Atlas Craftsman 101.07403 Manual Download

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Summary of Contents for Craftsman 101.07403

Page 1: ...LA17 1 E I OPERAT1 0N and MACH I N ISJ L T A BL E S i t O Sears Craftsman lathes were manufactured by Atlas Press Company and parts are interchangeable ...

Page 2: ...MANUAL OF L A T Ii E OP ERATION AND MAC HINIS T S TA B L ES ENG I NEERING DEPARTMENT ATLAS PRESS COMPAN Y 1822 N or t h Pitcher Stre e t Ka l amazoo Michigan 49001 Price 2 50 UI I c t c t ii en ...

Page 3: ...Twenty third Edition Copyrighted ATLAS PRESS COMPANY P rinted in U S A Reprinted 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 19 9 1950 1951 1962 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1963 1965 1967 ...

Page 4: ... THE MACHINING OF VARIOUS MATERIALS 5 HOLDING THE WORK 6 DRILLING AND BORING 7 THREAD CUTTING 8 LATHE ATTACHMENTS AND THEIR USES 9 WOODTURNING ON THE METAL LATHE I1o 11 MACHINISTS TABLES INDEX 12 PAGES FOR YOUR SHOP NOTES I C c I t z G r c n U I I z r 111 t ii en E a en 111 t D r lii G ...

Page 5: ...ledger paper Four charts measure 16 x 21 feature Decimal Equivalents Thread Forms and Formulas Lathe Cutting Tools and 60 V Type Thread Dimensions in easy to read form The fifth chart measures 35 x 23 and describes lathe parts and functions of each 1 00 per set ...

Page 6: ...ncluded in order to make this book suitable for students ap prentices and vocational schools Much of the data will prove invaluable to the machinist and the more experienced lathe operator It is our hope that this Manual will further the advancement of the lathe user in all walks of industry If we have helped him even in a small way the research and labor involved in the preparation of this book w...

Page 7: ... engineers and ma chinists who have assisted in the preparation of the technical material in this material If the reader desires further information on any of the metals or plastics mentioned we will gladly furnish the name and address of the manufacturer I l I C C I C ...

Page 8: ...ront rank among industrial nations of the world Henry Maudslay1 s Screw Cutting Lathe 1800 Original Now at South Kensington Museum London England Courtesy Popular Mechanics Magazine Today more than 150 years after Maudslay the screw cutting lathe is still the heart of industrial manufacturing It seems odd to consider the lathe so vitally important when large batteries of automatic machines are use...

Page 9: ...operations Turning milling grinding drilling and boring must be performed on iron and steel wood plastics alloys and soft metals must be shaped into form threads of all sizes and shapes have to be cut and machine parts need repairing or replacing Manufacturers tool and die makers experimenters automotive men model builders inventors thou sands of businesses hobbies and professions depend on a prec...

Page 10: ... Part I LATHE CARE AND CONSTRUCTION c I C I z ca C C r ...

Page 11: ...room for maximum efficiency and convenience Floor stands and cabinets page 2 make ideal supports for the lathe If the lathe is to be mounted on a bench use one that is solidly built well braced and with a good dry lumber top at least two inches thick The precision of any lathe regardless of size depends a great deal upon the rigidity of the base under the lathe bed a flimsy warping bench top can i...

Page 12: ...with a slight amount of twist the centers become out of alignment and accurate work is impossi ble Expert machinists agree that the better the leveling the more accurate the lathe Here is the proper way to mount and level the lathe With the lathe in position on the bench mark and drill five holes for machine bolts under the corresponding holes in the legs Differ ences in height must then be detect...

Page 13: ...is advisable to repeat the checking of the level position Do not slight the leveling of your lathe In order to make precision cuts on long work it is absolutely necessary to have the bed perfectly aligned and horizontal The precision built into a lathe can be made entirely useless by faulty uneven mounting Extra care and time spent in installation and leveling will give the lathe every chance to p...

Page 14: ...ountershaft and lowest position on underneath drive lathes KEEP YOUR LATHE WELL OILED Before using the lathe oil it thoroughly at the points shown in the chart on pages 6 and 7 It is well to memorize the exact order of the chart Use a good grade of machine oil auto motive oil S A E No 20 is excellent for general lathe use Both top and side surfaces of the bed ways should be oiled whenever using th...

Page 15: ...he manufacture of the headstock The headstock shown on page 8 is heavy close grained grey iron ribbed and reinforced for absolute rigidity and solidly anchored to the bed The front of the headstock casting extends up to the bearing height provid ing a heavy per anent truss between the right and left bearings and insuring perfect alignment even under the heaviest loads U I I z z en D 0 ...

Page 16: ...n smoother more quiet operation Remove oil and dirt before applying grease Jlz 1 B HEADSTOCK AND BACK GEARS Remove screw lo oil bearings Remove plug to oil bearings CARRIAGE Remove screw to oil bearings and cross feed gears HORIZONTAL COUNTERSHAFT Lubricate roclrnr shaft pin at this point UNDERNEATH DRIVE COUNTERSHAFT Note Spindle drive shaft ball bearings are sealed and require no furlhcr attenti...

Page 17: ...IN Lubricale gear bearings ol these points STANDARD REVERSE GEAR BOX KEEP YOUR LATHE CLEAN Oil and dirt form an abrasive compound which can easily damage carefully fitted bearing surfaces Wipe the bed and a ll polished parts with a clean oily rag at frequent intervals Use a brush to clean spindle threads gear teeth lead screw threads etc ATLAS PRESS COMPANY KALAMAZOO MICH U S A ...

Page 18: ...th allowing full sized inch stock to be fed through the spindle see Fig 212 The spindle nose is reamed for a No 3 Morse Taper and a reducing sleeve is fur nished to permit the use of a standard No 2 Morse Taper center TIMKEN SPINDLE BEARINGS Lathes are equipped with Timken Tapered Roller Bearings and are recommended whenever the lathe spindle speed must be ex ceptionally high for long intervals Th...

Page 19: ...Tim ken Bearings are pre loaded to insure a tight bearing even under the most severe use the tapered design and positively aligned rolls carry both radial and thrust loads with minimum of friction FIG 9 Timken bearing s permit high speeds required for polishing machining sma11 diameters plastics aluminum etc ADJUSTMENT OF TIMKEN BEARINGS Adjustment of the Timken Bearing is not often necessary but ...

Page 20: ...ts and correct surface speeds for large diameter work The back gear ratio is approximately 6 to 1 The back gears are conveniently located easily used and take up very little space Aluminum guards provide a safety covering The mechanism for changing from direct drive to back geared drive is quick and simple in operation Adequate bearings and good gears are both vitally important in lathe consructio...

Page 21: ...wn in the Oiling Chart on pages 6 and 7 A small amount of Keystone No 122 gear lubricate on the gear teeth will sometimes give more quiet opera tion Back gear drive is usually more noisy than direct drive and the use of the back gears with the motor pulley belt in the high speed position is not recommended or necessary for general use These high speeds are shown in Figure 55 page 45 FIG 11 Cross S...

Page 22: ... Spaces 60 360 10 6 30 180 12 5 20 120 15 4 15 90 20 3 12 72 30 2 10 60 60 1 THE LATHE COUNTERSHAFT Degrees of Arc 36 30 24 18 12 6 The support bracket for the horizontal countershaft is mount ed on the lathe bench This type is quick change with the belt tension lever within easy reach for speed changes Sixteen speeds are available ranging from 28 to 2072 RPM This modern countershaft design does a...

Page 23: ... large spindle gear D 8 Remove the wood wedges and remove key P with pair of pliers 9 Drive spindle entirely out of headstock in direction of arrow Be Sure To Catch The Spindle As It Is Released From The Head stock It is not necessary to remove spindle entirely if replacing belt only on horizontal countershaft lathes REMOVING THE BACK GEARS Necessary for replacing spindle belt on underneath drive ...

Page 24: ...rts thoroughly including Timken Bearings 3 To reassemble reverse the procedure in Removing Headstock Spindle page 13 Be sure belt is in position When driving spindle into headstock use the palm of your hand as much as possible to avoid damaging the precision surfaces of the spindle nose Use Figure 11 as a guide making sure all parts are installed in their proper positions Read the following instru...

Page 25: ...ft arm Make the adjustment with the belt tension lever in the back position so that the center of the belt can be pushed in about one half inch with a moderate amount of pressure V belts do not have to be tight in order to drive normal loads and belt life will be lengthened by running them fairly loose The motor drive belt is adjusted by moving the motor bracket up or down This adjustment should a...

Page 26: ...od lathe work The use of specially de signed milling and grinding ma chinery and extreme care in manufacture and inspection has succeeded in producing lathe beds today with a degree of precision previously unknown in popular priced lathes The accuracy of the bed re gardless of design is almost en tirely dependent upon the finish it receives in the process of man FIG 15 f t Th 11 I The finished lat...

Page 27: ...hown in Fig 15 requires a huge expenditure of money but a precision lathe demands a precision bed there can be no compromise Lathe beds are made from selected close grained semi steel iron castings The entire bed comprising the cross ribs ways and base is made in one piece The heavy box type cross ribs spaced every four inches rigidly brace the bed ways against heavy turning forces The heavy ways ...

Page 28: ...n at a minimum After the bed is cast it is first rough milled and allowed to season or age for a number of months This permits internal strains in the metal to become normalized so that warping and twisting will not occur in the finished bed After seasoning a finish milling cut is taken and the ways are then finish ground on especially designed surface grinders The completed bed is checked thoroug...

Page 29: ... soon as the operation is finished Better still keep the lathe bed covered during such operations Keep the bed well oiled when not in use when readr to use the lathe wipe the ways and cover them with clean 011 FIG lS CHECK LEVEL POSITION OF LATHE AT REGULAR INTERVALS CARRIAGE AND COMPOUND REST FIG 19 Carriage and Compound Rest Assembly While the accur acy of cuts parallel to the bed depends upon t...

Page 30: ...irm sliding fit between carriage and bed Bearing plates on the carriage which bear on the under side of both the front and the back bed ways anchor the carriage firmly to the bed in a vertical direction These bearing plates have shims for adjustment of possible wear The large carriage hand wheel on the front of the apron oper ates a set of gears the last of which meshes with the rack on the bed Th...

Page 31: ...dles on the cross feed screw and com pound feed screw can be adjusted for play as follows Tighten the knurled collar against the dial while holding the dial to keep L FIG 21 Cross Slide and Compound rest it from turning Now turn the dial and collar to remove end play in the feed screw assembly and then hold the crank and securely tighten the nut on the hub An extremely tight fit is likely to resul...

Page 32: ...speeds up thread and feed selections The tumbler lever with the small knob located at the head stock end of the lathe is the feed reverse lever This lever is used to reverse or stop the rotation of the lead screw Three holes are drilled in the headstock providing three positions for the lever The center hole is neutral and the upper and lower holes are ...

Page 33: ...lead screw 8 Acme threads per inch A high degree of accuracy is essential for precision thread cutting riage into the headstock or tailstock Serious and expensive results from such an accident are prevented by the light construction of this bearing The lead screw simply forces itself out and breaks the bearing casting In this way the light bearing prevents what would otherwise be an expensive brea...

Page 34: ...right or left hand from 4 to 240 in the following standards National Coarse USS National Fine SAE Acme Square and Whitworth Does not in any way limit the odd threads and feed range ca pacity of the Atlas lathe By varying the gear train with Atlas change gears hundreds of additional threads and feeds are available for such jobs as metric threading coil and wire winding and special tooling Gear trai...

Page 35: ...accurate turning between centers each end of the gib regulate the tightness of the tailstock between the bed ways These two screws should be adjusted evenly so that both ends of the gib will bear against the way with the same amount of pressure The tailstock can be set over inch for turning tapers This is done by simply adjusting the two headless screws after loosening the tailstock clamp nut Tape...

Page 36: ...ge gears and threading dial furnished as standard equipment all National Form threads including National Coarse U S S National Fine S A E Acme Square and Whitworth All standard metric threads from 5 to 7 mm can be cut with the change gears furnished r 1 I L_ _ ______ ____ J FIG 30 Threading Gears Feeds are available for spring making wire winding and electrical coil winding with all sizes of wire ...

Page 37: ...J J J J J Part 2 THEORY OF METAL CUTTING Cl I C I z c I t C C r cn I i 3 t c _ z r z en Cl U t I z C r c 11 z a e C ...

Page 38: ... be remembered Use Sharp Tools Noth ing is more essential or clean accurate lathe work or does more to lengthen lathe life A UTTING i t ANGLE FIG 33 Cross sections of a knife and a cold chisel showing the great difference in cuttin angles THE WEDGING ACTION OF CUTTING TOOLS All cutting tools employ a wedging action The differences are in the angle of the two sides of the tool which form the cuttin...

Page 39: ... arate cutting and wedging action If the wood fibers are strong enough these small sections will cling together and re sult in a curled chip FIG 35 A wood chisel cutting across the end of a block of hard wood The small sections are exacccrated in size DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WOOD and METAL CUTTING Wood cutting tools are usually not clamped in a fixed position but guided by the operator Metal cutting o...

