad 6 2 1 Figure 6 2 2 Explanation 1 Camera screen T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 9 ...

Page 18: ...y turns off after 48 hours Push and hold the button for more than 10 seconds to turn off the camera 6 3 Connectors 6 3 1 Figure 6 3 2 Explanation The purpose of this USB mini B connector is the following Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply Charging the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer NOTE Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerabl...

Page 19: ...Description 6 6 4 Screen elements 6 4 1 Figure 6 4 2 Explanation 1 Main menu toolbar 2 Submenu toolbar 3 Spotmeter 4 Result table 5 Status icons 6 Temperature scale T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 11 ...

Page 20: ... 2 hours The battery is being charged when the blue LED is flashing The battery is fully charged when the blue LED is continuous 7 1 3 Charging the battery using a USB cable Follow this procedure 1 Connect the camera to a computer using a USB cable NOTE To charge the camera the computer must be turned on Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerably longer than u...

Page 21: ...camera memory 7 4 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the Archive button 2 Push the navigation pad left right or up down to select the image you want to view 3 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays the selected image 4 To return to live mode push the Cancel button repeatedly or push the Archive button 7 5 Deleting an image 7 5 1 General You can delete one or more images from the...

Page 22: ...ct Measurement This displays a toolbar 3 On the toolbar select Center spot The temperature at the position of the spotmeter will now be displayed in the top left corner of the screen 7 8 Measuring the hottest temperature within an area 7 8 1 General You can measure the hottest temperature within an area This displays a moving spot meter that indicates the hottest temperature 7 8 2 Procedure Follow...

Page 23: ...ze an image 7 11 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 On the toolbar select Color This displays a toolbar 3 On the toolbar select a new color palette 7 12 Working with color alarms 7 12 1 General By using color alarms isotherms anomalies can easily be discovered in an infrared im age The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to ...

Page 24: ... push the navigation pad up down 7 13 Changing image mode 7 13 1 General The camera can operate in five different image modes Thermal MSX Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging The camera displays an infrared im age where the edges of the objects are enhanced Thermal The camera displays a fully thermal image Picture in picture The camera displays a digital camera image with a superimposed infrared image f...

Page 25: ...f the following Thermal MSX Thermal Picture in picture Thermal blending This displays a dialog box where you can select the mixing level Digital camera 4 If you have selected the Thermal MSX Picture in picture or Thermal blending mode also set the distance to the object by doing the following On the Image mode toolbar select Alignment distance This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select th...

Page 26: ... of the circled cable is difficult if you only auto adjust the image You can an alyze this cable in more detail if you Change the temperature scale maximum limit Change the temperature scale minimum limit Change the temperature scale maximum and minimum limits In the left image the image is auto adjusted In the right image the maximum and mini mum temperature levels have been changed to temperatur...

Page 27: ...nt techniques page 50 7 15 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 On the toolbar select Settings This displays a dialog box 3 In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box 4 In the dialog box select Emissivity This displays a dialog box 5 In the dialog box select one of the following Matt Semi matt Semi gloss...

Page 28: ...Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box 4 In the dialog box select Emissivity This displays a dialog box 5 In the dialog box select Custom value This displays a dialog box where you can set a custom value 7 18 Changing the reflected apparent temperature 7 18 1 General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object If the emissivity is low and the object te...

Page 29: ... to night operation and vice versa 7 20 3 Procedure To perform a non uniformity correction push and hold the Image archive button for more than 2 seconds 7 21 Changing the settings 7 21 1 General You can change a variety of settings for the camera The Settings menu includes the following Measurement parameters Save options Device settings 7 21 1 1 Measurement parameters Emissivity Reflected temper...

Page 30: ...edure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 On the toolbar select Settings This displays a dialog box 3 In the dialog box select the setting that you want to change and use the navigation pad to display additional dialog boxes 7 22 Updating the camera 7 22 1 General To take advantage of our latest camera firmware it is important that you keep your cam era updated You up...

