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Figure 16. Expansion Cards

 

Expansion-Card Removal

 

To remove an expansion card, perform the following steps: 

 

1.

Remove the computer cover

 

2. Remove the expansion card cage. 

 

3. If necessary, disconnect any cables connected to the card. 

 

4. Unscrew the mounting bracket of the card you want to remove. 

 

5. Grasp the card by its outside corners, and ease it out of its connector. 

 

6. If you are removing the card permanently, install a metal filler bracket over the empty card-slot opening.  

7. Replace the expansion card cage.  

Figure 17. Expansion Card Removal

 

 

Expansion-Card Replacement

 

To replace an expansion card, perform the following steps.

 

1.

Prepare the expansion card for installation, and 

remove the computer cover

. 

See the documentation that came with the expansion card for information on configuring the card, making internal connections, or 
otherwise customizing it for your system.

 

1

8-bit ISA expansion card

2

16-bit ISA expansion card

3

32-bit PCI expansion card

NOTE:

 

Installing filler brackets over empty card-slot openings is necessary to maintain Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 

certification of the system. The brackets also keep dust and dirt out of your computer.

1

Card-edge connector

2

Expansion card

3

Riser board

4

Expansion-card connector

5

Expansion-card cage

CAUTION: See "

Precautionary Measures

.

"

CAUTION: Some network cards automatically start up the system when they are connected. To guard against electric shock, 
be sure to unplug your computer from its electrical outlet before installing any expansion cards.

Summary of Contents for OptiPlex GX110

Page 1: ...icrosoft Corporation Other trademarks and trade names may be used in this document to refer to either the entities claiming the marks and names or their products Dell Computer Corporation disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own Initial release 4 Oct 1999 Last revised 31 Jul 2000 Small Form Factor Chassis Removing and Replacing Parts Low Profile Chassis R...

Page 2: ...t driver Also use a wrist grounding strap as explained in Precautionary Measures Precautionary Measures Before you perform any procedure in this section take a few moments to read the following caution for your personal safety and to prevent damage to the system from ESD Overview System Power Supply Recommended Tools Expansion Card Cage Precautionary Measures Riser Boards Internal Views System Boa...

Page 3: ... touch any unpainted metal surface on the back of the computer or on the computer chassis such as the power supply to discharge any static charge from your body before touching anything inside the computer While you work periodically touch an unpainted metal surface on the computer chassis to dissipate any static electricity that might harm internal components Also avoid touching components or con...

Page 4: ... Figure 4 Computer Cover Replacement To replace the low profile chassis computer cover perform the following steps 1 Face the front of the computer and hold the cover at a slight angle see Figure 4 2 Align the bottom of the cover with the bottom of the chassis and insert the hooks on the cover into the recessed slots on the computer chassis so that the tabs catch the hooks inside the slots 3 Pivot...

Page 5: ...buttons come free from the bezel Front Panel Inserts Figure 6 5 25 Inch Front Panel Insert Removal To remove a 5 25 inch front panel insert perform the following steps 1 Hold the bezel with the front facing you 2 From the front of the top cover use your thumbs to press inward on the insert until it snaps free of the cover To replace a 5 25 inch front panel insert position the two ring tabs over th...

Page 6: ... perform the following steps 1 Disconnect the chassis intrusion switch cable connector from the control panel on the front of the chassis as shown in Figure 8 Note the routing of the chassis intrusion cable as you remove it from the chassis Hooks on the chassis keep the cable in place 2 Slide the chassis intrusion switch out of its slot to remove it from the chassis see Figure 8 3 Install the repl...

Page 7: ...bly Removal To remove the hard disk drive bracket assembly perform the following steps 1 Disconnect the DC power cable and EIDE cable from the drive 2 Loosen the captive screw securing the hard disk drive bracket to the bottom of the chassis 3 Grasp the drive bracket and pivot it upward from the chassis until the two hinge tabs located on the side opposite the screw clear the floor divider see Fig...

Page 8: ...k over the slots 6 Rotate the bracket toward the chassis floor and secure the bracket with a screw 7 Connect a power cable to the power input connector on the back of the drive see Figure 12 8 Check all connectors to ensure that they are properly cabled and firmly seated 9 Connect one of the device connectors on the EIDE cable to the 40 pin interface connector on the back of the hard disk drive NO...