Page 40: ...he compression squeezing the small sections into triangular shapes Figure 36C illustrates the tool further advanced with the sheared sections forming the start of a curled chip There is sufficient force from the wedge of the tool to shear off small sections of the work at short intervals The cut is not continuous but has a finite fluctuation period measured in small fractions of a second The wedgi...

Page 41: ...m most of the work of cutting and lengthens tool life For continuous heavy cuts the speed should be kept low enough and the rake of the tool small enough in order to build up this false edge However in taking fine finishing cuts this built up edge should be avoided by taking finer cuts at higher speeds and with larger rake angles There are several theories as to the forming of this false cut ting ...

Page 42: ...ly expended in heat The shearing of the chip by the wedging action of the tool the small sections of metal sliding over each other the back of the chip rubbing on the face of the tool bit the compression at the point of the tool all of these actions generate heat which must be dissipated The tool should have a large cutting angle to help carry this heat away from the cutting edge as rapidly as pos...

Page 43: ... r CIC CIC I CI 111 111 l 111 ...

Page 44: ... J J J CD I J i I m J z Part 3 J CUTTING TOOLS l J z CD 1 r J u I J 3 3 i 1 m z z z r z u er J Q u I r 1 11 l z a E J en 1 11 z CD ...

Page 45: ... of this Manual CLEARANCE ANGLES Clearance angles allow the part of the tool bit directly undet the cutting edge to clear the work while taking a chip Too much clearance weakens the cutting edge and the high pressure exerted downward on the tool bit demands that clearance be as small as possible and still allow the tool to cut properly A tool with excessive clearance also has a tendency to chatter...

Page 46: ...ING EDGE ANGLE SIDE CLEARANCE ANGLE FRONT CLEARANCE ANGLE FRONT CLEARANCE GRINDING ANGLE WORK SURFACE CENTERLINE d FIG SIA Tool bit angle with the tool bit horizontal and at a right angle with the centerline of tho work FIG SSB Tool bit ani les a dcsignatcd for use in the tool holder FIG sac Anrles of the tool blt in relation to the work ...

Page 47: ...e as close to the tool post as possible GRINDING TOOL BITS Figures 40 through 44 show five forms of tool bits for use in the tool holder These shapes are suitable for practically all lathe turning and the cutting of 60 V type threads Part 4 includes cor rect clearance and rake angles for using these tool shapes in the machining of many different metals alloys and plastics Threading and boring tool...

Page 48: ...e shapes and angles recommended for general turning and apply these principles to the special tool being ground See the examples on page 39 SIDE CLEARANCE ANGLE SECTION A A FRONT A FIG 40 Round Nose Cutting Tool suitable for roughing and general purpose turning FRONT SI DE CLEARANCE ANGLE A FIG U Excellent R H Tool for reneral turnlnr and shouldering to vard headstock also facin 1t Point should be...

Page 49: ...learance and rake ane les should be reversed for L H turning FIG 44 R H 60 V Type Threadine Tool for cutting toward head stock Side clear ance nglc should be reversed for L H threadine CUTT ING TOOLS SIDE j SIDE CLEARANCE ANGLE SECTION A A FRONT FROHT SIDE CLEARANCE ANGLE SIDE CLEARANCE ANGLE LlA 1 fA CE l ANGLE SECTION A A FRONT SIDE CLEARANCE ANGLE 37 I rl zt A m a IC I ii A I C IC m z 4 en A A ...

Page 50: ...e continuous wheel marks on each face that is each face is one clean cut all the way across The beginner can grind tools quite accurately by comparing each side of the tool with the angles given in the drawings on pages 34 36 and 37 while grinding the tool GRINDING FRONT ANGLE GRINDING TOP AND SIDE RAKE ROUNDING END SIDE ANGLE FIG 46 Three views of the process of 1trinding a R H turning tool b L ...

Page 51: ...hould be used except when turning brass It is recom mended that tools wider than never be used on steel Form cutting tools as wide as can be used on brass aluminum and similar metals SETTING THE TOOL TO THE WORK The tool shapes and angles appearing on the following pages show the tool being set approximately at right angles to the center line of the work the line between the lathe centers ...

Page 52: ... in cleaner cuts and less chatter Generally how ever the tool should be set directly into the work or at a slight arigle as shown in Figure 49 FIG 49 TYPES OF TOOL HOLDERS FIG 50A Top view of a R H Tool Holder Used for cutting up to chucks face plate dogs etc at the headstock end of the work FIG 50B A Straight Tool Holder Used for general cutting where no clearance is need ed FIG 60C A L H Tool Ho...

Page 53: ...nto the work should always be such that it tends to swing away from the work on heavy cuts As shown in Figure SlA hogging tends to pull the tool farther into the work pro 41 ducing a rough inaccurate cut If the tool is set as shown in Fig ure SlB it swings out away from the work When cutting at an FIG 51B l he correct way to set the tool When taking heavy cuts the tool tends to swing out away from...

Page 54: ...utting tools can be used for small amounts of facing work any large amount of facing should be done with a tool ground especially for the purpose Figure 52 shows a tool which will be found excellent for this type of cutting It is designed to cut from the center of the work toward the outside Notice that the shape differs somewhat from that of a standard turning tool the effective rake of the cutti...

Page 55: ...ork exactly on the center line The clearance angle is measured between the tool and the line AB which is tangential to the work at the point of contact of the tool The front rake is measured FIG 64A FIG li4B between the tool and the line CD which is a radius of the work to the point of contact and is at right angles to the line AB Now if the same tool is set above center as shown in Figure 54B an ...

Page 56: ...grind their tools especially for that type of setting For the average operator student or beginner it is recommended that the tool bit be ground to the given angles and set exactly on the center line Several methods can be used to set the tool on the center line The point can be lined up with either of the lathe centers or the distance from the bed way to the headstock center can be meas ured and ...

Page 57: ... J J J J Part 4 THE MACHINING OF VARIOUS MATERIALS u I C r z en C z ...

Page 58: ...peeds listed below eight are on direct drive and eight on backgear drive Figure 55 lists these speeds and shows how they are obtained Motor Belt Positien A B FIG 66 SPINDLE SPEEDS IN REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE 12 INCH BACK GEARED LATHE A B BACK GEAR DRIVE Spindle B cit l 2 3 28 45 70 83 134 211 MOTOR Position Motor Belt 4 Position 112 345 45 A B COUNTERSHAFT SPINDLE OF LATHE DIRECT CONE DRIVE Spindle ...

Page 59: ... Figure 55 for the correct belt set up to obtain that speed DEPTH OF CUT AND FEED PER REVOLUTION The speeds recommended for the various etals and plastics are for cuts of of an inch or less in depth The harder the metal the less the depth of cut should be Ordinary turning does not demand unusually deep cuts more metal per minute can usually be removed by turning at recommended speed with a roughin...

Page 60: ...10 2012 1 83 112 164 164 164 266 266 us 418 685 805 1210 7J l 10 112 112 164 lM 164 266 266 HS 500 805 1210 0 l 10 83 112 112 164 164 164 266 266 418 685 1210 C 2 f I t I I I I I I I I I 45 10 83 112 112 164 164 266 266 418 500 805 VI 2 45 10 10 83 112 112 164 164 266 266 418 805 t I I I I i I I I I t I I t 4 45 10 10 83 112 112 164 164 266 418 685 3 0 0 0 I I o o o O 11 28 45 45 10 10 83 112 112 ...

Page 61: ...n inch for rough ing CUTTING COMPOUNDS Ordinary turning on the lathe is done dry During threading operations the use of a cutting compound oil or fluid results in a better class of work Lard oil or any one of the general purpose cutting fluids should be kept handy for this purpose Continuous production work usually requires the use of liberal quantities of a cutting compound to carry the heat away...

Page 62: ...ary figure determined by averaging machining time over hundreds of jobs and operations Using S A E 1112 steel as a basis and rating it 100 the percentages given for the other steels indicate the ease of machining or machinability the lower the rating the more difficult is the machining In general for steel the clearance angles of the tool should be as small as can be used without hogging or having...

Page 63: ...ed 2345 3 Nickel Annealed 2350 Nickel Chromium 3130 Nickel Chromium Annealed 3135 Nickel Chromium Annealed 3140 Chrome Vanadium Annealed 6140 High Carbon Steel 1095 Nickel Chromium Annealed 3250 Chrome Vanadium Annealed 6145 Machin ability Speed feet per minute 100 120 120 150 95 100 95 100 75 100 80 100 60 80 70 80 62 61 60 55 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 45 45 40 45 45 45 40 35 35 35 80 80 80 70 80 8...

Page 64: ...ch when turning at the rated speed Deeper cuts can be taken easily at slower speeds but it is recommended that the machinist never take roughing cuts of more than inch deeper cuts at rated speeds require a larger driving motor than the size recommended for the lathe Finish cuts can be taken with any of the four feeds available the finer feeds producing the smoothest finish The depth of the finish ...

Page 65: ...lly annealed after forging They are ma chined in the same manner as the bar stock from which they are made see Fig 59 Cuts should be deep enough to cut through the scale FIG 61 Machining a forged machine part on the lathe MACHINING CAST IRON Common cast iron sometimes called grey iron is not so easy to machine as soft steel nor can it be turned at so high a speed The structure of this metal causes...

Page 66: ...ch running at rated speed after the scale is removed FIG 62 Machining a cast iron collar on the lathe Note that the cut is deep enough to get beneath the scale In this connection it is interesting that much superior finishes can be obtained on cast iron by the use of high speeds and shallow cuts Exceptionally fine finishes have been produced with speeds as high as 150 feet per minute a depth of cu...

Page 67: ... Machining Quality in rod and bar form and can be obtained from your steel supply house Stainless steel is a tough draggy metal and requires more rake than would be expected Small rake angles will invariably cause hogging and the material will work harden badly that is the action of the tool in cutting causes the surface of the finished work to harden To prevent rubbing clearance angles are slight...

Page 68: ...and easier cutting High sulphur cutting compounds lard oil or equivalent will be found satisfac tory A lubricant should always be used when threading CAUTION When machining stainless steel check the tight ness of the work between centers after each cut When heated stainless steel expands approximately twice as much as ordinary steel especially when cut dry The tailstock center can be ruined quickl...

Page 69: ...e tool with about 1 16 inch radius To produce a smooth finish on copper tools should be honed to as keen an edge as possible Chips are tough and stringy and should be pulled away from the work wear gloves or use a thick cloth to prevent burning your hands No lubricant is necessary but it is suggested that lard oil or paraffin oil be used for threading Using the cut off tool on soft copper is unusu...

Page 70: ...d bronze On some of the tougher alloys a negative side rake of 2 to 4 is sometimes used to prevent hogging If hogging and a rough finish occurs check the clearance angles and try a slight amount of negative rake On production work free machining brass is turned at speeds as high as 600 feet per minute For small lathe work when pro duction is not important these speeds are recommended Free Cutting ...

Page 71: ...valent will be found helpful for both turning and threading Some of these alloys have a small percentage of lead in their composition which improves their machinability Rake angles of 0 should be used in turning the leaded copper alloys MACHINING HARD BRONZE The alloy known commercially as hard ronze is sold unde1 various trade names It is used for such purposes as non sparking wrenches and tools ...

Page 72: ...of the aluminum alloys avail able in rod form Similar alloys have been marketed under various trade names such as Duraluminum and are used wherever strength and lightness are desired such as in automobiles air planes and dirigibles Both Alcoa 17S T and 11S T3 are easily machined on the lathe with only a few special precautions Cast aluminum alloys have lower tensile strengths than the wrought alum...

Page 73: ...ds from 200 feet to as high as 800 feet per minute For general work it is recommended that wrought aluminum alloys such as 17S T and 11S T3 be cut at surface speeds of 300 to 500 feet per minute while cast aluminum should be turned between 200 and 300 feet per minute depending upon the comppsition of the casting To determine actual spindle speeds for various diameters of work refer to Figure 56 Bo...

Page 74: ...ma chine A round nose tool with a radius of about 1 16 inch is best with the following rake and clearance angles Front Clearance 13 Side Clearance 15 Back Rake 8 Side Rake 14 Tool Bit Shapes Pages 36 37 Tool bits should be honed after grinding A good cutting lubricant should be used for turning and drilling as well as for threading Cutting speed should be about 100 feet per FIG 67 Machining a mone...

Page 75: ... trade names as Catalin Plaskon cast Bakelite called Bakelite Transparent Marblette Joanite Beetle Amer oid Pyralin Celluloid Tenite and Trafford MACHINING PLASTICS IN GROUP I The machining of plastics in Group I is done best with special tool bits and if any quantity of plastic turning is necessary such tools will save both time and money For a small amount of machining high speed tool bits may b...

Page 76: ...d be taken using the 0087 inch feed or for a finer finish the 0050 inch feed If the work is being turned between centers watch the tightness of the work against the tailstock center as these plastics expand considerably when heated For threading use plenty of good cutting lubricant and reasonably high speeds When drilling these plastics refer to the information listed for Group I plastics MACHININ...

