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Administering Areas

13-3

When you define an area, the system assigns it an area index number,
based on the area ID. If the area ID is 0.0.0.1, for example, the system
assigns a sequential index number of 1 to that area.

1

From the top level of the Administration Console, enter:

ip ospf areas defineArea

2

Enter the area identification number.

3

Specify whether this is a stub area. The default is

no

. Press Return or

Enter to accept the existing value in brackets.

Example:

Enter Area ID []: 0.0.0.2

Is this a Stub Area (yes,no) [no]:

Modifying Areas

Use this command to modify an area range.

1

From the top level of the Administration Console, enter:

ip ospf areas modifyArea

2

Enter the index number of the area that you want to modify. Press Return
or Enter to accept the existing value in brackets.

3

Enter the area ID.

4

Specify whether this is a stub area.

Example:

Select area:{1-2} 2

Enter Area ID [0.0.0.2]: 0.0.0.3

Is this a Stub Area (yes,no) [no]:

Removing Areas

Use this command to remove an existing area.

1

From the top level of the Administration Console, enter:

ip ospf areas removeArea

2

Enter the index number of the area to remove.

Top-Level Menu

system
ethernet
fddi
atm
bridge

➧

ip
ipx
appletalk
snmp
analyzer
script
logout

interface
route
arp
multicast
udphelper
routing
icmpRouterDiscovery

➧

ospf
rip
ping
statistics

➧

areas
defaultRouteMetric
interface
linkStateData
neighbors
routerID
partition
stubDefaultMetric
virtualLinks
statistics

display

➧

defineArea

modifyArea
removeArea
addRange
modifyRange
removeRange

Top-Level Menu

system
ethernet
fddi
atm
bridge

➧

ip
ipx
appletalk
snmp
analyzer
script
logout

interface
route
arp
multicast
udphelper
routing
icmpRouterDiscovery

➧

ospf
rip
ping
statistics

➧

areas
defaultRouteMetric
interface
linkStateData
neighbors
routerID
partition
stubDefaultMetric
virtualLinks
statistics

display
defineArea

➧

modifyArea

removeArea
addRange
modifyRange
removeRange

Top-Level Menu

system
ethernet
fddi
atm
bridge

➧

ip
ipx
appletalk
snmp
analyzer
script
logout

interface
route
arp
multicast
udphelper
routing
icmpRouterDiscovery

➧

ospf
rip
ping
statistics

➧

areas
defaultRouteMetric
interface
linkStateData
neighbors
routerID
partition
stubDefaultMetric
virtualLinks
statistics

display
defineArea

modifyArea

➧

removeArea

addRange
modifyRange
removeRange

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Summary of Contents for CoreBuilder 2500

Page 1: ... http www 3com com CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching User Guide Extended Switching software Revision 8 3 1 Part No 10005361 Published May 1998 ...

Page 2: ...and computer software are commercial in nature and developed solely at private expense Software is delivered as Commercial Computer Software as defined in DFARS 252 227 7014 June 1995 or as a commercial item as defined in FAR 2 101 a and as such is provided with only such rights as are provided in 3Com s standard commercial license for the Software Technical data is provided with limited rights on...

Page 3: ...umentation 4 Paper Documents 4 Documents on CD 5 Documents on the Web 5 Documentation Comments 5 PART I GETTING STARTED 1 COREBUILDER 2500 EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES About CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching 1 1 Using Menus 1 2 Extended Switching Features 1 3 Bridge Menus 1 3 IP Menus 1 4 IPX Menus 1 7 AppleTalk Menus 1 8 ...

Page 4: ...ng Information 2 4 Default VLAN 2 5 Modifying the Default VLAN 2 5 Flooding Decisions in the CoreBuilder 2500 2 5 VLAN Exception Flooding 2 6 Overlapped IP VLANs 2 7 Routing Between VLANs 2 8 VLAN Configuration Examples 2 9 PART III ABOUT ROUTING PROTOCOLS 3 BRIDGING AND ROUTING IN THE COREBUILDER 2500 SYSTEM What Is Routing 3 1 CoreBuilder 2500 in a Subnetworked Environment 3 2 Integrating Bridgi...

Page 5: ...rrors 4 8 Routing with Classical IP over ATM 4 9 About Logical IP Subnets LISs 4 9 ATM ARP Servers 4 10 Forwarding to Nodes Within a LIS 4 10 IP Routing References 4 11 5 ROUTING WITH IP MULTICAST About IP Multicast Routing 5 1 IGMP 5 2 DVMRP 5 2 MBONE 5 2 Multicast Routing Algorithms 5 3 Flooding 5 3 Spanning Tree 5 3 Reverse Path Forwarding 5 4 Pruning 5 4 Multicast Interfaces 5 5 DVMRP Metric V...