Page 31: ...e FLIR Ex camera for field of view tables for all lens camera combinations in this camera series 8 2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice Please check http support flir com for latest changes T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 23 ...

Page 32: ...ments Ground breaking affordability The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market Imaging and optical data IR resolution 80 60 pixels Thermal sensitivity NETD 0 15 C 0 27 F 150 mK Field of view FOV 45 34 Minimum focus distance 0 5 m 1 6 ft Spatial resolution IFOV 10 3 mrad F number 1 5 Image frequency 9 Hz Focus Focus free Detector data Detector type Focal plane...

Page 33: ...ing time 2 5 hours to 90 capacity in camera 2 hours in charger Power management Automatic shut down AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC input 5 VDC output to camera Environmental data Operating temperature range 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F Storage temperature range 40 C to 70 C 40 F to 158 F Humidity operating and storage IEC 60068 2 30 24 h 95 relative humidity EMC WEEE 2012 19 EC RoHs 2011 65 EC C ...

Page 34: ...ad card Packaging weight 2 9 kg 6 4 lb Packaging size 385 165 315 mm 15 2 6 5 12 4 in EAN 13 4743254000995 UPC 12 845188004941 Country of origin Estonia Supplies accessories T911093 Tool belt T198528 Hard transport case FLIR Ex series T198530 Battery T198531 Battery charger incl power supply T198532 Car charger T198534 Power supply USB micro T198529 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series T198533 USB cable St...

Page 35: ...nd a 2 m drop test and ensures reliability even in harsh environments Ground breaking affordability The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market Imaging and optical data IR resolution 120 90 pixels Thermal sensitivity NETD 0 10 C 0 27 F 100 mK Field of view FOV 45 34 Minimum focus distance 0 5 m 1 6 ft Spatial resolution IFOV 6 9 mrad F number 1 5 Image frequen...

Page 36: ...use Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific charger Charging time 2 5 hours to 90 capacity in camera 2 hours in charger Power management Automatic shut down AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC input 5 VDC output to camera Environmental data Operating temperature range 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F Storage temperature range 40 C to 70 C 40 F to 158 F Humidity operating and st...

Page 37: ...ad card Packaging weight 2 9 kg 6 4 lb Packaging size 385 165 315 mm 15 2 6 5 12 4 in EAN 13 4743254001114 UPC 12 845188005146 Country of origin Estonia Supplies accessories T911093 Tool belt T198528 Hard transport case FLIR Ex series T198530 Battery T198531 Battery charger incl power supply T198532 Car charger T198534 Power supply USB micro T198529 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series T198533 USB cable St...

Page 38: ...ures reliability even in harsh environments Ground breaking affordability The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market Imaging and optical data IR resolution 160 120 pixels Thermal sensitivity NETD 0 06 C 0 11 F 60 mK Field of view FOV 45 34 Minimum focus distance 0 5 m 1 6 ft Spatial resolution IFOV 5 2 mrad F number 1 5 Image frequency 9 Hz Focus Focus free D...

Page 39: ...use Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific charger Charging time 2 5 hours to 90 capacity in camera 2 hours in charger Power management Automatic shut down AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC input 5 VDC output to camera Environmental data Operating temperature range 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F Storage temperature range 40 C to 70 C 40 F to 158 F Humidity operating and st...

Page 40: ...ad card Packaging weight 2 9 kg 6 4 lb Packaging size 385 165 315 mm 15 2 6 5 12 4 in EAN 13 4743254001008 UPC 12 845188004958 Country of origin Estonia Supplies accessories T911093 Tool belt T198528 Hard transport case FLIR Ex series T198530 Battery T198531 Battery charger incl power supply T198532 Car charger T198534 Power supply USB micro T198529 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series T198533 USB cable St...

Page 41: ...ures reliability even in harsh environments Ground breaking affordability The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market Imaging and optical data IR resolution 320 240 pixels Thermal sensitivity NETD 0 06 C 0 11 F 60 mK Field of view FOV 45 34 Minimum focus distance 0 5 m 1 6 ft Spatial resolution IFOV 2 6 mrad F number 1 5 Image frequency 9 Hz Focus Focus free D...