Page 77: ...s and tubes and is used extensively due to its rela tively low cost It is not commonly termed a plastic Tools should be ground with these angles Front Clearance 12 Back Rake 0 Side Clearance 15 Side Rake 0 T ool B it Shapes P ages 36 37 Cutting speed should be about 80 feet per minute using the 0087 inch feed and cuts of 010 to 025 inch Keep the tool edge honed sharp with a rather broad nose at th...

Page 78: ...ethod for such jobs as rounding work corners smoothing concave cuts finishing off handwheels and similar jobs FIG 69 Filing a taper before polish ing with emery cloth FIG 70 Polishing steel with abra sive cloth the emery is not held in one place but moved back and forth continually I After filing the work can be further polished with emery or some other abrasive cloth See that the work is turning ...

Page 79: ... 1r 1 ...

Page 80: ... J J J J J J J J I j Part 5 HOLDING THE WORK Cl I I a rn z en cc I C a z z en I a I 4 I ...

Page 81: ... at each end of the work and counter sinking and drilling the ends to accommodate the lathe centers LOCATING THE CENTERS On round work centers are usually located with either the hermaphrodite caliper or the center head attachment for a steel scale In the centering of square hexagon and other regular sided stock lines are scribed across the ends from corner to corner The work is then center punche...

Page 82: ...gh stock is large enough to permit a trueing cut the ends may be countersunk after punching However when the finished diameter is smaller than the stock by only a few thou sandths of an inch it is necessary to check for trueness before countersinking Figure 74 shows the most common method for checking true ness Mount the work on lathe centers Hold a piece of chalk so that it just touches the high ...

Page 83: ...er punching If a drill press is available the work is held firmly on the table during the countersinking operation The other two methods are illustrated in Figures 77 and 78 The size and shape of the work usually determine which method is better FIG 76 60 countersink drill for accurat centering of work to be mounted between lathe center The sides of the drill form an angle of 60 which exactly matc...

Page 84: ...nking is illustrated in Figure 78 The countersink drill is chucked in the headstock and supports the left end of the work The right end is supported by the tailstock With the spindle turning at 685 or 805 R P M the work is fed to the countersink drill from the tailstock and kept from turning with the left hand Do not force the drilling or feed too fast the advance can be felt when turning the tail...

Page 85: ... up to 11 z inches Care must be taken in the selection of the size of the dog The tail or bent portion must fit into the face plate slot without resting on the bottom of the slot Figure 81 shows the result of making this mis take The dog tail rests on the face plate at A and the headstock center does not seat properly in the countersunk hole at B FIG 81 FIG 80 Lathe dogs for driving work up to 1 i...

Page 86: ...ge work to a dog is not adVisable for general turning THE CLAMP TYPE DOG FIG 83A Left Clamp Type Dog F IG 83B H olding rectangular work in the clamp type dog THE FOUR JAW INDEPENDENT CHUCK Much of the work to be turned or threaded on the lathe is not of a size or shape which permits mounting between centers In such cases it is customary to mount the work on a face plate or hold it in a chuck a dev...

Page 87: ...eness marking the high spots with chalk rested against the tool post or a tool bit mount ed in the tool post see Fig 85 The chuck jaws should be adjust ed until the chalk or tool bit con tacts the entire circumference of the work FIG 84 The lour jaw independent chuck The concentric rina s on the face aid in ad justin t the position of the work If especially accurate centering is desired the truene...

Page 88: ...th of the jaws are cut in a circular shape to mesh with the scroll threads Consequently the universal chuck jaws cannot be reversed An extra set of jaws carefully fitted to the chuck is furnished so that large diameters can be held from the inside or outside To change unrversal chuck jaws first remove jaws from slots by turning wrench If jaws stick tap lightly with a piece of wood or a brass hamme...

Page 89: ...pindle nose of the lathe The smaller size can also be used as a drill chuck the inner section being tapered to fit an arbor adapter for mounting in the tailstock FIG 90 The Jacobs headstock chuck showing Internal taper for tailstock mounting When mounting work in the headstock chuck take special care to clean between the jaws as well as the jaw surfaces Always remove lathe center and sleeve Never ...

Page 90: ...le When the chuck is about 1 32 inch from the shoulder finish with one more turning motion The soft thud indicates a good firm seating against the shoulder Run ning a chuck suddenly against the shoulder strains the spindle and makes removal difficult Be careful when tightening work in the chuck jaws Too much pressure on the jaws will affect the accuracy of the chuck and may spring the work if a li...

Page 91: ...e Dirt dust chips and falling tools can cause much damage THE FACE PLATE Many types of lathe work which cannot be machined on centers or in a chuck are fastened to a face plate with bolts studs or clamps Some of the most accurate tool and die operations are handled in this way Face plate work also in cludes the turning of large flat or irregular shaped pieces such as jigs The B inch face plate sho...

Page 92: ...nce turning DRAW IN COLLET CHUCK ATTACHMENT FIG 96 Draw in collet chuck attachment showing units in order of their assembly into the lathe headstock draw in spindle tapered closing sleeve and split holding collet Whenever extreme accuracy is required on small diameters the draw in collet chuck attachment is the logical method of chucking When equipped with the collet assembly and the various size ...

Page 93: ...used to hold work which is more than 005 inch larger or smaller than the rated diameter of the collet A collet attachment is the most accurate type of precision chucking and must be treated with greatest care MOUNTING WORK ON THE MANDREL OR ARBOR FIG 98 Expanding mandrel Figure 98 shows a commercial type of expanding mandrel or arbor designed to provide work centers for facing or turning the outsi...

Page 94: ...andrel be turned undersized at both ends for about inch to prevent FIG 100 Pressing mandrel on bushing before machinin damage A mandrel is a precision tool for ac curate work and must be handled with care The ends are centered and counter sunk exactly like other work To make removal easier put a drop or two of oil on the portion of the mandrel which will grip the work Never drive a mandrel with a ...

Page 95: ... J J J J J J Part 6 DRILLING AND BORING I a l l I z I ill 11 11 l l I ...

Page 96: ... FIG 101 Drilling with the work revolving in the head stock This type of set up insures maximum ac curacy Note use of graduated tailstock ram to indicate depth TWIST DRILLS FIG 102 Jacobs drill chuck held in the tailstock on an ar bor These chucks hold work up to inch in d iameter and can be used in headstock or tailstock Follow general rules for using chucks Part 5 After the drill point is dulled...

Page 97: ...TER MAR GIN FIG 104 BODY LI p CLEARANCE C CUTTING LI p Point of Twist Drill End View FIG 105A Drill without lip clearance The cutting lip and heel S are in the same plane FIG 105B A B Drill with proper lip clearance Heel line B 1s lower than cutting lip line A Distance between A and B measures amount of lip clear ance Ir I C ...

Page 98: ...en 12 and 15 degrees Second the two cutting edges must be of equal length and angle Figure 107 below shows the unsatisfactory results of disregarding these two rules In Figures 106A B and C the properly ground drill point is shown note lip clearance angle between point and lip and the identical lips Refer to these draw ings while the drill is being ground they will aid in grinding drills which wil...

Page 99: ...ook rule or straight steel rule Checks both length and angle of drill lips DRILLING SPEEDS When high speed drills are used drilling speeds in surface feet per minute for the various metals are the same as the speeds for general turning given in Part 4 The upper portion of the ...

Page 100: ...lso draws the temper of the drill and may even burn or break the drill tip FIG 110 Drill with edges burned by ex cessive heat from high speeds or drilling hard material O s 0 f J s NOTE When drilling brass alumi num lead and other soft materials which cause the tool to hog in reduce the rake angle of the cutting edge by grind ing as shown at the left This reduced rake angle is also desirable when ...

Page 101: ...n 010 and 1 64 inch is usually sufficient for machine reaming holes with diameters of 1 inch or less an allowance of 1 64 to 1 32 inch is recommended for ma chine reaming holes between 1 and 2 inches in diameter 003 to 005 inch is usually allowed for hand reaming operations CROTCH CENTER AND DRILL PAD The crotch center and drill pad are two important attachments recommended for drilling work that ...

Page 102: ... bed way as shown in Figure 114 above DRILL SETS Every shop requires an assortment of the more commonly used drills The sizes necessary depend upon the amount and character of the operations ordinarily performed There is a marked trend toward the high speed drill in preference to the carbon drill The drill set in Figure 116 includes high speed or carbon drills between 1 16 and 1 2 inch by 64ths an...

Page 103: ...st for maximum rigidity Boring operations require only slightly different tools and methods than those for external turning The big problem is that of tool rigidity because most internal tools project considerably from their support Figure 117 shows a typical boring operation There are several types of boring tools and mounting methods The tools shown in Figure 119 are mounted directly in the tool...

Page 104: ... angles make this type of tool extremely practical for all around boring TOP ___ I NoT LESS THAN s I I I I I I I I I I I L 1 I I _ CLE Ls oE CLEARANCE FRONT FIG 119 Set of tools for use direct ly in the tool post This set includes four boring tools one inside threading tool two spacers v block inch high speed threading tool and inch high speed turn ing tool C 3 4 JI SIDE SIDE CLEARANCE FIG 118B Th...

Page 105: ... tendency to twist and spring The tools shown in Figures 118A and 118B are excellent for most boring operations BORING TOOL ANGLES Front Clearance Depends upon size of hole Never less than 10 up to 20 for very small holes Side Clearance Same as for exterAal tools Back and Side Rake About half of external angles in some cases less than half SETTING THE BORING TOOL With the round tool shank parallel...

Page 106: ...pring J Use the 0035 or 0050 inch feed and take shallow cuts BORING WITH THE WORK HELD STATIONARY J Figure 121 shows a method of taking long or heavy boring cuts The work is clamped rigidly in a J boring table and vise on the carriage and a boring tool bit is set into an arbor mounted between centers J The tool bit is reset after each cut Larger rake angles and heavier feeds and cuts may be used s...

Page 107: ... L l ...

Page 108: ...7 THREAD CUTTING PAGE General Thread Cutting Information 93 Thread Cutting on the 12 Quick Change Lathe 121 Thread Cutting on the 12 Standard Change Gear Lathe 133 Thread Cutting on the 6 Lathe 155 I I I cQ I 0 0 f c z z a I I 1 ii m ...

Page 109: ...g of screws and threads and no operation requires more care and study The thread cutting range of the modern lathe is practically unlimited a few sample threads are shown in Fig 123 Every lathe comes equipped for cutting threads in the following standards National Coarse U S S Na tional Fine S A E Acme Square and W hitworth 93 I 1 M 12 Inch Quick Change 6 In 12 Inch Standard ...

Page 110: ...TH OF THREAD One half the difference between the major diameter and the minor diameter In lathe work the PITCH 71 9 FIG 124 Thread Cutting Terms Ci a DOUBLE DEPTH OF THREAD which is the difference be tween the major and minor diameters is a quite common term Thus knowing the major diameter required subtracting from it the double depth of thread for the required pitch gives the minor diameter Infor...

Page 111: ...0 Otherwise the grinding of thread FIG 126 A shows tool with sufficient clearance When thread pitch is incrcasedt as at uB same tool has inade quate clearance A B cutting tools follows the same general rules as the grinding of external tools Lathe Manual Parts 3 and 4 Clean accurate threads are impossible unless one side and the front of the tool are given enough clearance to permit the tool to ad...

Page 112: ...E 3 TO 5 FIG 129 Tool for cutting 60 typo threads Fig 40 explains how angle q must be determined at the top and bottom of the National Form thread would be so FIG 130 N F Thread Gauge small that it approaches the Vee form Small taps usually produce Vee type threads and the resulting holes accom modate the standard National Form Screws The American National Screw threads National Fine and National ...

Page 113: ...e regulation Vee bottom but the top is left with the proper amount of flat Fig ure 131 shows how a screw cut in this manner fits a National Form nut Only when desiring ab solute maximum strength is the tool ground to the exact National Form The screw pitch gauge shown in Figure 132 is used to determine the exact pitch of a V thread screw or nut FIG 133 Threading Tool This gauge has thirty separ at...

Page 114: ...S PREPARING THE WORK FOR AN EXTERNAL 60 NATIONAL FORM THREAD The work to be threaded is first turned to the exact major di ameter of the desired thread The beginper often finds it helpful to FIG 136 Correct setting of tool and compound rest when cuttlnl a 60 ril bt hand thread turn the grooves C and D Fig 135 to the exact min or diameter The size of the minor diameter depends up on the form of the...

Page 115: ...36 Mount the tool holder in the tool post so that the point of the tool is exact ly on the lathe center line tighten tool post screw just enough to hold the tool holder Then use a center or thread gauge Fig 137 to set the tool point at an exact right angle to the work as shown in Figure 138 Tap lightly on the back of the tool holder when bringing it into position A piece of white paper placed unde...

Page 116: ...e desired depth of cut and engage the half nut lever for the second cut All feeding is done with the compound rest Follow the same routine on all succeed ing cuts DEPTH OF CUT The first two or three cuts should be ap proximately 005 inch advance of the compound feed and the fol lowing cuts gradually reduced until th last few cuts taken are only 001 inch or even 0005 inch A final pass through the t...

Page 117: ... bored to the exact minor diameter Beginners often turn grooves C and D to the exact major diameter as shown in Figure PRECAUTIONS IN CUTTING THREADS Never disengage the half nut lever in the middle of the thread without first backing out the tool with the cross feed Do not shift the reverse feed lever until the thread is com pleted If the work must be removed for checking the fit of a cut or for ...

