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GigaX2008EX L2 Managed Switch User Manual

3 Quick start guide

This section provides the basic instructions to set up the GigaX2008EX working

environment. Refer also to the GigaX2008EX Installation Guide.

Part 1 shows you how to install the GigaX2008EX on a ﬂat surface or on a rack.
Part 2 provides instructions to set up the hardware.
Part 3 shows you how to conﬁgure basic settings on the GigaX2008EX.

Obtain the following information from your network administrator before

proceeding:

IP address for the switch
Default gateway for the network
Network mask for this network

3.1 Part 1 — Install the hardware

Connect the device to the power outlet, and your computer or network.

3.1.1 Install the switch on a ﬂat surface

The switch should be installed on a level surface that can support the weight

of the switches and their accessories. Attach four rubber pads on the marked

location on the bottom of the switch.

3.1.2 Mount the switch on a rack

1. Attach brackets to each side of the switch and make the posts insert to the

switch.

2. Insert and tighten two screws to securely attach the bracket to the rack on

each side.

3.2 Part 2 — Set up the switch

Connect the device to the power outlet, and your computer or network.

3.2.1 Connect the console port

For console management, use an RS232 (DB9) to connect the switch. If you

want to use Web interface, connect your PC to the switch using the Ethernet

cable.

Summary of Contents for GigaX 2008EX

Page 1: ...GigaX 2008EX User Manual Layer 2 Managed Switch ...

Page 2: ...hantability or fitness for a particular purpose In no event shall ASUS its directors ofﬁcers employees or agents be liable for any indirect special incidental or consequential damages including damages for loss of profits loss of business loss of use or data interruption of business and the like even if ASUS has been advised of the possibility of such damages arising from any defect or error in th...

Page 3: ...ful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver...

Page 4: ...e Fremont CA94538 USA General Fax 1 502 933 8713 General Email tmd1 asus com Web Site usa asus com Technical Support Support Fax 1 502 933 8713 General Support 1 502 995 0883 Notebook Support 1 510 739 3777 x5110 Support Email tsd asus com ASUS COMPUTER GmbH Germany and Austria Address Harkort Str 25 D 40880 Ratingen BRD Germany General Fax 49 2102 9599 31 General Email sales asuscom de for market...

Page 5: ...t 1 Install the hardware 6 3 1 1 Install the switch on a ﬂat surface 6 3 1 2 Mount the switch on a rack 6 3 2 Part 2 Set up the switch 6 3 2 1 Connect the console port 6 3 2 2 Connect to the computers or a LAN 7 3 2 3 Attach the power adapter 7 3 3 Part 3 Basic switch setting for management 8 3 3 1 Setting up through the console port 8 3 3 2 Setting up through the Web interface 9 4 Management with...

Page 6: ...19 4 5 3 Trafﬁc Control 20 4 5 4 Dynamic Addresses 20 4 5 5 Static Addresses 21 4 5 6 Tagged VLAN 22 4 5 7 Default Port VLAN and CoS 23 4 5 8 CoS Queue Mapping 23 4 6 SNMP 25 4 6 1 Community Table 25 4 6 2 Host Table 25 4 6 3 Trap Setting 26 4 7 Security 27 4 7 1 Port Access Control 27 4 7 2 Dial In User 28 4 7 3 RADIUS 29 4 8 Power over Ethernet PoE 29 4 9 Cable diagnosis 30 4 10 Statistics Chart...

Page 7: ...36 5 3 1 System Commands 37 5 3 2 Physical Interface Commands 39 5 3 3 Bridge Commands 39 5 3 4 SNMP 43 5 3 5 Security Commands 45 5 3 6 PoE 47 5 4 Miscellaneous Commands 49 6 IP Addresses Network Masks and Subnets 50 6 1 IP Addresses 50 6 1 1 Structure of an IP address 50 6 1 2 Network classes 51 6 2 Subnet masks 51 7 Troubleshooting 53 7 1 Diagnosing problems using IP utilities 53 7 1 1 ping 53 ...

Page 8: ...reen 11 Figure 9 Home page 12 Figure 10 Top frame 12 Figure 11 Expanded menu list 13 Figure 12 Management 15 Figure 13 IP Setup 15 Figure 14 Administration 16 Figure 15 Reboot 16 Figure 16 Firmware upgrade 17 Figure 17 Physical interface 17 Figure 18 Link aggregation 19 Figure 19 Mirroring page 19 Figure 20 Trafﬁc control 20 Figure 21 Dynamic address 20 Figure 22 Static address 21 Figure 23 Tagged...