Page 9: ...tion 18 If the drive you just installed is the primary drive install your operating system on the hard disk drive For instructions refer to the documentation that came with your operating system System Power Supply Figure 13 Power Supply Removal To remove the system power supply perform the following steps 1 Disconnect the AC power cable from the back of the power supply 2 Disconnect the DC power ...

Page 10: ...assis perform the following steps 1 With the securing lever in the upright position align the expansion card cage slots with the tabs in the chassis opening for the expansion card cage see Figure 14 Slide the expansion card cage into place 2 Rotate the securing lever downward until it is flush with the top of the chassis Make sure that the riser board is fully seated in the RISER connector on the ...

Page 11: ...over the pins The wire connects the pins and creates a circuit NOTICE Make sure your system is turned off before you change a jumper setting Otherwise damage to your system or CAUTION Ground yourself by touching an unpainted metal surface on the back of the computer NOTICE Use a wrist grounding strap as explained in Precautionary Measures 1 NIC connector 2 Video connector 3 Fan power connector 4 S...

Page 12: ...xample Expansion Card Removal To remove an expansion card perform the following steps 1 Remove the computer cover 2 If necessary disconnect any cables connected to the card 3 Remove the screw on the mounting bracket of the card you want to remove 4 Grasp the card by its outside corners and ease it out of its connector Connector or Socket Description AUX_LED Auxiliary power indicator B1 Battery soc...

Page 13: ...that covers the card slot opening for the expansion card slot you intend to use see Figure 20 Save the screw to use when installing the expansion card later in this procedure Figure 20 Filler Bracket Removal NOTE Installing filler brackets over empty card slot openings is necessary to maintain Federal Communications Commission FCC certification of the system The brackets also keep dust and dirt ou...

Page 14: ...usion option press the left or right arrow key to select Reset and then choose Enabled Enabled Silent or Disabled See the User s Guide for detailed information on the chassis intrusion detector DIMMs Figure 21 DIMM Removal To remove a DIMM perform the following steps 1 Push outward on the two DIMM socket ejectors simultaneously until the DIMM is released from its socket 2 Lift the DIMM away from t...

Page 15: ...the fan to the new microprocessor heat sink assembly 8 Slide the new microprocessor package into the guide bracket assembly with the heat sink toward the front of the computer and firmly seat the microprocessor heat sink assembly You must use up to 25 pounds of force to seat the new microprocessor package Do not rock the package while inserting it into the connector 9 Reconnect the fan cable 10 Re...

Page 16: ...ve the system battery by carefully prying it out of its socket with your fingers or with a blunt nonconducting object such as a plastic screwdriver When you replace the system battery orient the new battery with the facing up Insert the battery into its socket and snap it into place System Board Figure 28 System Board Removal To remove the system board perform the following steps 1 Disconnect all ...

Page 17: ...the system board perform the following steps 1 Remove the DIMMs and the microprocessor heat sink assembly and install them on the replacement board 2 Set the jumpers on the new system board so that they are identical to those on the old board unless you are installing a microprocessor upgrade 3 Push down near each slot to engage the grounding clip onto its corresponding tab 4 Push evenly on both s...

Page 18: ... FOR YOUR PERSONAL SAFETY AND PROTECTION OF THE EQUIPMENT Before you start to work on the system perform the following steps in the sequence listed 1 Turn off the computer and all peripherals 2 Disconnect the computer and peripherals from their electrical outlets Also disconnect any telephone or telecommunication lines from the computer Doing so reduces the potential for personal injury or shock 3...

Page 19: ...Precautionary Measures 2 If you have installed a padlock through the padlock ring on the back panel remove the padlock 3 Press in on the two securing buttons until the cover is free to swing up see Figure 1 4 Raise the back of the cover and pivot it toward the front of the computer 5 Lift the cover off the hooks at the front of the chassis Figure 2 Computer Cover Replacement Figures 19 and 20 or t...

Page 20: ...on the chassis It might be helpful to look down into the chassis to verify that the hooks are in place 4 Pivot the cover down toward the back and into position Make sure that the two securing buttons click into place Internal View Figure 3 shows the chassis with the cover removed Figure 3 Inside the Chassis Front Panel Inserts Figure 4 5 25 Inch Front Panel Insert Removal 1 Securing buttons 2 2 Co...