Page 118: ...a guide for depth When the tool point has cut to the depth of groove C the thread has been finished This outer groove FIG 142 Correct setting of the tool and compound rest for internal threadin The point of the tool set on the exact center line COMPOUND TO BE SET AT 29 is not necessary if the thread is being cut to fit a certain screw the proper depth is then reached when the screw fits the thread...

Page 119: ...ish cuts should be taken without changing the setting of the compound rest CUTTING LEFT HAND THREADS Figure 143 shows the cutting of a left hand thread The direc tion of carriage feed is toward the tailstock Gear set ups and general cutting procedure are exactly the same as for right hand threads with the changes in tool angles made necessary by the dif ferent direction of carriage travel Clearanc...

Page 120: ... The lead screw cross feed and com pound rest feed screw of most lathes have Acme threads wjAS A ANGLE j 3 TO 5 SIDE CLEARANCE 10 APPROX FIG 146 Tool bit formed for cutting an external Acme thread To determine angle I refer to Figure 150 page 106 f 29 ANGLE SIDE 111111 0 11 ANGLE p PLUS SECTION A A 7 1 SIDE CLEARANCE ANGLE N Z 13 08Ef A P Nl MB6RS EQUAL nt REA 00 PER INCH DE P tH OF THREAD l5 HALP...

Page 121: ... the Acme It is cut however for many vise and clamp screws and other worm screw forms The Acme thread is recommended for all such applications it is stronger easier to cut and capable of closer fits In cutting a square thread with a large lead the tool angles must be absolutely correct Clearance should be allowed on two sides tapering from both the top and front of the tool see Figs 149 and 151 Fi...

Page 122: ... F MINUS 006 _ _ TO P 1J PLUS CLEARANCE ANGLE FRONT Q FIG 149 Tool bit for cutting external squar e threads FIG 150 Determining the angle q Draw line 11 ab equal to the circumference of the thread 3 1416 X maior diameter Then draw line ac at right angles to ab and equal in length to the thread pitch or lead if a multiple thread Draw line be 0 The angle cJ i is equal to the angle made by lines ba a...

Page 123: ... bottom of the thread must Jbe shaped properly with a formed tool CUTTING PIPE THREADS Figure 153 shows the exact form of the American Standard Pipe thread when cut correctly in a pre formed die When turned into the receiving nut the tapered lines cause the tight jamming J for which the pipe thread is so well known In a straight form this thread is used in oil cups and several types of electrical ...

Page 124: ...ading operation is similar to that for a standard Vee thread and produces a thread resembling the thread ed portion shown in Figure 154 Figure 155 shows a type of pipe center recommended for supporting the stock while cutting pipe type threads FIG 155 Pipe Centers CUTTING METRIC THREADS Also Special Fractional Threads The Metric Standard screw thread form shown in Figure 156 page 109 is accepted a...

Page 125: ...rned to the starting position Then advance the cross feed to its original O position turn in the compound rest feed for the next cut start the motor and repeat the cutting operation MULTIPLE THREADS Multiple threads of almo t any pitch and number of starts can be cut by two methods The threading dial is quick simple and accurate for some double threads and some quadruple or multiple four threads M...

Page 126: ...162 0148 0135 0130 0116 0101 0090 0081 0068 3248 2887 2598 2362 2165 1856 1624 1443 1299 1181 1083 0999 0928 0812 0722 0650 0590 0541 0481 0464 0433 0406 0361 0325 0295 0271 0260 0232 0203 0180 0162 0136 Ill When Cut with VEll FORM TOOL Single Depth of Thread 1894 1684 1516 1378 1263 1082 0947 0842 0758 0689 0631 0583 0541 047 3 042 1 0379 0345 0316 0281 0270 0253 0237 0211 0189 0172 0157 0151 013...

Page 127: ...4375 3447 3911 u 29 64 1 2 13 S000 4001 4500 27 64 33 64 J 9 16 12 5625 4542 5084 31 64 37 64 c J 5 8 11 6250 5069 5660 17 32 41 64 I f 3 4 10 7500 6201 6850 21 32 49 64 m r 7 8 9 8750 7301 8028 49 64 57 64 cn 1 1 8 1 0000 8376 9188 7 8 1 1 64 l i 7 1 1250 9394 1 0322 63 64 1 9 64 l 7 1 2500 1 0644 1 1572 1 7 64 1 17 64 1 6 1 3750 1 1585 1 2667 1 7 32 1 25 64 1 6 1 5000 1 2835 1 3917 1 11 32 1 33 ...

Page 128: ...79 1460 29 16 10 32 1900 1494 1697 21 13 64 12 28 2160 1696 1928 14 7 32 1 4 28 2500 2036 2268 3 17 64 5 16 24 3125 2584 2854 I 21 64 c 11 3 8 24 3750 3209 3479 Q 25 64 7 16 20 4375 1726 40S0 25 64 29 64 c I 1 2 20 5000 4351 4675 29 64 33 64 9 16 18 562S 4903 5264 33 64 37 64 5 8 18 6250 5528 5889 37 64 41 64 3 4 16 7500 6688 7094 11 1611 49 64 7 8 14 8750 7822 8286 13 1611 57 64 1 14 1 0000 9072 ...

Page 129: ...5 16 27 3125 2644 2884 J 21 64 5 16 32 3125 2719 2922 9 32 21 64 3 8 20 3750 3100 3425 21 64 25 64 3 8 27 3750 3269 3509 R 25 64 Cl 7 16 24 4375 3834 4i04 X 29 64 I 7 16 27 4375 3894 4134 y 29 64 m 1 2 12 5000 3918 4459 27 64 33 64 11 l l I 1 2 24 5000 4459 4729 2 1 64 33 li4 1 2 27 5000 4519 4759 15 32 33 64 9 16 27 5625 5144 5384 17 32 37 64 5 12 6250 5168 5709 35 61 41 64 5 8 27 6250 5769 6009 ...

Page 130: ...0 0714 0917 45 31 4 36 1120 0759 0940 44 31 5 36 1250 0889 1070 40 29 6 36 1380 1019 1200 34 25 7 30 1510 1077 1294 31 21 1 7 36 1510 1149 1330 21 8 30 1640 1207 1423 30 16 8 40 1640 1315 1478 28 16 9 24 1770 1229 1499 29 13 9 30 1770 1337 1553 27 13 9 32 1770 1364 1567 26 13 10 28 1900 1436 1668 23 13 64 10 30 1900 1467 1684 22 13 64 12 32 2160 1754 1957 13 7 32 14 20 2420 1770 2095 10 17 64 14 2...

Page 131: ... z 1 8 1 0000 8399 9200 55 64 1 1 64 er 7 l 7 1 1250 9420 1 0335 31 3211 1 9 64 J 1 7 1 2500 1 0670 1 1585 1 3 32 1 17 64 1 6 1 3750 1 1616 1 2683 1 3 16 1 25 64 l 6 1 5000 1 2866 1 3933 1 5 16 1 33 64 11 a 5 1 6250 1 3689 1 4969 1 13 32 1 41 64 J 1 5 1 7500 1 4939 1 6219 1 17 32 1 49 64 I I 2 4 2 0000 1 7154 1 8577 1 3 4 2 1 32 2 4 2 2500 1 9298 2 0899 1 31 32 2 9 32 2 4 2 5000 2 1798 2 3399 2 7 ...

Page 132: ... 50 8 05 9 026 8 6 R 27 64 11 0 1 50 9 05 10 026 9 6 V 29 64 12 0 1 75 9 73 10 863 10 5 z 1 2 14 0 1 25 12 38 13 188 13 0 33 64 9 16 14 0 2 00 11 40 12 701 12 0 15 32 9 16 16 0 2 00 13 40 14 701 14 0 35 64 21 32 1s o 1 50 16 05 17 026 16 5 41 64 47 64 18 0 2 50 14 75 16 376 15 5 39 64 47 64 20 0 2 50 16 75 18 376 17 5 11 16 13 16 22 0 2 50 18 75 20 376 19 5 49 6411 57 64 3 00 20 10 22 051 21 0 53 ...

Page 133: ... 05 11 026 10 5 z 1 2 14 0 2 00 11 40 12 701 12 0 15 32 9 16 Q 16 0 2 00 13 40 14 701 14 0 35 64 21 32 I I I 18 0 47 64 2 50 14 75 16 376 15 5 39 64 m 20 0 2 50 16 75 18 376 17 5 11 16 13 16 rn 22 0 2 50 18 75 20 376 19 5 49 64 57 64 I 24 0 3 00 20 10 22 051 21 0 53 64 31 32 26 0 3 00 22 10 24 051 23 0 57 64 1 3 64 28 0 3 00 24 10 26 051 25 0 63 64 1 3 64 30 0 3 50 25 45 27 727 26 5 1 3 64 1 13 64...

Page 134: ... Inche Depth of Dept h of T op of Space at per Inch p Thread Thread Thread Bottom 111 of Thread l 1 0000 5000 1 0000 5000 5000 1 7500 3750 7500 3750 3750 1 6667 3333 6667 3333 3333 l 5714 2857 5714 2857 2857 C 2 5000 2500 5000 2500 2500 2 4000 2000 4QOO 2000 2000 3 3333 1667 3333 1667 1667 3 2857 1429 2857 1429 1429 4 2500 1250 2500 1250 1250 4 2222 1111 2222 1111 1111 5 2000 1000 2000 1000 1000 5...

Page 135: ...22 2 7622 2 5 8 3 8 3 4885 3 2885 3 3885 3 1 4 j 3 8 3 9888 3 7888 3 8888 3 3 4 4 8 4 4871 4 2871 4 3871 4 1 4 TABLE XIII STOVE BOLTS MANUFACTURERS STANDARD FORM 60 THREAD THREAD DIMENSIONS AND TAP DRILL SIZES Nominal Thread Major Minor Pitch Tap Clearanct Diameter Diameter Diameter Drill Size per Inch Inches Inches Inches Drill Size 1 8 32 1250 0910 1080 42 29 5 32 28 1630 1250 1440 1 s 19 3 16 2...

Page 136: ......

Page 137: ...s can be obtained by varying the gear train with standard change gears for such jobs as metric threading coil and wire winding and special tooling Gear train arrangements and instructions for cutting metric threads and frequently used odd threads are contained in this book see instructions page 124 thru 127 gear train set ups are shown in Tables I and II pages 130 and 131 Gear train arrangements f...

Page 138: ... Change Controls CONTROLS A Left Hand Quick Change Lever shifts to five positions A B C D and E shown on left end of chart The position of the lever is indicated at the left end of the row of numbers in which you find the thread or feed desired B Right Hand Quick Change Lever shifts to nine positions They are numbered on bottom row of chart beneath carriage feeds The indexing position of the lever...

Page 139: ...e compound tumbler gear The position of the sliding gear is shown on the chart in the same row as the thread or feed desired E T Clamp controls the gear quadrant Loosen clamp to mesh sliding gear with the compound tumbler gear Fii 160 Sliding Gear in IN Position meshes with the 82 tooth compound gear Fig 161 Sliding Gear in OUT Position meshes with the 16 tooth compound gear READING THE QUICK CHAN...

Page 140: ... indexing holes in gear box The lever position for a thread or feed is shown in same row as thread or feed desired Right Hand Lever Position figures 1 through 9 across bottom of chart are the indexing positions of the right hand lever The indexing position of the lever is always directly below the thread or feed desired INSTRUCTIONS FOR CUTTING ODD AND METRIC THREADS AND WIRE WINDING Thousands of ...

Page 141: ...ine one of the change gear stud assemblies which hold gears to gear quadrant Fig 165 Each stud assembly has an outer gear bushing long enough to accommodate two gears This bushing has a double key which fits into the keyways in the gears Gear bushing and gears fit over a stud bushing and this assembly is bolted to the gear quadrant The washer is a bearing for the outer end of the gear bushing POSI...

Page 142: ...UD BUSHING NUT IDLER BOLT GEAR Fig 165 Cross section of chani e gear stud assembly GE A R C L E A R A NCE When setting up the gear train be sure to allow sufficient clearance between two meshing gears Fig 166 Gear clearance does not reduce the accuracy of a thread cutting operation because all play in the gears is taken up in one direction A method often CLEARANCE FIG 166 Proper gear clearance CLE...

Page 143: ...hich make up the standard Quick Change Gear Train 1 J 7 7 7 J IMPORTANT Table II Page 131 shows gear train set ups for threads as course as 1 per inch However ex treme care must be taken when cutting threads less than 4 per inch USE SLOW SPEEDS AND TAKE EXTREMELY LIGHT CUTS the lead screw is revolving very rapidly making it difficult for the operator to engage the carriage half nuts at the right m...

Page 144: ...nge lever bearings and shaft oil once a week 3 Feed Gears and Tumb ler Gear Bearings once a week place a few drops of oil on the gear train bearings Occasionally apply a small amount of heavy outer gear lubricant to the feed gears and tumbler gears it will aid in obtaining smoother more quiet operation IMPORTANT Make sure all oil has been removed from the gear teeth before applying lubricant or it...