Page 42: ...use Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific charger Charging time 2 5 hours to 90 capacity in camera 2 hours in charger Power management Automatic shut down AC operation AC adapter 90 260 VAC input 5 VDC output to camera Environmental data Operating temperature range 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F Storage temperature range 40 C to 70 C 40 F to 158 F Humidity operating and st...

Page 43: ...load card Packaging weight 3 13 kg 6 9 lb Packaging size 385 165 315 mm 15 2 6 5 12 4 in EAN 13 4743254001015 UPC 12 845188004965 Country of origin Estonia Supplies accessories T911093 Tool belt T198528 Hard transport case FLIR Ex series T198530 Battery T198531 Battery charger incl power supply T198532 Car charger T198534 Power supply USB micro T198529 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series T198533 USB cable...

Page 44: ...nation Drawn by Check Size Drawing No Sheet 7 2012 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide No part of this drawing may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without written permission from FLIR Systems Inc Specifications subject to change without further notice Dimensional data is based...

Page 45: ...12 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide No part of this drawing may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without written permission from FLIR Systems Inc Specifications subject to change without further notice Dimensional data is based on nominal values Products may be subject to re...

Page 46: ...Declaration of conformity 10 T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 38 ...

Page 47: ...commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol 96 ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 11 2 2 Equipment Cotton wool 11 2 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soak the cotton wool in the liquid 2 Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labe...

Page 48: ... an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 12 2 Faulty contact in socket 12 2 1 General Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can re sult in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and th...

Page 49: ...er dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason differ ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from difference in load 12 3 2 Figure The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against ...

Page 50: ...e area where air is penetrating the frame of the building NOTE When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemble an insulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor differences may also occur naturally 12 4 2 Figure In the image below insulation in the roof...

Page 51: ...should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits 12 5 2 Figure The...

Page 52: ...9 OmniTech Partners 2009 Directed Perception 2009 Raymarine 2010 ICx Technologies 2010 TackTick Marine Digital Instruments 2011 Aerius Photonics 2011 Lorex Technology 2012 Traficon 2012 MARSS 2013 DigitalOptics micro optics business 2013 Figure 13 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 350 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenanc...

Page 53: ...e than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infra red camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera sys tems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R D and process monitoring is developed ...

Page 54: ...s 13 13 4 A few images from our facilities Figure 13 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector Figure 13 4 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 46 ...

Page 55: ...he function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im age content convection Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo tion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another dual isotherm An isotherm with two color bands instead of one emissivity emissivity factor The amount of radiation comi...

Page 56: ...sivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc object signal A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m2 sr radiant power Amount of energy emi...

Page 57: ...libration temperature scale The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors thermogram infrared image transmission or transmit tance factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number be tween 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread o...

Page 58: ... object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 15 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a per fect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approx imatel...

Page 59: ...1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b Figure 15 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard Figure 15 2 1 Reflection source T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 51 ...

Page 60: ...thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 15 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method Follow this procedure 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure t...

Page 61: ...at the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 15 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected appa...

Page 62: ...Thermographic measurement techniques 15 External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 54 ...

Page 63: ...as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by ac tually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensi tive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation detector he pro ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors o...

Page 64: ...NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remark ably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infra red optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s Figure 16 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detector...

Page 65: ...guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome ter idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter...

Page 66: ...t the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 μm the middle infrared 3 6 μm the far infrared 6 15 μm and the extreme infrared 15 100 μm Alt...

Page 67: ...temperature generates black body radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C ...

Page 68: ...17 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm2 103 μm 2 Wavelength μm 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to λ and finding the maximum we have This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that col...

Page 69: ... each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm2 μm 2 Wavelength μm 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from λ 0 to λ we obtain the total radiant emittance Wb of a blackbody This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltz mann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody ...