Page 21: ...ng tabs over the posts Expansion Card Cage Figure 5 Expansion Card Cage Removal To remove the card cage complete the following steps 1 Rotate the lever toward the back of the computer until it stops in the upright position 2 Lift the expansion card cage up and away from the computer To replace an expansion card cage keep the cage flush against the chassis to ensure that the lever engages the notch...

Page 22: ...onnect the DC power and cables from the diskette drive 3 Rotate the left side of the 3 5 inch diskette drive assembly up and lift the assembly out of the chassis see Figure 7 4 Remove the two drive mounting screws from the left side of the drive and remove the drive from the bracket When you replace the 3 5 inch diskette drive be sure that the two hooks on the right side of the bracket engage the ...

Page 23: ...moval 1 Remove the computer cover 2 Remove the drive bracket from the chassis If a hard disk drive is already installed on the drive bracket disconnect the DC power cable and EIDE cable from the drive 3 Remove the screw securing the hard disk drive bracket to the front wall of the chassis Grasp the front part of the bracket that serves as a handle and rotate the bracket up toward the back of the c...

Page 24: ...it flush against the front of the rail that extends across the chassis floor and the horizontal lip at the back fits over the rail see Figure 12 Rotate the bracket down into position and reinstall the screw you removed in step 3 NOTICE You must match the colored strip on the EIDE cable with pin 1 on the IDE1 connector to avoid possible damage to your system 2 Connect one of the device connectors o...

Page 25: ...mputer system 7 Enter System Setup and update the Drive 0 option under Primary Drive n After you update the drive setting reboot the system 8 Partition and logically format your drive before proceeding to the next step See the documentation for your operating system for instructions 9 Test the hard disk drive by running the Hard Disk Drive s Test Group in the Dell Diagnostics 10 Install your opera...

Page 26: ...the rear of the power supply with the holes in the chassis and power supply support arm Then perform the removal procedure in reverse System Board Components Figure 14 shows the system board and the location of all its sockets and connectors Figure 14 System Board Components 1 Securing tab 2 Power supply 3 Release latch 1 NIC connector 2 Video connector 3 Fan power connector 4 Serial port 2 connec...

Page 27: ...ockets on your system board and it gives a brief description of their functions Table 1 System Board Connectors and Sockets Expansion Cards The system accommodates up to six expansion cards including up to five 32 bit PCI expansion cards and one 32 bit AGP card See Figure 16 for examples of these cards Connector or Socket Description AUX_LED Auxiliary power indicator B1 Battery socket DIMM_x DIMM ...

Page 28: ...nstallation and remove the computer cover See the documentation that came with the expansion card for information on configuring the card making internal connections or otherwise customizing it for your system 1 8 bit ISA expansion card 2 16 bit ISA expansion card 3 32 bit PCI expansion card NOTE Installing filler brackets over empty card slot openings is necessary to maintain Federal Communicatio...

Page 29: ... should be attached to the card 8 See the documentation for the card for information about the card s cable connections 9 If you are installing the entry level OptiPlex sound card disconnect the internal speaker cable from the system board and reconnect it to the INT SPKR connector on the sound card You may have to route the speaker cable through a hole in the front of the chassis to reach the sou...

Page 30: ...em board 3 Gently pull out the guide bracket assembly latch grasp the existing microprocessor heat sink assembly firmly and pull straight up to remove it from the guide bracket assembly You must use up to 15 pounds of force to disengage the microprocessor package from the connector Do not rock the package while removing it 4 Slide the new microprocessor package into the guide bracket assembly with...

Page 31: ...eens 2 Remove the computer cover 3 Remove the system battery by carefully prying it out of its socket with your fingers or with a blunt nonconducting object such as a plastic screwdriver When you replace the system battery orient the new battery with the facing up Insert the battery into its socket and snap it into place System Board Figure 25 System Board Removal 1 Guide bracket assembly 2 Guide ...

Page 32: ...ont of the chassis until it stops 12 Carefully raise the front of the system board and lift the board out of the chassis at an angle To replace the system board perform the following steps 1 Carefully replace the system board in the chassis by performing step 12 of the removal process in reverse 2 Push down near each slot to engage the grounding clip onto its corresponding tab 3 Push evenly on bot...