Page 145: ...hen lathe is turning at high speeds or under heavy loads J2 Do not shift sliding gear when gear train is turning J3 If Quick Change levers do not index do not force merely rotate spindle by hand until levers slide easily into position J J J J 4 Keep metal chips from piling up underneath gear box they may cause serious damage to the gear train CC a m z cc e Cl t o z z CD ...

Page 146: ...48 32 ss 52 60 16 C 4 55 02165 48 ss 40 52 32 D 9 6 02362 48 ss 46 50 ss 24 32 D 5 65 02559 ss 48 36 44 32 ss 16 C 1 7 02756 48 ss 40 44 ss 24 32 D 3 l 75 02952 48 ss 40 52 32 D 4 8 03150 ss 48 40 ss 36 52 16 B 4 85 03346 ss 48 24 ss 60 64 16 B 8 9 03543 ss 64 32 ss 44 54 16 B 5 95 03740 ss 64 32 ss 7 46 56 16 B 4 1 00 03937 ss 48 32 ss 52 60 16 B 4 1 26 04921 ss 48 32 50 40 ss 16 A 7 1 50 05906 4...

Page 147: ...4 48 32 A 3 Cl Cl 2 38094 64 ss 24 64 32 A 8 t C 2 36362 48 ss 24 48 32 A 4 z 2 34782 48 ss 24 48 32 A 5 z a J 3 33332 48 ss 24 48 32 A 6 3 30770 48 ss 24 48 32 A 7 3 28570 48 ss 24 48 32 A 8 J 21 04761 24 56 64 ss 16 A 2 Cl 25 04000 20 50 64 ss 16 A 3 I t 27 03703 20 54 64 ss 16 A 3 m 33 03030 ss 48 32 44 40 ss 16 B 6 J 35 02857 24 56 64 ss 16 A 9 1 39 02564 24 52 64 ss 16 B 2 42 02380 32 56 48 s...

Page 148: ... ...

Page 149: ...g threads in the following standards National Coarse U S S National Fine S A E Acme Square and Whitworth Gear set ups for standard threads are shown on the pic torial threading chart on the inside of the change gear guard Fig 168 Figure 170 is an actual size repro duction of this threading chart Gear data for odd size threads are given in Table I page 150 Metric threads may also be cut with the st...

Page 150: ...on A the inner portion of the same slot is Position B The short slot adjacent to the long slot is Position C and the next short slot is Position D These gear positions are approximate they will vary with the size and number of the gears composing the train see diagrams in Fig 170 on the following page CHANGE GEAR STUD ASSEMBLY Before setting up a train of change gears examine one of the r change g...

Page 151: ...48B 641 205 32 2 13 52B 641 20S 32 2 14 56B 641 20S 32 2 SPINDLE 16 64B 641 20S 32 2 18 36F 20S 641 64 32 32 3 20 40F 20S 641 64 32 32 3 22 44F 20S 641 64 32 32 3 _t_ z 23 46F 20S 641 64 32 32 3 24 48F 20S 641 64 32 32 J I l 2 5 1 s 2 F i _ _ i 20 s _6 4 1 _ _ t6 4 a 2 3 2 3 11 S T UPfOlt ADS 27 54 F 205 641 64 32 32 3 i l1j 28 56F 20S 641 64 32 32 3 FIG s l j j li 1 1 l C I lt i l l 141 4 2 1 l 1...

Page 152: ...cy of a thread cut ting operation because all play in the gears is taken up in one di FIG 172 rection A method often used to ob Proper cear clearance tain proper gear clearance is 1 Place a sheet of thick writing paper between the teeth of the two meshing gears 2 tighten gears in position and 3 remove paper A smal1 amount of grease preferably graphite grease applied to gear teeth will often aid in...

Page 153: ...by locking the nut behind large washer on the inside of the Bracket Adjustment Slot Fig 169 FIG 173 Gear set up for through 7 threads per inch GEAR TRAIN FOR 4 THROUGH 7 THREADS PER INCH 1 Place on front position of screw stub the gear listed in Gear on Screw column of threading chart 2 Place 32 tooth gear and 64 tooth gear on bushing and mount in Position B on gear bracket with 32 tooth gear in b...

Page 154: ... 3 Swing entire gear bracket upward and tighten so that 64 tooth gear in Position B meshes with 32 tooth compound tumbler gear GEAR TRAIN FOR 18 THROUGH 32 THREADS PER INCH See Fig 175 page 139 1 Place on front position of screw stub the gear listed in Gear on Screw column of threading chart 2 Place 20 tooth gear and 64 tooth gear on bushing and mount in Position C with 20 tooth gear in back posit...

Page 155: ...TRAIN FOR 36 THROUGH 64 THREADS PER INCH FIG 176 Gear set up for 36 through 64 threads per inch see page 140 1 Place in back position of screw stub the gear listed in Gear on Screw column of threading chart 2 Place 64 tooth gear and 20 tooth gear on bushing and mount in Position C with 64 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 64 tooth gear meshes with gear in screw position The 64 tooth gear...

Page 156: ...64 tooth gear in back position of screw stub 2 Place 54 tooth gear and 24 tooth gear on bushing and mount in Position B with 24 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 24 tooth gear meshes with the 64 tooth gear in screw position 3 Place 56 tooth gear and 20 tooth gear on bushing and mount in Position A with 20 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 56 tooth gear meshes with 54 tooth gear...

Page 157: ... Position B 4 Place 32 tooth gear and 64 tooth gear on bushing in Position A with 32 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 32 tooth gear meshes with 52 tooth gear in Position B 5 Swing entire gear bracket upward and tighten so that 64 tooth gear in Position A meshes with the 16 tooth compound tumbler gear THREAD CUTTING SPEEDS The beginner in thread cut ing should adjust belts to obtain a sp...

Page 158: ...per inch engage the half nut lever for the first cut when the stationary mark on the outside of the threading dial is in line with any one of the four marks on the rotating portion of the dial Any one of the four dial markings may be used for following cuts When cutting odd numbered threads such as 7 9 11 23 27 etc per inch engage the half nut lever for the first cut when the stationary mark on th...

Page 159: ...ad of 1 12 inch Set up c ____ l C 2 a C FIG 181 Intermediate positions on threading dial which can be used for cutting The numbers l and 2 aro marked the lettered positions may be marked as needed the change gears for the lead in threads per inch 12 not 24 En gage the half nut lever for the first cut when th stationary mark on the outside of the threading dial is in line with any one of the four m...

Page 160: ...he third groove and at b2 for the fourth groove The setting of the compound rest feed is changed only after each of the four grooves has been cut to the depth of setting CUTTING MULTIPLE THREADS BY SLIPPING TEETH ON THE SPINDLE GEAR Double and quadruple threads can also be cut by slipping teeth on the compound gear This practice is not so common aE the use of the threading dial but is not complica...

Page 161: ...n in the same manner as for _ i thread cutting pages 134 to 142 The feed in inches is equal to 1 F r example a feed of 0087 inch requires the threads per inch gear set up as 114 9 threads per inch J The five most common carriage feeds as shown in the thread ing chart page 135 are 0087 0071 0050 0035 and 0024 inch per spindle revolution Refer to the threading chart and the following J paragraphs wh...

Page 162: ...GEAR TRAIN FOR 0071 INCH CARRIAGE FEED 20TOOTH GEAR 40 TOOTH GEAR FIG 183 Gear set up for 0071 inch carriage feed 1 Place 64 tooth gear in front position on screw stub 2 Place 20 tooth gear and 40 tooth gear on bushing in Position D with 40 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 20 tooth gear meshes with 64 tooth gear on screw stub 3 Place 48 tooth gear and steel spacer on bushing in Position...

Page 163: ... gear meshes with 64 tooth gear on screw stub 3 Place 48 tooth gear and 20 tooth gear on bushing in Position A with 20 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 20 tooth gear meshes with 52 tooth gear in Position B 4 Swing entire gear bracket upward and tighten so that 48 tooth gear in Position A meshes with 16 tooth compound tumbler gear GEAR TRAIN FOR 0060 INCH CARRIAGE FEED The gear set up fo...

Page 164: ...tooth gear in Position A meshes with 16 tooth compound tumbler gear GEAR TRAIN FOR 0024 INCH CARRIAGE FEED See Fig 186 page 149 1 Place 64 tooth gear in back position on screw stub I 2 Place 20 tooth gear and 56 tooth gear on bushing in Position D with 20 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 20 tooth gear meshes with 64 tooth gear on screw stub 3 Place 52 tooth gear and 20 tooth gear on bus...

Page 165: ...CIAL THREADS AND FEEDS Engineers charted over a thousand threads and feeds be tween the coarsest thread and the finest feed Tables I and II this section give proper set ups for a wide variety of special threads and feeds Most of these set ups are exact some are accurate to the limits mentioned Table III gives set ups for metric threads with pitch between 0 5 and 7 0 millimeters l c I I z z C I CIC...

Page 166: ...B 48 32 ss 441 24 32 641 36S 32 2 75 Exact 24B 48 44 20 40 641 32S 32 3 Exact 24F 32 64 641 20S 32 3 25 Exact 52B 40 20 24 48 641 32S 32 3 5 Exact 56B 40 20 24 48 641 32S 32 r 3 75 Exact 20F 48 64 641 24S 32 7 5 Exact 40F 36 48 641 20S 32 c 8 5 1 3500 44B 36 20 24S 481 64 46 32 9 5 1 1900 52B 40 24 20S 441 56 46 32 10 5 Exact 56F 48 64 521 20S 32 d I 12 5 Exact 4PF 40 32 641 20S 32 15 Exact 54F _ ...

Page 167: ...61 ss 24 48 16 62 1 620 48F 54 46 461 ss 20 44 16 63 Exact 64B 24 54 56 32 32 J 65 Exact 48F 40 24 461 ss 32 52 16 66 Exact 64B 24 54 44 24 32 f 67 1 160 64F 40 24 32 40 20s 641 16 d 68 1 490 64F 40 36 561 ss 24 46 16 69 Exact 64B I 24 54 46 24 32 I I 70 Exact 48F 56 32 24 40 20S 641 16 71 1 118 64F 44 40 541 ss 24 48 16 l T1 7 en 73 1 730 48F 36 20 521 24S 32 54 16 74 1 180 64F 56 48 461 ss 24 48...

Page 168: ...elow Extra gears are available from the factory at nominal cost Inches Threads Gear on Position D Position C Position B Position A Compound Feed in per inch Screw B F B F B F B F Tor Noto 0085 118 8 48F 44 20 481 ss 24 54 16 008 124 8 48F 48 20 461 ss 24 52 16 006 166 4 64F 52 20 24 48 16 004 249 6 64B 20 S2 48 20 32 40 ss 641 16 0032 344 06 64B 20 56 48 20 40 64 16 0027 372 7 64B 20 56 52 20 40 6...

Page 169: ...5 5 5 6 7 Refer to page 109 when cutting metric threads Gear on Screw 48F 44F 64B 44B 44B 36B 40F 44B 44B 44F 40B 40B 24F 20F 20F 24B Position D B F 40 44 40 52 32 40 52 56 44 48 48 56 48 44 54 44 52 44 Position C B F 52 48 52 40 Position B B F 521 ss 541 20S ss 541 20S 461 52 36 52 24 52 20 52 20 36 52 36 52 44 52 48 52 44 52 40 56 SYMBOLS F position away from headstock B position toward headstoc...

Page 170: ......

Page 171: ...gears and threading dial for cutting threads in the following stand ards National Coarse U S S National Fine S A E Acme Square and Whitworth Gear set ups for standard threads are shown on the pictorial threading chart on the inside of the change gear guard Fig 187 Figure 189 is an actual size reproduction of this threading chart Gear data for odd size threads are given in Table I page 171 I I CCI ...

Page 172: ...me slot is Position B The short slot adjacent to the long slot is Position C These gear positions are approximate they will vary with the size and number of the gears composing the train see diagrams in Fig 189 and on the following page CHANGE GEAR STUD ASSEMBLY Before setting up a train of change gears examine one of the change gear stud assemblies which hold the change gears to the gear bracket ...

Page 173: ... 64F 20 40 641 XXS 32 I S PACER SET UP FOR 18 366 64 XXS 32 2 3664THREAOS 20 406 641 XXS 32 2 g j FIG 4 Q SPINDLE 22 44B 641 XXS 32 2 0 O 0 16 32 _ 64 32 7 I _ SEl UPFOR sit 72 96 TH READS SPACER 36 36F 20S 321 XXS 641 16 24 48B 641 XXS 32 2 27 54B 641 XXS 32 2 scREw 2 9 t 5 5 a 54 __ 1 __ xc xs 3 2 f 2 a 32 64B 641 XXS 32 2 nr mll 40 40F 20S 321 XXS 641 16 J HOLE 44 44F 20S 321 xxs 641 16 z scREw...

Page 174: ...thread cut ting operation because all play in the gears is taken up in one di rection A method often used to ob FIG 101 tain proper gear clearance is 1 Place a sheet of thick writing paper between the teeth of the two meshing gears 2 tighten gears in position and 3 remove paper A small amount of grease preferable graphite grease applied to gear teeth will often aid in obtaining smoother more quiet...