Page 6: ...er Interfaces 6 7 Routing Tables 6 8 Generating Routing Table Information 6 9 Selecting the Best Route 6 10 Service Advertising Protocol in IPX 6 10 Internetwork Service Information 6 10 SAP Packet Structure 6 10 Server Information Tables 6 12 Server Information Maintenance 6 14 7 ROUTING WITH OSPF Elements of OSPF Routing 7 3 Autonomous Systems 7 3 Areas 7 3 Area Border Routers 7 4 Routing Databa...

Page 7: ...lculating Shortest Path Trees 7 13 Routing Packets 7 14 8 ROUTING WITH APPLETALK TECHNOLOGY About AppleTalk 8 1 AppleTalk Network Elements 8 1 AppleTalk Networks 8 2 AppleTalk Nodes 8 2 Named Entities 8 2 AppleTalk Zones 8 2 Seed Routers 8 4 AppleTalk Protocols 8 4 Physical Layer Protocols 8 5 Link Layer Protocols 8 5 Network Layer Protocols 8 5 Transport Layer Protocols 8 5 Routing Table Maintena...

Page 8: ...a VLAN Definition 9 5 10 ADMINISTERING IP ROUTING Administering Interfaces 10 2 IP VLAN Interfaces 10 2 IP LIS Interfaces 10 2 Interface Characteristics 10 2 Displaying Interfaces 10 3 Defining an IP VLAN Interface 10 4 Defining an IP LIS Interface 10 5 Modifying an Interface 10 6 Removing an Interface 10 6 Adding a Permanent Virtual Circuit PVC 10 7 Removing a Permanent Virtual Circuit PVC 10 7 A...

Page 9: ... Port and IP Routing Address 10 16 Removing a Port Number and IP Routing Address 10 16 Setting the BOOTP Hop Count Limit 10 17 Setting the BOOTP Relay Threshold 10 17 Configuring Overlapped Interfaces 10 18 Enabling and Disabling IP Routing 10 18 Enabling and Disabling ICMP Router Discovery 10 19 Configuring RIP 10 19 Displaying the RIP Interface Configuration 10 19 Setting the RIP Mode 10 20 Sett...

Page 10: ...isplaying the Multicast Cache 11 8 12 ADMINISTERING IPX ROUTING Administering Interfaces 12 2 Displaying IPX Interfaces 12 3 Defining an Interface 12 3 Modifying an Interface 12 4 Removing an Interface 12 4 Administering Routes 12 4 Displaying the Routing Table 12 5 Defining a Static Route 12 5 Removing a Route 12 6 Flushing Routes 12 6 Administering Servers 12 6 Displaying the Server Table 12 7 D...

Page 11: ...odifying Network Ranges 13 4 Removing Network Ranges 13 5 Setting the Default Route Metric 13 5 Displaying Default Route Metrics 13 5 Defining Default Route Metrics 13 6 Removing Default Route Metrics 13 6 Configuring OSPF Interfaces 13 6 Displaying OSPF Interface Information 13 7 Displaying OSPF Interface Statistics 13 8 Setting Modes 13 10 Setting Priorities 13 11 Setting Area IDs 13 11 Setting ...

Page 12: ...Metrics 13 25 Displaying Stub Default Metrics 13 25 Defining Stub Default Metrics 13 25 Removing Stub Default Metrics 13 25 Administering Virtual Links 13 26 Displaying Virtual Links 13 26 Defining Virtual Links 13 26 Modifying Virtual Links 13 27 Removing Virtual Links 13 27 Displaying OSPF Statistics 13 28 14 ADMINISTERING APPLETALK ROUTING Administering Interfaces 14 1 Displaying AppleTalk Inte...

Page 13: ... PART V RMON AND THE COREBUILDER 2500 SYSTEM 15 REMOTE MONITORING RMON TECHNOLOGY Overview 15 1 RMON Benefits 15 2 RMON in the CoreBuilder 2500 15 2 RMON Groups 15 3 Statistics and axFDDIStatistics Groups 15 4 History and axFDDIHistory Groups 15 5 Alarm Group 15 5 Setting Alarm Thresholds 15 6 RMON Hysteresis Mechanism 15 7 Host Group 15 8 HostTopN Group 15 8 Matrix Group 15 8 Event Group 15 8 3Co...

Page 14: ...A 1 World Wide Web Site A 1 3Com FTP Site A 2 3Com Bulletin Board Service A 2 Access by Analog Modem A 2 Access by Digital Modem A 3 3ComFacts Automated Fax Service A 3 Support from Your Network Supplier A 3 Support from 3Com A 3 Returning Products for Repair A 5 INDEX ...