Page 33: ...Also use a wrist grounding strap as explained in Precautionary Measures Precautionary Measures Before you perform any of the procedures in this file take a few moments to read the following caution for your personal safety and to prevent damage to the system from ESD Overview Drives Recommended Tools System Power Supply Precautionary Measures Expansion Card Cage Internal Views Riser Board Computer...

Page 34: ...painted metal surface on the back of the computer or on the computer chassis such as the power supply to discharge any static charge from your body before touching anything inside the computer While you work periodically touch an unpainted metal surface on the computer chassis to dissipate any static electricity that might harm internal components Also avoid touching components or contacts on a ca...

Page 35: ...puter Cover Replacement To replace the mini tower computer cover perform the following steps 1 Face the left side of the computer and hold the cover at a slight angle as shown in Figure 4 While aligning the top of the cover with the top of the chassis insert the hooks on the cover into the three recessed slots on the computer chassis 2 Pivot the cover down toward the bottom of the chassis and into...

Page 36: ...the chassis snap into their slots on the bezel Eject Power and Reset Buttons Figure 6 Eject Power and Reset Button Removal To remove the eject power and reset buttons perform the following steps 1 Lay the front bezel on a flat work surface with the back of the bezel facing up 2 To remove the 3 5 inch diskette eject button pull gently on the plastic part of the button until it comes free 3 To remov...

Page 37: ...m the following steps 1 Disconnect the control panel cable from the control panel connector on the system board see System Board Labels for the location of the PANEL connector Note the routing of the control panel cable as you remove it from the chassis 2 Disconnect the the chassis intrusion switch cable connector from the control panel 3 Remove the mounting screw that secures the control panel to...

Page 38: ...side the chassis 3 Slide the chassis intrusion switch out of its slot on the chassis and carefully remove the switch and its attached cable from the chassis 4 Install the replacement chassis intrusion switch and cable 5 To reset the chassis intrusion detector enter System Setup during the system s POST In the Chassis Intrusion option press the left or right arrow key to select Reset and then choos...

Page 39: ...he diskette drive bracket out of the chassis 3 Remove the drive mounting screw from the left side of the drive and remove the drive from the bracket see Figure 11 When you replace the 3 5 inch diskette drive be sure that the two hooks on the right side of the bracket engage the mounting holes in the side of the 3 5 inch diskette drive 5 25 Inch Drive Figure 12 Removing a 5 25 Inch Drive From a Dri...

Page 40: ... screws in the order stamped on the bottom of the bracket 4 Check the alignment of the computer cover around the 5 25 inch bezel Adjust the drive forward or backward on the bracket to align it 5 To ensure proper installation align all screw holes and ensure that the tabs on the front of the bracket are flush with the front of the drive see Figure 13 Figure 13 Attaching the Drive Bracket to the New...

Page 41: ...iate EIDE interface cable to the EIDE interface connector on the back of the drive see Figure 15 If your system came with an EIDE CD ROM or tape drive use the spare connector on the existing interface cable Otherwise use the EIDE interface cable provided in the drive kit Hard Disk Drive Removal Figure 16 Hard Disk Drive Bracket Removal 1 5 25 inch drive 1 DC power cable 2 EIDE interface connector ...

Page 42: ...of the computer NOTICE When you unpack the drive do not set it on a hard surface which may damage the drive Instead set the drive on a surface such as a foam pad that will sufficiently cushion it 1 Prepare the drive for installation Check the documentation for the drive to verify that it is configured for your computer system 2 If not already done remove the computer cover 3 If not already done re...

Page 43: ...perly cabled and firmly seated NOTICE You must match the red colored stripe on the EIDE cable with pin 1 on the drive s interface connector to avoid possible damage to your system 8 Connect the cable connector on the EIDE cable to the 40 pin interface connector on the back of the hard disk drive Figure 19 Hard Disk Drive Cables Attachment NOTICE You must match the blue connector on the interface c...

Page 44: ...tem power supply from the securing tab labeled RELEASE and rotate it upward until it locks 3 Disconnect the DC power cables from the system board and the drives Note the routing of the DC power cables underneath the tabs in the chassis as you remove them from the system board and drives It is important to route these cables properly when you replace them to prevent them from being pinched or crimp...