Page 175: ...on away from the headstock The gear bracket is tightened in position by locking the nut on the front J J J J 7 _J J J of the gear bracket IDLER GEAR FIG 192 32 TOOTH GEAR GEAR TRAIN FOR 8 THROUGH 10 THREADS PER INCH 1 Place on front position of screw stub the gear listed in Gear on Screw column of threading chart 2 Place 32 tooth gear and 64 tooth gear on sleeve and mount in Position C on gear bra...

Page 176: ...unt in Position A with 64 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 64 tooth gear meshes with 20 tooth gear in Position C The 64 tooth gear is an idler 4 Swing entire gear bracket upward and tighten so that 64 tooth gear in Position A meshes with 32 tooth compound tumbler gear GEAR TRAIN FOR 18 THROUGH 32 THREADS PER INCH See Fig 194 page 161 1 Place on back position of screw stub the gear liste...

Page 177: ...8 through 32 threads per inch 161 3 Swing entire gear bracket upward and tighten so that 64 tooth gear in Position B meshes with 32 tooth compound tumbler gear GEAR TRAIN FOR 36 THROUGH 64 THREADS PER INCH IDLER GEAR FIG 195 Gear set up for 36 through 64 threads per inch see page 162 e c I 0 z z a I I i en ...

Page 178: ...C The 64 tooth gear is an idler 4 Swing entire gear bracket upward so that the 64 tooth gear in Position A meshes with the 16 tooth compound tumbler gear GEARTRAINFOR72THROUGH96THREADSPERINCH STEEL SPACER GEAR FIG 198 Gear set up for 72 and 80 threads per inch 1 Place in back position of screw stub the gear listed in Gear on Screw column of threading chart 2 Place 56 tooth gear and spacer on sleev...

Page 179: ...ch cut Without the threading dial it would be necessary to reverse the motor at the end of each cut and wind the tool out of the thread a cumbersome method little used except when cutting metric and special fractional threads RULES FOR THE USE OF THE THREADING DIAL When cutting an even numbered thread such as 12 14 16 32 etc per inch engage the half nut lever for the first cut when the stationary ...

Page 180: ...e dial Lines for 1 A 11 B and C positions are marked but not the let Example To Cut a Double ters themselves The four b postions may be marked by the operator as needed Thread with a Pitch of 1 24 inch and a Lead of 1 12 inch Set up the change gears for the lead in threads per inch 12 not 24 Engage the half nut lever for the first cut when the stationary mark on the outside of the threading dial i...

Page 181: ...tting of the compound rest feed is changed only after each of the four grooves has been cut to the same depth J CUTTING MULTIPLE THREADS BY SLIPPING TEETH ON THE SPINDLE GEAR J Double and quadruple threads can also be cut by slipping teeth on the compound gear This practice is not so common as the use of the threading dial but is not complicated J To cut multiple threads by slipping teeth on the c...

Page 182: ...n is obtained by setting up the gear train in the same manner as for thread cutting pages 156 to 163 The feed in inches is equal to 1 threads per inch For example a feed of 0078 inch requires the gear set up as 128 threads per inch The four most common carriage feeds as shown in the thread ing chart page 159 are 0078 0048 0039 and 0024 inch per spindle revolution Refer to the threading chart and t...

Page 183: ...r bracket upward and tighten so that 48 tooth gear in Position A meshes with 32 tooth compound tumbler gear GEAR TRAIN FOR 0048 INCH CARRIAGE FEED FIG 201 Gear set up for 0048 Inch carriage feed 1 Place 64 tooth gear in back position on screw stub 2 Place 20 tooth gear and 64 tooth gear on sleeve in Position C with 20 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 20 tooth gear meshes with 64 tooth g...

Page 184: ...eeve in Position C with 64 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 32 tooth gear meshes with 64 tooth gear on screw stub 3 Place 24 tooth gear and 48 tooth gear from screw stub on sleeve in Position A with 24 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 24 tooth gear meshes with 64 tooth gear in Position C 4 Swing entire gear bracket upward and tighten so that 48 tooth gear in Position A meshes...

Page 185: ...d 20 tooth gear on sleeve in Position C with 64 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 20 tooth gear meshes with 64 tooth gear on screw stub 3 Place 24 tooth gear and 48 tooth gear on sleeve in Position A with 24 tooth gear in back position Tighten so that 24 tooth gear meshes with 64 tooth gear in Position C 4 Swing entire gear bracket upward and tighten so that 48 tooth gear in Position A m...

Page 186: ...and feeds be twe n the eoarsest theead and the finest feed Table I and II g ve peop c geac set up foe a w de vadety of Pedal theeads and feeds Most of the set ups ace exaet some ace aeeueat to the Un nenHoned Table III g v set ups foe netde theeads with pitch between 0 6 and 3 0 millimeters r j 9 _ c I I ...

Page 187: ...70 20F 46 54 641 xxS 32 10 5 Exact 56B 48 36 20 40 441 xxS 32 7 12 5 Exact 40F 20 32 641 xxS 32 13 5 Exact 54F 20 40 461 xxS 32 15 Exact 54B 36 40 20 40 461 xxS 32 d J 17 1 560 40F 46 54 521 xxS 32 21 Exact 56F 36 48 641 xxS 32 25 Exact 40F 40 32 641 xxS 32 d CJ Q 29 1 780 40B 56 54 40 56 32 dh I cc 30 Exact 48F 40 32 641 xxS u 32 33 Exact 40B 32 48 44 40 32 d 34 1 340 40B 32 46 52 44 32 J 35 Exac...

Page 188: ... xxS 561 16 62 1 620 48B 20 44 54 46 32 63 1 2100 64B 24 40 52 44 32 65 Exact 48B 32 52 40 24 32 l l 66 1 75 44B 36 54 xxS 641 16 69 Exact 54B 36 46 xxS 641 16 70 Exact 40B 481 xxS 32 56 16 c 71 1 710 64B 36 40 xxS 641 16 73 1 730 48B 20 36 xxS 441 54 32 32 75 Exact 40F 36 24 32 40 xxS 441 16 d 77 Exact 44B 32 56 xxS 541 16 C 78 Exact 54B 36 52 xxS 641 16 79 1 790 54F 52 40 32 36 xxS 441 16 SYMBOL...

Page 189: ...the material or job requfres a certain carriage feed refer to the table below Feed Threads Gear on Inches per inch Screw 008 124 8 64B 007 143 94 64B 006 166 4 64B 005 199 1 64F 0021 478 64F I extra 24 tooth gear xxS steel spacer Position C Position B Position A Position D Compound Tumbler Note B 20 20 20 64 64 F B F B F B F Gear 52 54 36 32 54 40 24 32 52 xxS 561 16 32 36 56 16 20 24 56 16 SYMBOL...

Page 190: ...ic ratio Thus it is possible to cut metric threads very close to the standard metric pitches Refer to page 108 when cutting metric threads Pitch Gear on Position C Position B Position A Position D Compound MM Screw B F B F B F B F Tumbler Note Gear 6 56B 36 64 44 52 32 7 64B 24 32 44 52 32 75 64B 32 40 44 52 32 8 54B 46 64 44 52 32 9 46B 36 52 44 52 32 1 0 40B 32 48 44 52 32 1 25 44F 48 52 401 20S...

Page 191: ... I J J J 7 Part 8 LATHE ATTACHMENTS AND THEIR USES cc e CJ t z z c I rn en z en ...

Page 192: ...ter and must be machined near the center or more than 5 or 6 inches from the chuck FIG 204 the steady rest should be mounted in posi Steady Rest or Center Rest tion near the portion of the work being machined Fig 205 To drill bore tap or machine the end of a long piece of any diameter up to 3 inches support the end with the steady rest as shown in Figure 206 The headstock end can be held in a chuc...

Page 193: ...ing both the lock nut and clamp screw on each jaw loosen the base clamp slide the steady rest into the proper posi tion and retighten base clamp When the work is being held in a chuck the jaws of the steady rest can be set more accurately if the work is held between lathe centers while the jaws are being adjusted Take extreme care in locating the tailstock center see page 67 For jobs requiring max...

Page 194: ...djustable jaws hold the work in exact __ position preventing it from springing away from the tool The jaws of the follower rest like those of the steady rest must form a true bearing for the work allowing it to turn with no trace of bind ing In setting the follower rest jaws first re move the guard over the cross feed screw place a small piece of paper or cardboard over this screw to keep off chip...

Page 195: ...t ed to retain accuracy Both the follower rest and steady rest are often used to brace a slender rod Fig 210 Using both the steady rest and follower rest to support a long small diameter rod THE CUT OFF TOOL Quick clean cutting off requires careful machining and a properly ground tool The cut off tool must be set into the work at an exact right angle and with the cutting edge on dead center see Fi...

Page 196: ...in the spindle carriage and compound rest will surely cause trouble See that the gibs on the rear of the carriage fit snug and that the carriage is locked securely in position on the bed Tighten the gibs on the cross feed and compound feed Set the tool holder as far back into the tool post as possible and keep the tool post screw tight ened The tool is fed into the work with the cross feed RATE OF...

Page 197: ...r line the tool blade should be at an exact right angle with the work Fig 214 2 If the tool hogs in and stops the spindle rotation stop the motor and reverse the spindle by hand before backing out the tool with the cross feed After resetting the tool feed in slowly and remove the bad spots 3 Never complete a cut ofl of work which does not swing free at one end 4 Cut ofl as close to the headstock a...

Page 198: ...ng operations The floating construction of this tool makes the rollers self FIG 216 Knurling Tool 7 i centering assuring equal pressure on each roller and resulting in two sets of lines of equal depth The rollers are hardened tool steel FIG 217 Knurling cutters and pattern produced THE KNURLING OPERATION The knurling tool is set rig idly in the tool post at right angles to the face of the work and...

Page 199: ... When a test cut shows the proper pattern engage carriage feed Apply plenty of lubricant Keep tailstock center well lubricated At the end of the cut shift the reverse lever to Neutral force the tool oos or 006 inch deeper and then shift the reversing lever to cut back to the starting point Continue the knurling operations until the desired depth is reached After the knurling process is started nev...

Page 200: ...he cut Note carria2 e stop in background The cross slide stop Fig 196 indicates the proper depth at which to stop the cross feed much in the same manner as the car riage stop is used as a guide in longitudinal operations It is espe cially valuable for threading and turning down a rough diameter The cross slide stop is mounted on the cross slide dovetail either in front of or behind the compound re...

Page 201: ...arbor The v ersatile milling attachment Fig 222 converts the lathe into a small milling machine Six of the more fre quent operations are illustrated on the opposite page The work is held in the milling vise jaws and the various types of cutters Fig 223 are held in the head stock spindle with the chuck or holding collet shown in Figure 230 The end mills are suitable for milling slots facing and rou...

Page 202: ...vise jaws insert work and tighten The vise can be swivelled to any desired angle and is adjusted for height with the graduated h mdwheel 1Whcn the compound lock mechanism is controlled by two clamp screws loosen these screws about inch only and raise compound rest with a twisting motion In this way plunger pins are kept from twisting out of line with bevel of central piJot Similar precautions must...

Page 203: ... arbor by locking socket head set screw The draw bar arbor bushing cutter shank and lathe spindle must be wiped clean and dry When mounting the milling cutter in the collet arbor be sure to select the proper size of collet bushing if one is required DEPTHS OF CUTS AND FEEDS When the work is fed across the milling cutter with the cross feed the depth of cut and rate of feed is determined primarily ...

Page 204: ...5 805 1270 1270 2072 ill 266 418 500 685 685 805 805 1270 1270 2072 ill 266 266 418 500 500 685 805 805 1270 2072 ill 164 266 418 418 500 685 685 805 1270 1270 ill 164 266 266 418 418 500 685 685 805 1270 1tters 164 266 418 418 500 685 685 805 1270 127C 164 164 266 266 418 418 500 685 805 127 112 164 164 266 266 266 418 418 500 80 112 112 164 164 266 266 266 418 500 68 83 112 164 164 164 266 266 4...

Page 205: ... Note To determine distance key projects from slot1 sub tract depth h in Figure 201 from height of key C in Figure 200 This should nominally be equal to one half the width of the key SIZE OF STANDARD KEYWAYS FOR MILLING CUTTERS AND SOME SPECIAL SHAFTING No te s hafts Shaft Key Size Comer Cutter Shaft Radius Keyway Keyway Size WXH r D tb D th H 2x 2 020 4 64 1 sx 2 o o 1 x 4 2 1 ox io o l12 x o 2 1...

Page 206: ...nder spindle is on the exact lathe center line After the tool post has been removed clean both the grinder base and tool post slot and clamp the grinder in the slot Remove the grinder belt guard and loosen clamp on elevating screw Align center of grind er spindle with lathe tailstock center by adjusting elevating screw Retighten clamp on elevating screw and replace belt guard Swivel and tighten th...

Page 207: ...dovetails thoroughly Then apply plenty of clean oil DRESSING THE GRINDING WHEEL When the grinder has been mounted in position and the lathe is properly protected from emery dust the grinding wheel should be dressed Figure 242 shows how the dressing tool is mounted in the holder which has been clamped to the lathe bed The diamond point of the dresser should be at an angle and slightly below center ...