Page 15: ...xtended Switching Software Installation and Release Notes for information about how to install Extended Switching software on your CoreBuilder 2500 system This guide is intended for the system or network administrator who is responsible for configuring using and managing the CoreBuilder 2500 system It assumes that you have a working knowledge of local area network LAN operations and a familiarity ...

Page 16: ...r 7 AppleTalk routing Chapter 8 Administering VLANs Chapter 9 Administering IP routing Chapter 10 Administering IP multicast routing Chapter 11 Administering IPX routing Chapter 12 Administering OSPF routing Chapter 13 Administering AppleTalk routing Chapter 14 Remote monitoring RMON Chapter 15 3Com Technical Support Appendix A Table 1 Notice Icons Icon Notice Type Description Information note Inf...

Page 17: ...ways gives the full form of a command in uppercase and lowercase letters However you can abbreviate commands by entering just enough characters to distinguish one command from another similar command Commands are not case sensitive The words enter and type When you see the word enter in this guide you must type something and then press Return or Enter Do not press Return or Enter when an instructi...

Page 18: ...the items that are shipped with your system CoreBuilder 2500 Software Installation and Release Notes Information about the software release including new features bug fixes and any changes to the documentation CoreBuilder 2500 Getting Started Guide All the procedures necessary for installing cabling powering up configuring management access to and troubleshooting your CoreBuilder 2500 system CoreB...

Page 19: ...0 system CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching User Guide this book Information about how the CoreBuilder 2500 system implements routing protocols VLAN technology and RMON technology Also information about using the Administration Console to configure these features Documents on the Web You can view most 3Com documentation on the World Wide Web at our Web site http www 3Com com Documentation Comment...

Page 20: ......

Page 21: ...GETTING STARTED I Chapter 1 CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching Features ...

Page 22: ......

Page 23: ...udes UDP Helper support for overlapped IP interfaces Enhanced IP Routing Information Protocol RIP administration IP multicast routing Classical IP routing over Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Internet Packet Exchange IPX routing Open Shortest Path First OSPF routing AppleTalk routing Remote Monitoring RMON The RMON feature is available only through an SNMP connection not through the Administration ...

Page 24: ...tions for Extended Switching Software Menu options system Administer system level functions ethernet Administer Ethernet ports fddi Administer FDDI resources atm Administer ATM bridge Administer bridging VLANs ip Administer IP ipx Administer IPX appletalk Administer Appletalk snmp Administer SNMP analyzer Administer Roving Analysis script Run a script of console commands logout Logout of the Admin...

Page 25: ...archy For example to create a new VLAN from the top level of the Administration Console enter bridge vlan define Figure 1 2 bridge Menus For more information about VLANs see Chapter 2 and Chapter 9 vlan menu summary detail define modify remove bridge menu display mode ipFragmentation ipxSnapTranslation addressThreshold agingTime stpState stpFollowLinkState stpPriority stpMaxAge stpHelloTime stpFor...

Page 26: ...e Chapter 4 and Chapter 10 Multicast routing see Chapter 5 and Chapter 11 UDP Helper see Chapter 10 IP routing see Chapter 4 and Chapter 10 Open Shortest Path First OSPF routing see Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 Routing Information Protocol RIP see Chapter 10 and Chapter 12 Pinging see Chapter 10 Statistics displays see Chapter 10 ATM ARP servers if you are running classical IP over ATM see Chapter 4 a...

Page 27: ...scovery ospf rip ping statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout route menu display static remove flush default noDefault udpHelper menu display define remove hopCountLimit threshold interface arp menu display remove flush multicast menu dvmrp igmp interface tunnel routeDisplay cacheDisplay OSPF and RIP continued interface menu display en...

Page 28: ...virtualLinks statistics rip menu display mode cost poisonReverse addAdvertisement removeAdvertisement statistics OSPF and RIP continued areas menu display defineArea modifyArea removeArea addRange modifyRange removeRange defaultRouteMetric menu display define remove linkStateData menu databaseSummary router network summary external interface menu summary detail statistics mode priority areaID cost...

Page 29: ...e from the top level of the Administration Console enter ipx interface define Figure 1 4 ipx Menus For more information about IPX routing see Chapter 6 and Chapter 12 interface menu display define modify remove ipx menu interface route server forwarding rip sap statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout route menu display static remove fl...

Page 30: ...define a new AppleTalk interface from the top level of the Administration Console enter appletalk interface define Figure 1 5 appletalk Menus For more information about AppleTalk routing see Chapter 8 and Chapter 14 interface menu display define remove appletalk menu interface route aarp zone forwarding checksum ping statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp a...

Page 31: ...II Chapter 2 VLANs on the CoreBuilder 2500 System VIRTUAL LAN TECHNOLOGY ...