Page 9: ...igure 37 Save conﬁguration 33 Figure 38 CLI interface 34 Figure 39 Boot ROM command mode 35 Figure 40 System commands 37 Figure 41 Using the ping utility 53 Figure 42 Using the nslookup utility 54 List of tables Table 1 Front panel labels and LEDs 4 Table 2 Rear panel labels 5 Table 3 Technical speciﬁcations 5 Table 4 LED indicators 8 Table 5 Port color description 13 Table 6 Commonly used buttons...

Page 10: ...vi GigaX2008EX L2 Managed Switch User Manual ...

Page 11: ...r SFP Gigabit interface converter GBIC slots Automatic MDI MDIX support for 10 100Base TX and 10 100 1000Base T ports 8K MAC address cache with hardware assisted aging 802 3x ﬂow control 802 1Q based tagged VLAN up to 256 VLANs 802 1p class of service 4 queues per port 802 3ad link aggregation manual up to 15 trunk groups Port Mirroring 802 1x port based network access control RADIUS remote authen...

Page 12: ...y Boldface type text is used for items you select from menus and drop down lists and text strings you type when prompted by the program 1 2 3 Symbols This document uses the following icons to call your attention to specific instructions or explanations Note Provides clarification or additional information on the current topic Deﬁnition Explains terms or acronyms that may be unfamiliar to many read...

Page 13: ...ith the following items GigaX2008EX 10 port L2 managed switch AC Power cord Null modem cable for console interface DB9 Rack installation kit two brackets with six 6 32 screws Installation CD ROM User Manual Quick installation guide Figure 1 GigaX2008EX L2 managed switch package contents 12 SYSTEM RPS FAN CONS OLE RS 23 2 8 4 2 1 7 5 3 6 ...

Page 14: ...e or voltage OFF No power FAN Green ON The fan is working properly Amber ON The fan stops PoE Green ON PD Powered Devices is connected and ready to provide power Flashing PoE is off due to a fault on the port OFF PD is not connected or not a valid power device 10 100 port status Green ON Link is present at 100Mbps Flashing Transmitting data Amber ON Link is present at 10Mbps Flashing Transmitting ...

Page 15: ... FAN System fan 2 4 Technical speciﬁcations Table 3 Technical speciﬁcations Physical Dimensions 43 5mm H x 444mm W x 265mm D Power Input Consumption 100 240V AC 2 5A 50 60Hz 90 watts Environmental Ranges Operating Storage Temperature 10 to 50 C 14 to 122 F 40 to 70 C 40 to 158 F Humidity 15 to 90 0 to 95 Altitude up to 10 000ft 3 000m 40 000ft 12 000m System Fan Dimensions Voltage and Current Spee...

Page 16: ...e hardware Connect the device to the power outlet and your computer or network 3 1 1 Install the switch on a ﬂat surface The switch should be installed on a level surface that can support the weight of the switches and their accessories Attach four rubber pads on the marked location on the bottom of the switch 3 1 2 Mount the switch on a rack 1 Attach brackets to each side of the switch and make t...

Page 17: ...wise the link speed can not reach 1Gbps 3 2 3 Attach the power adapter 1 Connect the AC power cord to the power receptacle on the back of the switch and plug the other end of the power cord into a wall outlet or a power strip 2 Check the front LED indicators with the description in Table 4 If the LEDs light up as described the switch hardware is working properly Figure 4 Overview of hardware conne...

Page 18: ...tions conﬁgure the basic settings for your switch You can manage the switch using the following methods Web interface the switch has a set of pages to allow to you manage it using Java enabled IE5 0 or higher version Command Line Interface use console port to manage the switch 3 3 1 Setting up through the console port 1 Use the supplied crossover RS 232 cable to connect to the console port on the ...

Page 19: ... 0 0 0 0 1 as your default route entry as shown in Figure 5 Figure 5 Login and IP setup screen 3 3 2 Setting up through the Web interface To successfully connect your PC to the switch your PC must a valid IP in your network Contact your network administrator to obtain a valid IP for the switch If you wish to change the default IP address of the switch follow section 3 3 1 to change the IP address ...