Page 208: ...ower speed for external grinding and the higher speed for internal grinding DIRECTION OF LATHE SPINDLE ROTATION In grinding operations the work must turn in a direction oppo site that of the grinding wheel Figure 244 shows how the rota tion of the lathe spindle must be clockwise backward for exter nal grinding and counterclockwise forward for internal grinding REVERSING SWITCH a dependable reversi...

Page 209: ...and the grinder mounted in position and the grinding wheel dressed properly advance the wheel into one end of the work Take light cuts across the entire length of the work If using the automatic carriage feed set up the change gears for the 0035 inch feed Hand feeds should be very slow and even The last finishing cut should be less than 001 inch very often a last pass is taken without advancing th...

Page 210: ...slowly because of the overhang of the grinding wheel After the last cut allow the wheel to pass back and forth across the work several times without advancing the feed FIG 2i6 Grinding the inside of a bushing Be sure to remove the external wheel before beginning internal grinding operations IJFIG 247 Arbor and wheel for internal rinding The threaded portion serves only to pull arbor into tapered s...

Page 211: ... with the compound rest set at exactly the proper angle Adjust belts to obtain a slow lathe spindle speed and shift reversing switch lever so that lathe spindle is turning in a direc tion opposite that of the grinding wheel Feed up to the center with the carriage handwheel lock carriage in position and feed across center slowly with compound rest feed Take light cuts NOTES ON GRINDING A spotty mot...

Page 212: ...hods of mounting the armature are illustrated in Figures 258 and 259 Armature shafts with center holes are mount ed between lathe centers and driven with a dog Be sure that both center holes are free from burrs and dirt Center less armatures are mounted as shown in Figure 258 the Jacobs headstock chuck or the universal chuck drives the shaft and the Jacobs center rest chuck Fig 262 supports the ta...

Page 213: ...uts with a surface speed of 200 to 300 feet per minute pages 45 and 47 UNDERCUTTING MICA The motor driven undercutting attach ment shown in Figure 260 is recommended FIG 262 for the undercutting operation The base Jacobs Center Rest Chuck is clamped to the cross slide dovetail and is put into action without removing the tool post After the trueing cut choose an undercutting saw which is the same w...

Page 214: ... about the same width as the commutator never use emery or carborundum paper Do not hold the paper against the commutator with the fingers but use a strip long enough so that an end can be held in each hand TAPER TURNING ON THE LATHE Tapers are cut in one of three ways 1 with a taper cut ting attachment 2 by setting over the tailstock center and 3 by feeding in at an angle with the compound rest f...

Page 215: ...eter Taper per foot in inches Length in inches CALCULATING ANGLE OF COMPOUND REST The lathe compound rest can be swivelled and locked at any angle and is ideal for cutting short tapers taking angular cuts up to 2 inches in length and boring tapered holes When the de sired taper is expressed in degrees and minutes the angle is simply transferred to the proper side of the 90 reading on the graduated...

Page 216: ...t of tailstock setover bear in mind that the amount of tailstock setover varies with the length of the piece being ta pered the tailstock must be reset in order to cut the same taper on pieces of different lengths Use these form FIG 20 ulas S Setover in inches Tapering with tailstock set over 1 When Taper per Foot is given Taper per Foot X Length of Taper in Inches s 24 2 When entire length of pie...

Page 217: ...929 15 27263 16 53732 I 30 04366 30 27732 ao 54295 46 04803 45 28203 45 54862 3 0 05241 16 0 28674 29 0 55431 15 05678 15 29147 16 66003 30 06116 30 29621 30 56677 45 06554 45 30096 46 6 7155 I 4 0 06993 17 0 30673 30 0 57735 15 07431 15 31051 16 68318 30 07870 30 31680 30 68904 45 08309 46 32010 45 59494 6 0 08749 18 0 32492 31 0 60086 16 09189 16 32976 15 60681 so 09629 30 33469 so 61280 45 1006...

Page 218: ... 1 9840 16 5 8196 30 1 0538 30 2 0057 30 5 9768 46 1 0630 45 2 0278 45 6 1402 47 0 1 0724 64 0 2 0503 81 0 6 3137 15 1 0818 16 2 0732 15 6 4971 30 1 0913 30 2 0965 30 6 6911 45 1 1009 45 2 1203 45 6 8969 J 48 0 1 1106 66 0 2 1445 82 0 7 1154 15 1 1204 15 2 1692 15 7 3479 t 30 1 1303 30 2 1943 30 7 6957 45 2 2199 CCI 45 1 1403 46 7 8606 66 0 2 2460 J 49 0 1 1604 83 0 8 1443 en 16 1 1605 15 2 2727 1...

Page 219: ...g 269 Loosen the headless set screw on the side toward which the tailstock will be moved Then the upper tailstock will move in that direction when the other headless set screw is tightened The index line at the handwheel end of the tailstock indicates the approximate amount of setover see Figs 265 and 269 Figure 268 shows how to measure the amount of tailstock set over The tailstock is moved close...

Page 220: ...long and has a shoulder at each end as indicated A light cut is taken at A and B and the two diameters are measured with a micrometer Then If the diameter of tailstock shoulder B is MORE than the diameter of headstock shoulder A the tailstock must be moved FORWARD a distance of half the difference in diameters If the diameter of tailstock shoulder B is LESS than the diam eter of headstock shoulder...

Page 221: ...ing computation and setting The slide bar is installed parallel to the lathe bed way and set at the desired angle A slotted draw bar connects the slide bar and the carriage cross slide guiding the cutting operation ASSEMBLING THE TAPER CUTTING ATTACHMENT Refer to Figure 274 With the pivot bracket and taper gauge bracket attached to the guide bar fasten the brackets to the lathe bed at the desired ...

Page 222: ...ce the guide bar slide with feed slide nut inserted on the guide bar Adjust the three set screws in the draw bar until they just touch the cross slide then tighten in place by using the round head machine screw furnished Take up side play between the draw bar and draw bar guide by adjusting the two screws in the guide OPERATING THE TAPER CUTTING ATTACHMENT Position and clamp the guide bar at the d...

Page 223: ...checking until the entire length of the chalk line is rubbed out Sockets to fit standard tapers should be cut to approximate size and reamed with a standard taper reamer Arbors should be finish ground with a tool post grinder page 189 to avoid damaging the taper socket BROWN AND SHARPE TAPERS Figure 275 shows standard Brown and Sharpe taper dimensions Each of the tapers except the No 10 requires a...

Page 224: ... 050 003 5 450 21 s 2 h 21 260 420 h 060 003 6 500 2 2 H 23 s 291 To 460 h rt 060 005 7 600 2 2 3 H H 322 H 560 Irr 070 005 8 750 3 t 3H 41 s 1 353 710 3 s 080 005 9 900 4 41 s 4 11 s 385 860 t 100 005 16 10 1 0446 5 4H SH 1 i 447 H 1 010 To t 110 005 11 1 250 5 5H 6H 1 i 447 H 1 210 130 005 12 1 500 71 s 6H 7H 1 510 1 460 150 005 13 1 750 7 7 t 8 h 1 510 1 710 5 s 170 010 14 2 00 8 8 9 lt 572 H 1...

Page 225: ...475 1 748 6 5 6 2 116 2 494 8 f 8 7 2 750 3 270 11 11 bO u c 11 u 5 u jQ H p 2f 2 2h 2 2 2h 3 3 0 4 4n 5 5 r 7 7 10 10 t u h H 1 TONGUE T B d I 235 h 343 n H h I n h H lH 1 2 1 2 KEYWAY a w L K 04 160 h lii 05 213 2 1 06 260 2 08 322 1 0 3 1 10 478 1 3 12 635 1 4H 16 760 1 7 18 1 135 2 9 62460 59858 59941 60235 62326 63151 62565 62400 0 u c z 05205 04988 04995 05019 05193 05262 05213 05200 0 1 2 3...

Page 226: ...13021 1 47 0 53 031250 015625 h 2 OS 1 02 036458 018229 2 23 1 11 041667 020833 2 41 1 21 046875 023438 2 59 1 30 052084 026042 H 3 17 1 39 057292 028646 3 35 47 062500 031250 ti 3 53 1 56 067708 033854 4 11 2 06 072917 036456 H 4 28 2 14 078125 039063 1 4 46 2 23 083330 041667 l 5 58 2 59 104666 052084 l 1 09 3 34 125000 062500 1 8 20 4 10 145833 072917 2 9 32 4 46 166666 083332 2 11 54 5 57 2083...

Page 227: ...r7 I I _I I I ...

Page 228: ... J l 7 7 J J Part 9 WOODTURNING ON THE METAL LATHE cc I e c c z z c c I CICI m en ...

Page 229: ...ypes of woodworking and are obtained with a 1725 R P M motor FIG 283 Woodworking Projects The attachments necessary for woodworking operations are described on page 212 Figure 283 shows woodturning projects A Timken equipped lathe see page 8 is recommended for the shop handling quantities of both wood and metal turning A Timken equipped lathe spindle will stand up for long periods with out adjustm...

Page 230: ...er shank The screw center Fig 284 is mounted in the headstock for facing and hollowing operations The spur center Fig 285 is used in the headstock to drive work mounted between lathe centers The cup center Fig 286 acts as a dead center in the tailstock FIG 290 Chisel Set This set of wood turning chisels is ade quate to fill the needs of most small shops It includes 3 gouges 2 skew chisels one roun...

Page 231: ... iiIlllilri each end with reasonable accuracy Square or regular sized stock is centered by scribing lines across FIG 292 Saw Cuts for Spur Center the ends from corner to corner Round work is centered with the hermaphrodite caliper or center head attachment see pages 67 and 68 After locating the center make two saw cuts about Ys inch deep in the headstock end of the work as shown in Figure 292 Thes...

Page 232: ...ock between centers before at tempting more difficult opera tions with expen sive woods The two most com monly used chis els the gouge and skew Figs 293 and 298 can be handled in a satis factory manner after a short period of practice and study There are two methods ordinarily used in wood turning opera tions paring and scraping The paring method described in the following paragraphs although the ...

Page 233: ...er s firmer gouge the point is rounded The ground face A in Fig 294 is always ground flat or with a slight curve outward never hollow ground When hon ing the gouge always hold the chisel and the stone free in the hands Continue honing until a feather edge is felt then remove this edge by honing lightly on the inside with a slip stone FIG 294 A Large Gouge Figures 295 and 296 show the proper method...

Page 234: ...E LARGE SKEW CHISEL FIG 298 Taking a finish cut with the large skew chisel FIG 299 Large Skew Chisel The large skew chisel Fig 299 is used for smooth cutting on cylindrical or long taper work The cutting edge is askew or at an angle and both side faces are ground to permit cuts to both the right and left When sharpening the large skew the sides are ground off equally to an angle approximately equa...

Page 235: ...s or tapers can be smoothed down accur ately with a small block plane The plane is held at an angle of approximately 45 degrees with the axis of the work as shown in Figure 302 Light cuts give a clean con tinuous shaving and a smooth surface FIG 802 Smoothing down work with the small block plane THE PARTING TOOL FIG 303 Parting Tool The parting tool is used for two purposes 1 for taking sizing cut...

Page 236: ... for FIG 305 Measurinj the depth of a groove while it 1s being cut cutting off waste ends of the work cut grooves at both ends so that the diameter is about inch at those points Then cut the tailstock groove another inch or slightly deeper Now cut entirely through the headstock end and catch the work as it drops The small skew chisel gives a smoother cutoff than the parting tool see page 224 Some ...

Page 237: ... or beads and concave or cove cuts V cuts are made with the small skew or the spear point chisel Convex cuts are made with the skew chisel concave cuts with the gouge These three cuts are described in the following paragraphs Experiment and practice until these cuts can be taken properly they are used in almost every wood turning job TAKING VEE CUTS FIG 307 Cutting a Vee near the Headstock Sharp v...

Page 238: ...cutting process are illus trated in Figure 310 The first grooving is made exactly the same as for a V cut and at the points which will be the ends of the bead Fig 310 Then start the cut from the center of the bead as shown in Figure 311 H old the blade fairly flat and high enough on the work so that only the heel will cut Work the tool toward the side Fig 312 and at the same time draw it forward t...

Page 239: ...roximate shape by pushing the tool di rectly into the work with a scraping cut Fig 317 Then start the tool with the ground por tion at a right angle to the side of the groove Fig 318 and roll the tool down to the groove center fig 319 cutting with the side lip of the tool Then reverse the blade and repeat for A B FIG 315 The small gouge uB is ground at more of an angle than the large gouge A 1 the...

Page 240: ... curve The tool is pushed directly into the work with a scraping cut FIG 318 Proper tool p_ osition at end of Hrolling cut The ground portion of the tool is at a right angle to the side of the groove FIG 319 Tool position at end of rolling eut The cutting has been done with the side lip of the chisel ...

Page 241: ... in Figure 321 so that the heel of the tool takes a light cut Cutting up to a shoulder with the small skew chisel The arrow indicates proper direction for advancing tool CUTTING OFF Although the parting tool can be used for a rough job of cut ting off a smooth accurate end surface requires both the parting tool and the small skew chisel In marking the work for cut off allow at least 2 inches at th...