Page 32: ......

Page 33: ...ork performance and create firewalls Form flexible user groups independent of the users physical network locations Types of VLANs You can use several types of VLANs to group users Port group VLANs MAC address group VLANs Application oriented VLANs Protocol sensitive VLANs The packet filtering capabilities in the CoreBuilder 2500 system provide support for port group MAC address group and applicati...

Page 34: ...roup can communicate only with each other or with specific network resources This type of VLAN is also easy to maintain because a VLAN association moves when a station moves However MAC address group VLANs may require complex configuration in comparison to other types of VLANs Application Oriented VLANs Using the CoreBuilder 2500 filtering capability a switch can filter application specific traffi...

Page 35: ...g They operate independently of each other In addition the same switch port can belong to multiple VLANs For example you can assign port 1 on a CoreBuilder 2500 system to several IP subnetwork VLANs one IPX VLAN one AppleTalk VLAN and one NetBIOS VLAN Although two or more types of VLANs can coexist within the CoreBuilder 2500 system when a switch evaluates received data in a multiple VLAN configur...

Page 36: ...ou can create independent IP VLANs that share the same switch ports for multiple IP VLANs To distinguish among multiple IP VLANs on the same switch port the CoreBuilder 2500 system floods data according to both the protocol IP and the Layer 3 information in the IP header This configuration is discussed on page 2 7 in Overlapped IP VLANs Table 2 1 Supported Protocols for VLAN Configuration Protocol...

Page 37: ...fault VLAN to form two or more subsets of switch ports If you remove the default VLAN and no other VLANs are defined for the system no flooding of traffic can occur Flooding Decisions in the CoreBuilder 2500 Protocol sensitive VLANs directly affect how the CoreBuilder 2500 system performs flooding Without protocol sensitive VLANs the flooding process forwards data to all switch ports in the system...

Page 38: ...LAN Ports 1 Default 1 18 2 IP 1 12 3 IPX 11 16 Data received on this port Is flooded on this VLAN Because IP port 1 VLAN 2 The received IP data matches the IP VLAN on the source port IPX port 11 VLAN 3 The received IPX data matches the IPX VLAN on the source port XNS port 1 VLAN 1 The received XNS data matches no protocol VLAN so the default VLAN is used VLAN Index VLAN Protocol VLAN Ports 1 Defau...

Page 39: ...55 0 IP VLAN 2 Subnetwork 158 101 113 0 ports 1 through 10 with subnet mask 255 255 255 0 The following example shows how flooding decisions are made using overlapping IP VLANs The example assumes a 12 port switch VLAN Index VLAN Protocol Network Address Mask VLAN Ports 1 Default none 1 12 2 IP 158 103 122 0 255 255 255 0 1 6 3 IP 158 103 123 0 255 255 255 0 6 12 Data received on this port Is floo...

Page 40: ...iate it with that interface For example to create an IP interface that routes through a VLAN 1 Create an IP VLAN for a group of switch ports This IP VLAN does not need to contain Layer 3 information unless you want to further restrict flooding according to the Layer 3 subnetwork address 2 Configure an IP interface with a network address subnet mask broadcast address cost and type vlan Select an IP...

Page 41: ... segregated by protocol Traffic aggregates only over the FDDI link Figure 2 1 Example of a Protocol Sensitive VLAN Configuration Power Run Processor Power Fan Temp Config Inserted ERROR PCMCIA Modem Terminal R CoreBuilder 2500 R CoreBuilder 2500 Power Run Processor Power Fan Temp Config Inserted ERROR PCMCIA Modem Terminal IPX 1 VLAN 3 IP 1 VLAN 1 IP 2 Server IP 1 Server IP 1 IP 2 IPX 1 IP 1 IP 2 ...

Page 42: ...tions share the same switch ports yet the IP traffic and IPX traffic remain separate Figure 2 2 Overlapping VLAN Configuration with Servers on Separate Ports IP Server VLAN 1 2 and 3 Power Run Process Power Fan Temp Config Inserted ERROR PCMCIA Modem Terminal Fast Ethernet 100 BASE T R CoreBuilder 2500 IP Server VLAN 1 IPX Server VLAN 2 IPX IPX IPX IP IP IP VLAN 1 IP VLAN 2 IPX VLAN 1 IP VLAN 2 IP...

Page 43: ...nd Routing in the CoreBuilder 2500 System Chapter 4 Routing with IP Technology Chapter 5 Routing with IP Multicast Chapter 6 Routing with IPX Chapter 7 Routing with OSPF Chapter 8 Routing with AppleTalk ABOUT ROUTING PROTOCOLS ...

Page 44: ......