Page 20: ...t any time see section 5 3 1 System Commands 3 To setup a new IP address click System then IP Setup see Figure 7 Fill in the IP address network mask and default gateway then click OK 4 If your new address is different from the default the browser cannot update the switch status window or retrieve any page This is normal You have to retype the new IP address in the address location box and press En...

Page 21: ...pe the following in the web address or location box and press Enter http 192 168 1 1 This is the factory default IP address for the switch A login screen displays as shown in Figure 8 Figure 8 Conﬁguration manager login screen Login is not required if you do not enable Web authentication access see 3 3 2 2 Enter your user name and password then click OK Use the following defaults the ﬁrst time you...

Page 22: ...es 10 This frame remains on the top of the browser window all the times and updates the LED status periodically See Table 4 for the LED deﬁnitions See Table 5 for the color status description Figure 10 Top frame Table 5 Port color description Port Color Description Green Ethernet link is established at 100Mbps Black No Ethernet link Amber Ethernet link is established at 10Mbps Clicking on the port...

Page 23: ... 1 Menu navigation tips To expand a group of related menus click on the corresponding group name The sign will change to after expansion The left frame a menu frame as shown in Figure 11 contains all the features available for switch conﬁguration These features are grouped into categories e g System Bridge etc You can click on any of these to display a specific conﬁguration page ...

Page 24: ...he existing conﬁguration to the system e g a static MAC address rule Modiﬁes an existing entry Deletes the selected item e g a static route and etc Re displays the current page with updated statistics or settings 4 3 System Pages System pages include management IP setup administration reboot and ﬁrmware update function 4 3 1 Management The Management page contains the following information Model N...

Page 25: ...rface Network Mask Default Gateway To save any changes and make it effective immediately click OK Use Reload to refresh the setting as shown in Figure 13 Figure 13 IP setup 4 3 3 Administration The Administration page allows you enable or disable the authentication for web user by password protection The default setting for web access does not require any authentication To save any changes and mak...

Page 26: ...ing information Hardware Version shows the hardware revision number Boot ROM Version shows the version of the boot code Firmware Version shows the current running ﬁrmware version This number will be updated after the ﬁrmware update Enter the ﬁrmware location into the ﬁrmware space directly or click Browse to choose the ﬁle name of the ﬁrmware from prompt window Click Upload to update the switch ﬁr...

Page 27: ...ollowing information for each port a Link status the link speed and duplex for an existing link otherwise link is down b Admin the setting value to disable or enable the port c Mode the setting value for link speed and duplex mode d Flow Control the setting value to enable or disable 802 3x ﬂow control mechanism Select the corresponding port number and configure the port setting then click on the ...

Page 28: ...s physically active Go to Physical Interface and check the link mode in the runtime status window for the trunk ports If all the trunk members are in the same speed and full duplex mode then the trunk group is set up successfully If one of the members is not in the same speed or full duplex mode the trunk is not set correctly Check the link partner and change the settings to have the same speed an...

Page 29: ...mirror function for the selected group Monitor Port Receives the copies of all the trafﬁcs in the selected mirrored ports The monitor port can not belong to any link aggregation group The monitor port can not operate as a normal switch port It does not switch packets or do address learning The monitored egress packets will be untagged Click OK to make the setting send to the switch HTTP server Cli...

Page 30: ...effective please go to Save Conﬁguration page then click on Save You can look up MAC addresses by checking the port VLAN ID or and MAC address then click on Query The address window will display the result of the query Figure 21 Dynamic address 4 5 3 Trafﬁc Control Traffic control prevents the switch bandwidth from flooding packets including broadcast packets multicast packets The limit number is ...

Page 31: ...in the address window When you create more than 15 entries the new added entries will display in the next page You can click on First Previous Next or Last to go through the pages of static MAC address or input the page number and then click on Go You can remove the existed address by selecting the entry with the mouse then clicking on Remove The Modify button updates the existed MAC address entri...

Page 32: ... more VLAN groups at the same time it will confuse the switch and cause ﬂooding trafﬁcs To prevent it the switch only allows one untagged port belongs to one VLAN at the same time That is the untagged port belongs to the VLAN group which is called PVID and conﬁgured in the Default Port VLAN CoS page If you want to assign an untagged port from one VLAN to another you have to remove it from the orig...