Page 242: ...rith small skew chisel holding tool the same as for cutting shoulders page 223 Pare off end to correct dimensions keeping groove well cut out and clear Continue cut until diameter is about 3 32 at tailstock and 1 s at headstock be sure ends are smooth and clean FIG 324 Cut off the headstock end with the chisel point catching the work with the left hand as it falls Cut off the small tailstock end w...

Page 243: ...nable in the finished work When screw holes must be avoided the work is glued to a piece of scrap stock and the screws FIG 326 FIG 327 tightened into the scrap as shown in Figure 327 A piece of newspaper placed between the two pieces simplifies removal of the work from the scrap after the operation is completed When mounting small work on the screw center Fig 328 first drill a lead hole for the sc...

Page 244: ...es a scraping cut with the scraping chisel held horizontally and flat into the work Figs 330 and 336 Because face plate turning re quires cutting the grain of the wood in all directions the paring or cutting method used on work between centers is not satisfac FIG 330 Tool position for scraping Th 1 h cut when facing tory e arge gouge owever may be used for roughing cuts in the same manner as when ...

Page 245: ...hape with a jig saw Take light cuts to avoid splitting off cor ners or tearing the work from the face plate Figures 334 335 and 336 show the use of scrap ing tools in three typical facing operations FIG 336 Using a square end scraper on the outer edge of face plate work FINISHING THE WORK J A speed one step faster than that used for general turning is usually fast enough for sanding operations see...

Page 246: ...th a soft cloth An attractive finish can be obtained by applying several coats of boiled linseed oil and polishing each coat thoroughly while the work revolves When the work is to be stained or filled and later finished with either a French polish or wax it is best to leave the ends uncut so that the work can be remounted in the lathe for polishing WOODTURNING SPEEDS Figure 337 gives recommended s...

Page 247: ... It is close grained and when finished properly makes a fine wood for furniture and decorative work CYPRESS is a soft easily worked wood which does not warp badly but is likely to contain many fine checks It nails well and is very durable It has a reddish brown color and no resin ducts J Its beauty makes it a desirable wood for interior finish and some types of furniture WHITE OAK is commonly used...

Page 248: ...ratively easy to work a good wood for carving and nails fairly easily However gum twists and warps more than any other common wood It is often used in making small articles for household use BLACK WALNUT is a rather expensive coarse grained wood very easily worked It is chocolate in color and used very com monly for fine furniture MAHOGANY is a general name covering a number of species all of whic...

Page 249: ...J J J J J J J J J J J J J 7 _J J Part 10 MACHINISTS TABLES I CD r m en I z c t m I ...

Page 250: ... i t 10 31 416 78 540 11 34 558 95 033 44 138 23 1520 53 77 241 90 12 37 699 113 1 45 141 37 1590 43 78 245 04 4778 36 J 46 144 51 1661 90 79 248 19 4901 67 13 40 841 132 73 47 147 65 1734 94 80 251 33 5026 55 14 43 982 153 94 15 47 124 176 71 48 150 80 1809 56 81 254 47 5153 00 16 50 265 201 06 49 153 94 1885 74 82 257 61 5281 02 7 17 53 407 226 98 50 157 08 1963 50 83 260 75 5410 61 18 56 549 25...

Page 251: ...0512 5 1 2008 1 4 0551 13 64 2031 63814 03241 1 5 0590 5 2 2047 l 16 0625 19635 00307 5 25 2067 1 6 0630 5 3 2087 1 7 0669 5 4 2126 1 75 0689 5 5 2165 1 8 0709 7 32 2187 68722 03258 1 9 0748 5 6 2205 5 64 0781 24544 00479 5 7 2244 2 0 0787 5 75 2264 2 1 0827 5 8 2283 2 2 0866 5 9 2323 2 25 0886 15 64 2344 73631 04314 2 3 0905 6 0 2362 3 32 0937 29452 00690 6 1 2402 2 4 0945 6 2 2441 2 5 0984 6 25 ...

Page 252: ... 32 7187 2 2580 40574 J 9 25 3642 18 5 7283 9 3 3661 47 64 7344 2 3071 42357 9 4 3701 19 0 7480 9 5 3740 3 4 7500 2 3562 44179 7 3 8 3750 1 1781 11045 49 64 7656 2 4053 46038 9 6 3780 19 5 7677 _J 9 7 3819 25 32 7812 2 4544 47937 9 75 3839 20 0 7874 9 8 3858 51 64 7969 2 5035 49874 9 9 3898 20 5 8071 I I 25 64 3906 1 2272 11984 13 16 8125 2 5525 51849 10 0 3937 21 0 8268 10 25 4035 53 64 8281 2 60...

Page 253: ...0434783 23 24 576 13 824 4 89898 2 88450 0 0416667 24 25 625 15 625 5 00000 2 92402 0 0400000 25 26 676 17 576 5 09902 2 96250 0 0384615 26 27 729 19 683 5 19615 3 00000 0 0370370 27 28 784 21 952 5 29150 3 03659 0 0357143 28 29 841 24 389 5 38516 3 07232 0 0344828 29 30 900 27 000 5 47723 3 10723 0 0333333 30 31 961 29 791 5 56776 3 14138 0 0322581 31 32 1 024 32 768 5 65685 3 17480 0 0312500 32 ...

Page 254: ... 0 0138889 72 73 5 329 389 017 8 54400 4 17934 0 0136986 73 74 5 476 405 224 8 60233 4 19834 0 0135135 74 75 5 625 421 875 8 66025 4 21716 0 0133333 75 76 5 776 438 976 8 71780 4 23582 0 0131579 76 J 77 5 929 456 533 8 77496 4 25432 0 0129870 77 78 6 084 474 552 8 83176 4 27266 0 0128205 78 79 6 241 493 039 8 88819 4 29084 0 0126582 79 J 80 6 400 512 000 8 94427 4 30887 0 0125000 80 81 6 561 531 4...

Page 255: ...243 0 89 0 6214 0 57 0 7550 0 8291 0 90 0 6300 0 58 0 7616 0 8340 0 91 0 6383 0 59 0 7681 0 8387 0 92 0 6463 0 60 0 7746 0 8434 0 93 0 6542 0 61 0 7810 0 8481 0 94 0 6619 0 62 0 7874 0 8527 0 95 0 6694 0 63 0 7937 0 8573 0 96 0 6768 0 64 0 8000 0 8618 0 97 0 6840 0 65 0 8062 0 8662 0 98 0 6910 0 66 0 8124 0 8707 0 99 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES LINEAR MEASURE Square Root 0 8185 0 8246 0 8307 0 8367 0 842...

Page 256: ...onsidered 4 5 of a bushel The British bushel contains 2 218 19 cu in 1 2837 cu ft 1 032 U S bushels LIQUID MEASURE 4 gills gl l pint pt 2 pints l quart qt 4 quarts 1 gallon gal 31 gallons 1 barrel bbl 2 barrels or 63 gallons 1 hogshead hhd l hhd 2 bbl 63 gal 262 qt 504 pt 2 018 gi The U S gallon contains 231 cu in 134 cu ft nearly or 1 cu ft contains 7 841 gal The following cylinders contain the g...

Page 257: ...ter dm 1 000 cubic decimeters cubic meter m 1 cubic meter 35 3133 cubic feet 1 cubic inch 16387 17 cubic millimeters MEASURES OF CAPACITY 10 milliliters ml 10 centiliters 10 deciliters 10 liters 10 decaliters 10 hectollters 1 centiliter cl l deciliter di l liter I 1 decaliter DI I hectoliter Hl 1 kiloliter Kl NOTE Thc liter is equal to the volume occupied by 1 cubic decimeter 1 liter 61 02398 cubi...

Page 258: ...sphere height of segment X circumference of sphere of which it is a part area of base Right pyramid or cone periphery or circumference of base X half slant height area of base Frustum of a regular right pyramid or cone sum of peripheries or cir cumferences of the two ends X half slant height area of both ends SOLID CONTENTS OR VOLUME Prism right or oblique area of base X perpendicular height Cylin...

Page 259: ... 35 1100 8 1990 61 0390 34 1110 7 2010 Q 3320 R 3390 s 3480 60 0400 33 1130 6 2040 T 3580 59 0410 32 1160 5 2055 58 0420 31 1200 4 2090 57 0430 30 1285 3 2130 u 3680 V 3770 w 3860 56 0465 29 1360 2 2210 X 3970 55 0520 28 1405 l 2280 54 0550 27 1440 y 4040 z 4130 ALLOWANCES FOR MACHINE FITS In all work requiring running push drive or forced fits the diameter of the hole should be exact as specified...

Page 260: ...406 11 0907 120 1205 188 1175 1160 1250 I 12 0808 109 1055 185 1050 1040 1094 J 13 0720 095 0915 182 0925 0920 0938 14 0641 083 0800 180 0800 0800 0781 15 0571 072 0720 178 0700 0720 0703 16 0508 065 0625 175 0610 0640 0625 17 0453 058 0540 172 0525 0560 0563 18 0403 049 0475 168 0450 0480 0500 19 0359 042 0410 164 0400 0400 0438 20 0320 035 0348 161 0350 0360 0375 21 0285 032 0317 157 0310 0320 0...

Page 261: ...1112 AISI Clll7 AND AISI C1118 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES i As Cold Drawn Tensile Strength 82 000 lbs in2 Brinnel Hard ness 162 Elongation in two inches 18 As Hot Rolled Tensile Strength 71 000 lbs in2 Brinnel Hard ness 135 Elongation in two in ches 28 Open hearth steel high manganese screw stocks easy to machine with good ductility and mechanical strength There is little difference between X1314 and X13...

Page 262: ...dium carbon types of the low chromium nickel steels used or parts requiring greater strength than obtainable with 3130 The ductility and toughness depend upon the heat treatment used but or the same conditions of treatment will be less than 3130 These steels 3135 and 3140 are widely used and well known and are used or shafting forgings and machined parts of high strength They are suitable only for...

Page 263: ...1 1 276 7 282 2 287 8 293 3 298 9 COLORS FOR TEMPERING Degrees Fahrenheit 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 Color Very Pale Yellow Light Yellow Pale Straw Yellow Straw Yellow Deep Straw Yellow Dark Yellow Yellow Brown Brown Yellow Spotted Red Brown Brown Purple Light Purple Full Purple Dark Purple Full Blue Dark Blue HIGH TEMPERATURES JUDGED BY COLOR Degrees Centigrade 40...

Page 264: ..._____M_A_c_H_1_N_1s_r_s_rA_B_L_Es _______ 2_45 IJ THE BACK GEARED SCREW CUTTING LATHE DEFINITION OF TERMS D Distance between Centers S Swing over Bed R Radius Swing L Length of Bed Imaginery Center Line z Cl m ...

Page 265: ... 11 11 ...

Page 266: ... J 7 1 7 l Part 11 INDEX ...

Page 267: ...Checking trueness of work 68 69 73 Chisel gouge woodturning _215 216 Chisel parting tool woodturning 217 219 Chisel skew woodturning 216 217 Chisel small gouge woodturning 221 Chisel small skew woodturnmg 227 Chisels scraping woodturning 226 Chisel set woodturning 212 Chuck center rest _ _ 196 Chuck drill 81 Chuck headstock 75 Chuck independent 72 73 Chuck universal 74 Chuck clea ning 77 Chucks re...

Page 268: ...Jacobs center rest chuck Jacobs drill chuck J acob s head stock chuck Joanite machining 196 81 75 _ 62 K Page Keys AS A Keyways standard Knurling operations 188 table 188 table 181 182 L Laminated shims 20 Lathe attachments Part 8 Lathe care and construction Part 1 Lathe size of 245 Lead of thread 95 Lead screw 23 Lead screw bearing 23 Left hand threads 103 Lettered drills 240 Leveling the lathe 2...

Page 269: ...187 table T Table boar ds _ 2 Tables machinists Part 10 Tailstock construction 24 Tailstock sctover _199 202 203 Tangents 200 201 la Tap drill sizes 111 117 T aper boring 204 Taper cutting 197 209 Taper cutting attachments 204 r t Page Taper cutting tables 207 209 Tenite machining 62 Textolite machining 64 Theory of metal cutting Part 2 T HREAD CUTTING Part 7 Timken bearings 8 Timken bearings adju...

Page 270: ......

Page 271: ... _ I r c r C _ _ Part 12 PAGES FOR YOUR SHOP NOTES t I z c t en ...

Page 272: ...ator and exposing ten thousandths each side of zero will keep the eyes from wandering For precise measuring with a steel scale become accustomed to make measurements from the one inch graduation The ends of scales wear and cause inaccuracies when used as the initial gauging point Geared scroll chucks must operate freely and should be given a good cleaning every five or six weeks They will give bet...

Page 273: ...teeth of the cutter may be synchronized with the lathe gear teeth at the speed the spindle is running The cutting edges of reamers may be protected by wrapping them in several places with gummed tape before storing If a correctly ground wire drill cuts large the first thing to do is to check the concentricity of the chuck If there is no trouble there shorten the drill 1 4 to 1 2 inch and repoint i...

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