Page 45: ... and Routing Models What Is Routing Routing distributes packets over potentially dissimilar networks A router is the device that accomplishes this task Routers typically Connect enterprise networks Connect subnetworks or client server networks to the main enterprise network Figure 3 1 shows where routers are typically used in a network CoreBuilder 2500 system routing connects subnetworks to the en...

Page 46: ...er 2500 system into such a network the system streamlines your network architecture by routing traffic between subnetworks and switching within subnetworks See Figure 3 2 Figure 3 2 CoreBuilder 2500 Subnetwork Routing Architecture Bridge FDDI backbone Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Engineering Sales Marketing Router Connecting enterprise networks Connecting subnets to the enterprise Router Router Rou...

Page 47: ... physical hardware address The term network address refers to a logical address that applies to a specific protocol Because the CoreBuilder 2500 model of bridging and routing allows several segments to be connected to the same subnetwork you can increase the level of segmentation in your network without creating new subnetworks or assigning new network addresses Instead you can use additional Ethe...

Page 48: ...e these approaches Traditional Bridging and Routing In traditional routing the bridge or router determines what to do with a packet based on the packet s protocol If the packet belongs to a recognized protocol the packet is routed Otherwise the packet is bridged Figure 3 4 illustrates traditional bridging 1 The packet enters the bridge or router 2 The bridge or router determines that the packet do...

Page 49: ...acket belongs to a recognized routing protocol so the packet is passed to the router 3 The router examines the destination network address and forwards the packet to the interface port that is connected to the destination subnetwork Figure 3 5 Traditional Routing 1 Transmitting host 3 Destination host Interfaces ports Router Bridge 2 Networks Router vs Bridge ...

Page 50: ...nt subnetworks the packet must be routed from one to the other In this case the host transmits the packet to the connecting router s MAC address Figure 3 6 illustrates CoreBuilder 2500 bridging 1 The packet enters the CoreBuilder 2500 system 2 The bridging layer examines the packet s destination MAC address The destination MAC address does not correspond to the MAC address of one of the system por...

Page 51: ... is associated with the port where the packet was received 4 The routing layer a Selects a destination interface based on the destination network address b Determines the MAC address of the next hop either the destination host or another gateway c Passes the packet back to the bridging layer 5 The bridging layer then selects a segment port based on the destination MAC address and forwards the pack...

Page 52: ......

Page 53: ...el An IP router unlike a bridge operates at the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection OSI Reference Model An IP router routes packets by examining the network layer address IP address Bridges use data link layer MAC addresses to perform forwarding See Figure 4 1 Figure 4 1 OSI Reference Model and IP Routing Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network laye...

Page 54: ...ackets IP addresses Router interfaces Routing tables Address Resolution Protocol ARP IP Addresses IP addresses are 32 bit addresses composed of a network part the address of the network where the host is located and a host part the address of the host on that network See Figure 4 2 Figure 4 2 IP Address Network Part and Host Part IP addresses differ from Ethernet and FDDI MAC addresses which are u...

Page 55: ...he IP address contains a subnetwork part at the beginning of the host part of the IP address Thus you can divide a single Class A B or C network internally allowing the network to appear as a single network to other networks The subnetwork part of the IP address is visible only to hosts and gateways on the subnetwork When an IP address contains a subnetwork part a subnet mask identifies the bits t...

Page 56: ...raditional routing models the interface is the same as the port because only one interface can exist per port In the IP routing model for the CoreBuilder 2500 system more than one port can connect to the same subnetwork Each router interface has an IP address and a subnet mask This router interface address defines both the number of the network to which the router interface is attached and its hos...

Page 57: ...ion network subnetwork or host Subnet mask The subnet mask for the destination IP address Metric A measure of the distance to the destination In the Routing Information Protocol RIP the metric is the number of hops through routers Gateway The IP address of the router interface through which the packet travels on its next hop Status Information that the routing protocol has about the interface Figu...

Page 58: ...d passive devices Active devices usually routers broadcast RIP messages to all devices in a network or subnetwork and update their internal routing tables when they receive a RIP message Passive devices usually hosts listen for RIP messages and update their internal routing tables but do not send RIP messages An active router sends an RIP message every 30 seconds This message contains the IP addre...

Page 59: ... which is a table of IP addresses with their corresponding MAC addresses Each device participating in IP routing maintains an ARP cache See Figure 4 6 Figure 4 6 Example of an ARP Cache If the IP address does not have a corresponding MAC address the host or router broadcasts an ARP request packet to all the devices on the network The ARP request contains information about the target and source add...

Page 60: ...RP Reply After the MAC address is known the host or router can send the packet directly to the next hop IP Routing Transmission Errors Because a router knows only about the next network hop it is not aware of problems that may be closer to the destination Destinations may be unreachable if Hardware is temporarily out of service You specified a nonexistent destination address The routers do not hav...