Page 33: ...ress queues for each port For each queue you can specify the scheduling types as follows Strict priority scheduling each CoS value can map into one of the four queues The queue 4 has the highest priority to transmit the packets And packets in the low priority queue do not transmit until all the high priority queues become empty In Strict priority scheduling weight settings are always zero Weighted...

Page 34: ...ling low priority queues have the opportunity to send packets even through the high priority queues are not empty The ﬁxed weights are 1 2 4 8 Click OK to save the conﬁguration Click on Reload to refresh the settings to current value To make the conﬁguration effective go to Save Conﬁguration page then click Save Figure 25 Cos queue mapping ...

Page 35: ... the privilege to make a setting write access by checking the box Click OK to save the conﬁguration permanently or Reload to refresh the page Figure 26 Community table 4 6 2 Host Table This page links host IP address to the community name that is entered in Community Table page Type an IP address and select the community name from the drop down list Click OK to save the configuration permanently o...

Page 36: ...p Setting By setting trap destination IP addresses and community names you can enable SNMP trap function to send trap packets in different versions v1 or v2 Click OK to save the conﬁguration permanently or Reload to refresh the page Figure 28 Trap setting ...

Page 37: ... port user see above Authentication Method RADIUS or Local database can be used to authenticate the port user Quiet Period If authentication failed either from RADIUS or local database the switch waits upon this time period before sending another authentication request to the port user Retransmission Time If the port user failed to respond to authentication request from the switch the switch waits...

Page 38: ...alue Figure 29 Port Access Control 4 7 2 Dial In User Dial in User is used to deﬁne users in the local database of the switch User Name New user name Password Password for the new user Conﬁrm Password Enter the password again Dynamic VLAN Specify the VLAN ID assigned to the 802 1x authenticated clients Please click Add to add the new user Click Modify when you have finished the modiﬁcations Click ...

Page 39: ... Figure 31 RADIUS 4 8 Power over Ethernet PoE PoE provides a way to distribute low voltage power across the network using existing copper Ethernet cable to an endpoint PD Powered Device This centralized reliable source of power allows network devices such as IP telephones wireless LAN access points surveillance cameras and other embedded appliances to operate without additional power adapters or A...

Page 40: ...e go to Save Conﬁguration page and then click on Save You can look up the detailed port power information by selecting the port then click Query The port diagnostic window will display the result of the query Figure 32 Power over Ethernet 4 9 Cable diagnosis The major function of Cable Diagnosis is to detect cable fault open or short and report the estimated fault location Moreover Cable Diagnosis...

Page 41: ...these charts Click Auto Refresh to set the period for retrieving new data from the switch You can differentiate the statistics or ports by selecting Color Finally click on Draw to let the browser to draw the graphic chart Each new Draw will reset the statistics display 4 10 1 Trafﬁc Comparison This page shows the one statistics item for all the ports in one graphic chart Specify the statistics ite...

Page 42: ...he discards or error counts for the speciﬁed port The data is updated periodically Figure 35 Error group 4 10 3 Historical Status You can display information for different ports and statistics items in this chart Since this shows the history of the statistics information the chart can keep the old data even it is refreshed Figure 36 Historical status ...

Page 43: ...ective after a successful save Sometimes you may want to reset the switch configuration you can click on Restore to reset the configuration file to factory default Of course a system reboot will follow this restoration process You will lose all the conﬁgurations when you choose to restore the factory default conﬁgurations Figure 37 Save conﬁguration ...

Page 44: ...I mode after the timeout All the CLI commands are case sensitive In order to make them easier to use you can enter into different category by typing the full command then this category becomes your working category Thereafter you donʼt have to type sys before any sub commands For example sys is a command category including a lot of sub commands You donʼt have to type sys for the sub commands once ...

Page 45: ...elpful in some situation we STRONGLY suggest users not to use them if you donʼt know the command function Figure 39 Boot ROM Command Mode 5 1 2 Boot ROM Commands Type in the boot mode to display the valid commands list Table 7 Boot ROM commands Command Parameters Usage a NONE Display MAC address b Slot 0 1 a Change boot slot c IP address Conﬁgure TFTP client IP address g NONE Load and execute ﬁrmw...

Page 46: ...to do login again with authorized user name and password 5 3 CLI Commands The switch provides CLI commands for all managed functions The command uses are listed in the categories as the WEB management interface This way you can follow the instructions and set up the switch correctly as easily as using WEB interface to configure the switch save command is used to save the conﬁguration to ﬂash Some ...