Page 45: ...s with the slots in the chassis opening for the expansion card cage see Figure 21 Slide the expansion card cage into place 2 Rotate the securing lever downward until it is flush with the top side of the chassis Make sure that the riser board is fully seated in the RISER connector on the system board see Figure 22 3 Reconnect any cables you removed in step 1 of the previous procedure Riser Board Th...

Page 46: ...nd creates a circuit NOTICE Make sure your system is turned off before you change a jumper setting Otherwise damage to your system or unpredictable results may occur To change a jumper setting pull the jumper off its pin s and carefully fit it down onto the pin s indicated Dell shipped your computer with a PSWD jumper installed meaning that password features for this computer system are enabled Wh...

Page 47: ...y install a metal filler bracket over the empty card slot opening Connector or Socket Description AUX_LED Auxiliary power indicator B1 Battery socket DIMM_x DIMM socket DSKT Diskette tape drive interface connector ENET Integrated NIC connector FAN Microprocessor fan connector IDEn EIDE interface connector KYBD Keyboard connector MICROPROCESSOR Microprocessor connector MONITOR Video connector MOUSE...

Page 48: ... screw and remove the metal filler bracket that covers the card slot opening for the expansion slot you intend to use see Figure 27 Save the screw to use when installing the expansion card later in this procedure Figure 27 Filler Bracket Removal NOTE After you remove and replace the cover the chassis intrusion detector will cause the following message to be displayed at the next system start up AL...

Page 49: ...t Reset and then choose Enabled Enabled Silent or Disabled See the online System User s Guide for detailed instructions on the intrusion detector DIMMs Figure 28 DIMM Removal To remove a DIMM perform the following steps 1 Unlatch and rotate the power supply up until it locks see Figure 20 2 Push outward on the two DIMM socket ejectors simultaneously until the DIMM is released from its socket 3 Lif...

Page 50: ...e presence of the new microprocessor and automatically changes the system configuration information in System Setup 6 Enter System Setup and confirm that the top line in the system data area correctly identifies the installed microprocessor 7 While in System Setup reset the chassis intrusion detector by pressing the left or right arrow key to select Reset and then choose Enabled Enabled Silent or ...

Page 51: ...hat secures the system board to the bottom of the chassis 7 Slide the system board toward the front of the chassis until it stops 8 Carefully lift the system board out of the chassis be sure to lift evenly and not twist the system board If you are replacing a system board remove the DIMMs and the microprocessor heat sink assembly and install them on the replacement board Also set the jumpers on th...

Page 52: ...board Back to Contents Page ...

Page 53: ...re you perform any procedures in this manual take a few moments to read the following caution for your personal safety and to prevent damage to the system from ESD Overview System Power Supply Recommended Tools Expansion Card Cage Precautionary Measures Riser Board Internal Views System Board Components Computer Cover Expansion Cards Eject and Power Buttons DIMMs Control Panel Microprocessor Heat ...

Page 54: ... anything inside the computer While you work periodically touch an unpainted metal surface on the computer chassis to dissipate any static electricity that might harm internal components Also avoid touching components or contacts on a card and avoid touching pins on a chip 5 Verify that the auxiliary power indicator on the system board is not on If it is on you may need to wait 10 to 30 seconds fo...

Page 55: ...mputer Cover Replacement To replace the computer cover perform the following steps 1 Face the front of the computer and hold the cover at a slight angle see Figure 4 2 Align the bottom of the cover with the bottom of the chassis and insert the hooks on the cover into the recessed slots on the computer chassis so that the tabs catch the hooks inside the slots 3 Pivot the cover down toward the back ...

Page 56: ...e the power supply 3 Disconnect the control panel cable from the control panel connector on the system board see System Board Labels for the location of the PANEL connector Note the routing of the control panel cable as you remove it from the chassis 4 Remove the mounting screw that secures the control panel to the chassis 5 Disconnect the chassis intrusion switch cable connector from the control ...

Page 57: ...hassis intrusion detector enter System Setup during the system s power on self test POST In the Chassis Intrusion option press the left or right arrow key to select Reset and then choose Enabled Enabled Silent or Disabled see your User s Guide for instructions Drives Figure 8 Drive Locations Preliminary Steps You must remove the drive shelf before removing the 3 5 inch diskette drive the CD ROM dr...