Page 61: ...ICMP redirect to this host requesting that the host use a different gateway when it sends packets to a destination The host then sends packets to that destination using the new route Informs sources that a packet has exceeded its allocated time to exist within the network ICMP Time Exceeded Routing with Classical IP over ATM CoreBuilder Extended Switching software supports classical IP routing ove...

Page 62: ...etwork 1 A node establishes a connection to the ATM ARP server 2 The ATM ARP server sends an inverse ATM ARP request to the node requesting its IP and ATM address 3 When the node returns this information the ATM ARP server stores or caches it in the ATM ARP server table Forwarding to Nodes Within a LIS Nodes can forward packets directly to other nodes in the same LIS To forward a packet within the...

Page 63: ...erns Richard TCP IP Illustrated Volume 1 The Protocols Addison Wesley Professional Computing Services 1992 RFC 791 Internet Protocol Specification RFC 792 Internet Control Message Protocol Specification RFC 1009 Requirements for Internet Gateways RFC 1042 A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks RFC 1058 Routing Information Protocol RFC 1122 Requirements for Internet ...

Page 64: ......

Page 65: ... to a specific group of hosts without using broadcasts or multiple unicast transmissions Multicast destinations include Hosts that reside on the local LAN Hosts that reside on different sites within a private network Hosts that are scattered throughout the Internet Multicast routing operates without loops or excess transmissions The CoreBuilder 2500 system supports two IP multicast protocols Inter...

Page 66: ...nations and the distance in router hops to each destination They maintain this information in a routing table The Internet Multicast Backbone MBONE uses DVMRP Because of DVMRP the CoreBuilder 2500 system can establish delivery paths without direct connections to multicast routers MBONE The MBONE is the Internet s experimental multicast backbone network Users can test multicast applications and tec...

Page 67: ...does not depend on routing tables Multicast destinations receive packets as long as at least one path to the destinations exists and no errors occur during transmission Spanning Tree The Spanning Tree algorithm detects loops and logically blocks redundant paths within the network The paths form a loopless graph or tree spanning all the nodes in the network A port in the Spanning Tree blocking stat...

Page 68: ...he packet was received 3 If the receiving interface is not on the shortest path toward the source network the system drops the packet Pruning Pruning is a method used in the RPF algorithm to forward packets to a spanning tree only if group members exist in the tree This method results in fewer spanning trees but it requires dynamic updates to the routing table Nodes that are at the border of the n...

Page 69: ...ond The CoreBuilder 2500 system drops multicast traffic that travels faster than this rate The default value of 0 means that no rate limit is in effect A lower rate limit results in fewer multicast packets traveling over the interface Multicast Tunnels Multicast tunnels logically connect two multicast routers through one or more unicast routers The multicast router at the local endpoint of the tun...

Page 70: ......

Page 71: ...ed by Xerox Corporation The NetWare operating system is based on a client server architecture in which clients request services such as file and printer sharing from servers The NetWare operating system uses the upper five layers of the Open Systems Interconnection OSI Reference Model The CoreBuilder 2500 system uses the following protocols for routing in a NetWare environment Internet Packet Exch...

Page 72: ...plication Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Layers in the OSI Reference Model Applications NetWare Control Protocol NCP Service Advertising Protocol SAP Routing Information Protocol RIP NetBIOS NetWare shell client SPX NetWare Media access protocols Ethernet FDDI IPX ...

Page 73: ...ing all of the routing information that the router possesses These broadcasts synchronize all routers on the network and age those networks that might become inaccessible if a router disconnects abnormally from the network Service Advertising Protocol SAP SAP provides routers and servers that contain SAP agents with a means of exchanging network service information Through SAP servers advertise th...

Page 74: ...s the IPX Packet Format and the process of IPX Packet Delivery IPX Packet Format An IPX packet consists of a 30 byte header followed by packet data The network node and socket addresses for both the destination and source are in the packet header Figure 6 2 shows the IPX packet format Figure 6 2 IPX Packet Format Checksum Packet length Transport control Destination network Destination node Destina...

Page 75: ...ion node A 6 byte field that contains the destination node physical address Destination socket A 2 byte field that contains the socket address of the packet s destination process Source network A 4 byte field that contains the source node network number If a sending node sets this field to 0 the source s local network number is unknown Source node A 6 byte field that contains the source node physi...

Page 76: ...s its network and node address in the IPX header After the sending node determines an intermediate router s address it can send packets to the destination node If the sending node is a router rather than a workstation the node s internal routing tables supply the destination s network location The destination router does not need to broadcast an RIP request Network 000000AA Node 000000000001 Socke...