Page 47: ...in System Group and provides contact information on the managed node CLI command sys info contact system contact description If you put the contact description in the contact description field the switch contact information will be changed to the new one System Location Displays the physical location of the switch This is an RFC 1213 deﬁned MIB object in System Group and provides the location info...

Page 48: ... one or more routers CLI command net route static add destination subnet IP gateway netmask metric Password Protection is Enabled Disabled When the password protection is enabled the web interface will request a user name and password authentication while user accesses the switch through the browser CLI command sys web set enable disable New Password Verify Password The default user name is admin ...

Page 49: ...le Displays the IEEE802 3x ﬂow control setting of a port Note that this ﬂow control is operating only in full duplex mode CLI command l2 port ﬂow port number enable disable Reload Restores the previous port settings from the conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command l2 port retrieve 5 3 3 Bridge Commands Show Trunk Displays a speciﬁc trunk group settings User can create a new trunk group by specify a unique tr...

Page 50: ...ettings from conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command l2 mirror retrieve Limit Rate User can limit the broadcast multicast and ﬂooding due to destination lookup failed trafﬁc rate by turning the trafﬁc control on CLI command l2 rate set enable disable mode 1 broadcast only 2 broadcast and multicast 3 broadcast multicast and unknown unicast limit rate 70 250000 Kbps sec Reload Restores the previous saved setti...

Page 51: ...med as unique entry in ARL table CLI command l2 arl delete mac address vlan id Reload Restores the previous saved settings from conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command l2 arl retrieve Show VLAN Displays the existing VLAN information of the switch CLI command l2 vlan show vlan id Name VLAN ID Allows user to conﬁg the VLAN settings User may create a new VLAN by giving a unique VLAN ID a VLAN description name a...

Page 52: ...ociated port member list CLI command l2 port vlan vlan id 4095 to disable the port based vlan port list CoS Value Sets the Class of Service for a port by assigning it a priority with range of 0 7 criteria value for untagged packets CLI command l2 port priority CoS port list Reload Restores the previous saved settings from conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command l2 port retrieve CoS Map Allows user to map the...

Page 53: ...ning its community string and privileges CLI command snmp community set Community entry table index entry id to conﬁg Community string old community string new community string This action will modify all hosts with community string from ʻold communityʼ to ʻnew communityʼ Are you sure y n y y for ʻyesʼ n for ʻnoʼ Get privileges y always turn on by default Set privileges y n n set privilege y for ʻ...

Page 54: ...mmunity string Allows user to delete a host entry from host table CLI command snmp host delete Entry id table index entry id to delete Reload Restores the previous saved settings from conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command snmp host retrieve Trap Version v1 v2c Destination Community for Trap A trap entry contains SNMP version currently support version 1 and version 2c a destination IP address and the remote...

Page 55: ...and security dot1x bridge reauth enable disable Reauthentication Time Allows user to set up the reauthentication time CLI command security dot1x bridge reauthtime reauthentication time 1 4294967295 sec Authentication Method Allows user to set up the authentication method RADIUS or Local database CLI command security dot1x bridge authmeth type 1 local 2 radius Quiet Period Allows user to set up the...

Page 56: ...x bridge port guestvlan vlan id 0 no guest vlan port list Reload Restores the previous saved settings from conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command security dot1x retrieve User Name Password Conﬁrm Password Dynamic VLAN Create users in the local database of the switch for 802 1x authentication A user entry contains a user name password and dynamic VLAN CLI command security dialinuser create User Name user nam...

Page 57: ...RADIUS server IP server port and server key CLI command security radius set authentication server ip ip none old server ip new server ip authentication server port port default old server port new server port authentication server key key none server key conﬁrm authentication key key none conﬁrm server key Reload Restores the previous saved settings from conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command security radiu...

Page 58: ...ic result for port power CLI command poe diag display Display real time port power information CLI command poe display port list show Show the PoE conﬁguration CLI command poe show save Save the PoE conﬁguration into the ﬂash CLI command poe save Reload Restores the previous saved settings from conﬁguration ﬁle CLI command poe retrieve ...