Page 58: ...the hard disk drive bracket and pull the hard disk drive bracket forward about one inch see Figure 10 5 Disconnect the power and interface cables from the back of the drive 6 Lift the hard disk drive bracket away from the chassis 7 Lay the hard disk drive bracket on an antistatic surface with its bracket facing up 8 Remove the four screws securing the hard disk drive to the bottom of the bracket s...

Page 59: ...sis see Figure 12 6 Place the bracket so that the release tabs extend about one inch past the front of the chassis and align the tabs on the bottom of the bracket with the hooks on the chassis floor 7 Slide the bracket toward the back of the chassis until the tabs snap under the hooks see Figure 12 The bracket release tabs should also snap into the front of the chassis 8 Connect a power cable to t...

Page 60: ...tics see the online System User s Guide for complete information 17 If the drive you just installed is the primary drive install your operating system on the hard disk drive For instructions refer to the documentation that came with your operating system 3 5 Inch Diskette Drive To remove the 3 5 inch diskette drive from the drive shelf perform the following steps 1 Press down on the release latch ...

Page 61: ...mbly forward and up and out of the chassis To replace a CD ROM drive perform the following steps 1 Align the tabs on the bottom of the CD ROM drive with the notches on the drive shelf and slide the drive toward the back of the shelf until it snaps into place see Figure 15 Figure 15 CD ROM Drive Replacement 2 Connect a power cable and an interface cable to the appropriate connectors on the back of ...

Page 62: ...form the following steps 1 Disconnect the AC power cable from the back of the power supply 2 Disconnect the DC power cables from the system board and the drives 3 Remove the screw on the side of the chassis that secures the power supply 4 Remove the screw below the AC power receptacle at the back of the chassis 5 Slide the power supply toward the center of the computer approximately 1 inch 6 Lift ...

Page 63: ...assis Make sure that the riser board is fully seated in the RISER connector on the system board 3 Reconnect any cables you removed in step 2 of the previous procedure Riser Board Figure 19 PCI Riser Board The chassis has a PCI riser board that has two PCI expansion card connectors see Figure 19 To remove the PCI riser board perform the following steps 1 Remove the expansion card cage 2 Remove the ...

Page 64: ...ly one of the two pins the password features are disabled System Board Labels Table 1 lists the labels for connectors and sockets on your system board and it gives a brief description of their functions Table 1 System Board Connectors and Sockets 1 NIC connector 2 Video connector 3 Fan power connector 4 Serial port 2 connector 5 USB connectors 2 6 Mouse upper and keyboard lower connectors 7 Parall...

Page 65: ...bled Enabled Silent or Disabled see your User s Guide for instructions See the online System User s Guide for detailed information on the chassis intrusion detector IDEn EIDE interface connector KYBD Keyboard connector MICROPROCESSOR Microprocessor connector MONITOR Video connector MOUSE Mouse connector PANEL Control panel connector PARALLEL Parallel port connector sometimes referred to as LPT1 PO...

Page 66: ...mounting bracket to the chassis with the screw you removed in step 2 5 Connect any cables that should be attached to the card See the documentation for the card for information about the card s cable connections 6 Replace the computer cover and reconnect your computer and peripherals to their power sources and turn them on 7 To reset the chassis intrusion detector enter System Setup during the sys...

Page 67: ...re 26 DIMM Installation Microprocessor Heat Sink Assembly Figure 27 Microprocessor Heat Sink Assembly Removal NOTE If a setup password has been assigned by someone else contact your network administrator for information on resetting the chassis intrusion detector 1 Ejectors 2 CAUTION Use a wrist grounding strap as explained in Precautionary Measures 1 Ejectors 2 2 Notches 2 1 Fan 2 Guide bracket a...

Page 68: ...and turn them on As the system boots it detects the presence of the new microprocessor and automatically changes the system configuration information in System Setup 11 Enter System Setup and confirm that the top line in the system data area correctly identifies the installed microprocessor 12 While in System Setup reset the chassis intrusion detector in the Chassis Intrusion option by pressing th...

Page 69: ...t 5 Disconnect all cables from the system board 6 Remove the screw that secures the system board to the bottom of the chassis see Figure 32 7 Slide the system board toward the front of the chassis until it stops 8 Carefully lift the system board out of the chassis be sure to lift evenly and not twist the system board To replace a system board perform the following steps 1 Remove the DIMMs and the ...

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