Page 77: ...ting information table of the next router and places the address in the destination address field of the packet s MAC header For more information about routing tables see Elements of IPX Routing next Places its own node address in the source address field of the packet s MAC header Increments the transport control field in the IPX header and sends the packet to the next router Elements of IPX Rout...

Page 78: ...The router uses this information when the router is not directly connected to a packet s destination network The routing information table provides the address of another router that can forward the packet toward its destination The routing table consists of the following elements Interface The interface number of the router that is used to reach a network segment Addresses The network segments th...

Page 79: ...changing network environment and allows you to reconfigure routes quickly and reliably Interior Gateway Protocols IGPs which operate within intranetworks provide this automated learning The CoreBuilder 2500 system uses RIP one of the most widely used IGPs to dynamically build routing tables RIP operates with active and passive network devices Active devices usually routers broadcast their RIP mess...

Page 80: ...vices are added and removed dynamically A server advertises itself at startup and if a server is shut down it broadcasts that its services are no longer available Internetwork Service Information Using SAP IPX routers maintain a database of internetwork service information Client workstations use this data to determine what services are available on the network and to obtain the internetwork addre...

Page 81: ...identifies the type of service the server provides Although IPX routers use SAP routers typically do not act as servers and require no Service type assignment Server name A 48 byte name that is assigned to the server The server name in combination with the service type uniquely identifies a server on an intranetwork Network address A 4 byte field that contains the server s network address Node add...

Page 82: ...en contact the nearest router or file server SAP agent to obtain server and service information Server and router SAP broadcasts reach SAP agents only on directly connected network segments However SAP agents periodically broadcast their server information tables so that all SAP agents on the network know about all active servers These server information tables are described in the next section Se...

Page 83: ...nce the server s last table update The server information table is updated statically or dynamically Static Update You manually update the server information table Static servers are useful in environments where no routing protocol is used or where you want to override some of the servers generated with a routing server protocol Because static servers do not automatically change in response to net...

Page 84: ...aging mechanism to deal with a SAP agent that goes down suddenly without sending a DOWN broadcast A hardware failure power interruption or power surge can cause this situation Each SAP agent maintains a timer for each entry in its server information tables This timer tracks the elapsed time since the entry has been updated This information is either new or changed and the SAP agent immediately pas...

Page 85: ...involvement and routing traffic All OSPF routers within an autonomous system build and synchronize databases of the autonomous system s network topology Using its database each router calculates the shortest path trees to every destination within the autonomous system With this dynamic table of shortest paths OSPF converges on an optimum route faster than other routing algorithms such as the Routi...

Page 86: ...ry router 1 Router 5 Area 0 backbone Area 1 Autonomous system A Area border router 2 Area 2 stub Area 3 Area border router 3 Area border router 1 Autonomous system boundary router 2 Autonomous system B Area border router 4 Virtual link Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 1 Segment 4 Segment 6 Segment 7 Segment 8 Segment 9 Point to point link Segment 5 ...

Page 87: ...opology databases using the data in link state advertisements LSAs from other routers in the autonomous system Areas You can reduce the amount of routing information that travels through a network and the corresponding size of OSPF routers topology databases by subdividing OSPF autonomous systems into areas The routers in an area maintain and use identical LSA databases The network shown in Figure...

Page 88: ...ding the backbone area includes all border routers connected to the area In Figure 7 1 for example you define Area border routers 1 2 and 3 as being in the backbone area 0 Area border routers 2 and 4 as being in area 1 Area border router 1 as being in area 2 Area border routers 3 and 4 as being in area 3 Routers must communicate with each other through interfaces that are defined as being in the s...

Page 89: ...out autonomous systems A and B In the CoreBuilder 2500 implementation of the OSPF model each area has the following configurable parameters Area ID The number in the form of an IP address that identifies the area to the OSPF autonomous system A backbone area must have the area ID 0 0 0 0 Routers in the backbone area also must be able to communicate with each other through interfaces that are confi...

Page 90: ...int to point link Routers 3 and 4 and area border router 2 are neighbors on segment 4 No routers are neighbors on segments 2 3 5 and 6 In area 1 Router 5 and area border router 2 are neighbors on segment 7 Routers 5 and 6 area border router 4 and autonomous system boundary router 1 are neighbors on segment 9 No routers are neighbors on segment 8 In area 3 Area border routers 3 and 4 are neighbors ...

Page 91: ... depends on the router s location and function in the network Link state ack nowledge Routers use these packets to acknowledge receipt of link state update packets The router acknowledges receiving each LSA in the link state update packet Router Types OSPF routers serve several different often overlapping functions Internal routers Internal routers connect only to networks that belong to the same ...