Page 59: ...ime settime sets the current time sys ﬁles conﬁg backup backup conﬁguration ﬁles sys ﬁles conﬁg default restore factory default conﬁguration ﬁles sys monitor auto enable or disable fan auto detection sys monitor set Set fan speed command 1 255 sys monitor show Show the status of system environment net ping ping remote host net route show displays the entries in the routing table ...

Page 60: ...The IP address 20 56 0 211 is read twenty dot ﬁfty six dot zero dot two eleven 6 1 1 Structure of an IP address IP addresses have a hierarchical design similar to that of telephone numbers For example a 7 digit telephone number starts with a 3 digit preﬁx that identiﬁes a group of thousands of telephone lines and ends with four digits that identify one speciﬁc line in that group Similarly IP addre...

Page 61: ...xistence A class B network might be appropriate for a large organization such as a business or government agency Class C networks are the smallest only able to hold 254 hosts at most but the total possible number of class C networks exceeds 2 million 2 097 152 to be exact LANs connected to the Internet are usually class C networks Some important notes regarding IP addresses The class can be determ...

Page 62: ...ans there are two subnets Each subnet uses the remaining 7 bits in ﬁeld4 for its host IDs which range from 0 to 127 instead of the usual 0 to 255 for a class C address Similarly to split a class C network into four subnets the mask is 255 255 255 192 or 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 The two extra bits in Field 4 can have four values 00 01 10 11 so there are four subnets Each subnet uses the ...

Page 63: ...o the computer you specify If the computer receives the message it sends messages in reply To use it you must know the IP address of the computer with which you are trying to communicate On Windows based computers you can execute a ping command from the Start menu Click the Start button and then click Run In the Open text box type a statement such as the following ping 192 168 1 1 Click OK You can...

Page 64: ...r DNS server usually located with your ISP If that name is not an entry in your ISPʼs DNS table the request is then referred to another higher level server and so on until the entry is found The server then returns the associated IP address On Windows based computers you can execute the nslookup command from the Start menu Click the Start button then click Run In the Open text box type the followi...

Page 65: ...s sufficient for your network requirements A 1000 Mbps network 1000BaseTx should use cables labeled Cat 5 10Mbit sec cables may tolerate lower quality cables Network Access PC cannot access another host in the same network 1 Check the Ethernet cabling is good and the LED is green 2 If the port LED is amber check if this port is disabled PCs cannot display web conﬁguration pages 1 The switch is pow...

Page 66: ...ng default username admin no password Type command sys users show to show username and passowrd you had saved Some pages do not display completely 1 Verify that you are using Internet Explorer v5 5 or later Netscape is not supported Support for Javascript must be enabled in your browser Support for Java may also be required 2 Ping the switch IP address to see if the link is stable If some ping pac...

Page 67: ... e g the IP address 209 191 4 240 is 11010001 10111111 00000100 11110000 in binary See also bit IP address network mask bit Short for binary digit a bit is a number that can have two values 0 or 1 See also binary bps bits per second CoS Class of Service Deﬁned in 802 1Q the value range is from 0 to 7 broadcast To send data to all computers on a network Ethernet The most commonly installed computer...

Page 68: ... port and use it to monitor the trafﬁcs of other ports on the switch network mask A network mask is a sequence of bits applied to an IP address to select the network ID while ignoring the host ID Bits set to 1 mean select this bit while bits set to 0 mean ignore this bit For example if the network mask 255 255 255 0 is applied to the IP address 100 10 50 1 the network ID is 100 10 50 and the host ...

Page 69: ... destination IP address and current network conditions A device that performs routing is called a router SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol The TCP IP protocol used for network management STP Spanning Tree Protocol The bridge protocol to avoid packet looping in a complicate network subnet A subnet is a portion of a network The subnet is distinguished from the larger network by a subnet mask w...

Page 70: ...this ﬁeld by one When the TTL reaches zero the packet is discarded twisted pair The ordinary copper telephone wiring long used by telephone companies It contains one or more wire pairs twisted together to reduce inductance and noise Each telephone line uses one pair In homes it is most often installed with two pairs For Ethernet LANs a higher grade called Category 3 CAT 3 is used for 10BASE T netw...

Page 71: ... to the other pages on that web site as well as to pages on other web sites When a user accesses a web site the ﬁrst page that is displayed is called the home page See also hyperlink web site Web site A computer on the Internet that distributes information to and gets information from remote users through web browsers A web site typically consists of web pages that contain text graphics and hyperl...

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