Page 70: ...ince all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance αλ the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance ρλ the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob ject to that incident upon it The spectral transmit...

Page 71: ...olished materials ελ approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting materi al i e a perfect mirror we have For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody Figure 17 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiat...

Page 72: ...ace some of it is reflected back into the inte rior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is su...

Page 73: ... at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibility to modify the measure ment situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output Figure 18 1 A schematic representa...

Page 74: ...lve Equation 3 for Uobj Equation 4 This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Table 18 1 Voltages Uobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tobj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Urefl ...

Page 75: ... we are actually performing extrapola tion of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into temperature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the trans mittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uobj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uobj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rat...

Page 76: ... of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmos phere radiation Fixed parameters τ 0 88 Trefl 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F T559828 r 18043 22369 en US 68 ...

Page 77: ... Remote Sensing 8 Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 9 Öhman Claes Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 10 Matteï S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C 11 ...

Page 78: ... surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 1 Aluminum roughened 27 10 µm 0 18 3 Aluminum roughened 27 3 µm 0 28 3 Aluminum sheet 4 samples differently scratched 70 SW 0 05 0 08 9 Aluminum sheet 4 samples differently scratched 70 LW 0 03 0 06 9 Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 2 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 5 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 1 Aluminum hydroxide powder T 0 28 1 Aluminum oxide activated p...

Page 79: ...T 0 59 1 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plastered 20 T 0 94 1 Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corundum 1000 T 0 46 1 Brick refractory magnesite 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 Brick refractory strongly radiating 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 Brick refractory weakly radiating 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 Brick silica 95 SiO2 1230 T 0 66 1 Bric...

Page 80: ...Copper oxidized to blackness T 0 88 1 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 4 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 2 Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 1 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 2 Copper polished commercial 27 T 0 03 4 Copper polished mechanical 22 T 0 015 4 Copper pure carefully prepared surface 22 T 0 008 4 Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 4 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 1 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 1 Ebonite T...

Page 81: ...et 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted sheet 20 T 0 69 2 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and stee...

Page 82: ... 0 76 4 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 2 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 1 Krylon Ultra flat black 1602 Flat black Room tempera ture up to 175 LW 0 96 12 Krylon Ultra flat black 1602 Flat black Room tempera ture up to 175 MW 0 97 12 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed on Aluminum 70 SW 0 50 ...

Page 83: ...asted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially pure polished 100 T 0 045 1 Nickel commercially pure polished 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0...

Page 84: ...1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oil 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil based aver age of 16 colors 100 T 0 94 2 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper ...

Page 85: ...00 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 1 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 1 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 1 Rubber hard 20 T 0 ...

Page 86: ... T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet iron 100 T 0 07 2 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 ...

Page 87: ...od 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Wood pine 4 different samples 70 SW 0 67 0 75 9 Wood pine 4 different samples 70 LW 0 81 0 89 9 Wood planed 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 2 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 9 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 9 Wood plywood smooth dry 36 SW 0 82 7 Wood plywood untreated 20 SW 0 83 6 Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 0 8 1 Zinc oxidized at 400 C 400 T 0 11 1 Zinc oxid...

Page 88: ...43 2014 10 01 T505552 xml en US 9599 2013 11 05 T505551 xml en US 9354 2013 10 15 T505469 xml en US 8097 2013 06 11 T505013 xml en US 9229 2013 10 03 T505545 xml en US 9045 2013 09 19 T505547 xml en US 16980 2014 09 05 T505550 xml en US 17257 2014 09 18 T505470 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505012 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505007 xml en US 21877 2014 12 08 T505004 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T50500...

Page 89: ......

Page 90: ...47 Website http www flir com Customer support http support flir com Copyright 2014 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide Disclaimer Specifications subject to change without further notice Models and accessories subject to regional market considerations License procedures may apply Products described herein may be subject to US Export Regulations Please refer to exportquestions flir com wi...

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