Page 92: ...s how to reach the boundary routers for its autonomous system In Figure 7 1 two autonomous system boundary routers control traffic between two autonomous systems Designated routers DRs Designated routers advertise network link states for attached network segments A link state advertisement lists all routers connected to a segment The DR exchanges routing data with all routers that are connected to...

Page 93: ...ode to active To set the OSPF interface mode to active you must enable IP routing See Chapter 10 for information about enabling IP routing Default The default mode is off Priority You assign the interface priority to an OSPF router to determine its status as a designated router A router can function in one of three ways Designated router DR The router with the highest priority value unless a desig...

Page 94: ...it delay according to the link speed use a longer transmit delay for slower link speeds Default The default delay is 1 second Hello Timer The hello timer in seconds determines how often the interface transmits hello packets to other routers Hello packets notify other routers that the sending router is still active on the network If a router does not send hello packets for the period of time specif...

Page 95: ...ual Links You can configure a virtual link between an area border router that links two nonbackbone areas and a second area border router that is connected to the backbone area 0 The nonbackbone area through which the virtual link runs is called a transit area Virtual links are used to ensure that the OSPF backbone is contiguous The endpoints of a virtual link must be area border routers such as a...

Page 96: ...address in another router s hello packet the two routers establish two way communications as neighbors Establishing Adjacencies If neighboring OSPF routers succeed in exchanging and synchronizing their link state databases they appear as adjacent in all router and network link advertisements Electing the Backup Designated Router OSPF selects a backup designated router for the network segment This ...

Page 97: ...p designated router becomes the designated router and OSPF selects a new backup designated router OSPF selects the candidate router with the highest priority If candidate routers have the same priority OSPF selects the router that has the highest router ID The designated router also becomes adjacent to all other routers on the network segment by sending hello packets to them Calculating Shortest P...

Page 98: ...n for interarea traffic To a stub area When a packet s destination is in a stub area an area that does not accept external route advertisements OSPF uses the area s predefined default route You configure default routing in area border routers that serve an OSPF stub area such as area border router 1 in Figure 7 1 To a different autonomous system When a packet s source and destination are in differ...

Page 99: ... Reference Model The AppleTalk protocols work together to provide file sharing and printer sharing as well as applications like electronic mail and database access All Macintosh computers have AppleTalk connectivity options built into them which makes it the de facto standard for Apple computer networks AppleTalk Network Elements An AppleTalk network consists of different nodes and groups of netwo...

Page 100: ...ual cables do not support this many nodes AppleTalk Nodes A node in a AppleTalk network is any addressable device including a workstation printer or router Nodes are physically attached to a network At initialization each node in an AppleTalk network selects a unique AppleTalk address The address consists of the node s network number and a unique node number Named Entities When a device on the net...

Page 101: ...m the Accounting zone and all nodes in the Marketing zone Network 8 8 consists of nodes in the Administration zone only Creating zones within a network reduces the amount of searching that a router must do to find a resource on the network For example to gain access to a printer on the network instead of searching the whole network when you want to print a file to a certain printer the router sear...

Page 102: ...ysical connectivity end to end network services and data delivery Figure 8 2 AppleTalk Protocols and the OSI Reference Model The AppleTalk six layer protocol suite does not fully comply with the OSI seven layer model However AppleTalk provides many of the functions and services of OSI AppleTalk has no specific protocols for the Application layer because the lower levels provide printer and file se...

Page 103: ...nition of each LAP so it does not appear in the reference model See About AARP on page 8 10 for more information about this protocol Network Layer Protocols The network layer accepts data from the layers above it and divides the data into packets to send over the network through the layers below it The Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP transfers data in packets called datagrams Datagram delivery is t...

Page 104: ...formation that they receive in the RTMP broadcasts to build their routing tables Each entry in the routing table contains these items The network range The distance in hops to the destination network The interface number of the destination network The state of each port good suspect bad or really bad A router uses these items to determine the best path along which to forward a data packet to its d...

Page 105: ... the corresponding routing table Figure 8 3 A Simple AppleTalk Network You view the AppleTalk routing tables in your network through the Administration Console Table 8 1 Routing Table for Router 24 in Figure 8 3 Network Range Distance hops Interface State 5 5 1 2 Good 12 12 3 3 Good 18 20 2 3 Good 103 103 0 1 Good 64 64 1 3 Good Network 5 5 Network 64 64 Network 12 12 Network 18 20 Network 103 103...

Page 106: ...own list of named entities the names directory within an AppleTalk network is not centralized The names directory database is distributed among all nodes on the intranet Session Layer Protocols An AppleTalk intranet has four session layer protocols AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSP Zone Information Protocol ZIP AppleTalk Session Protocol ASP Printer Access Protocol PAP AppleTalk Data Stream Prot...

Page 107: ...t they were sent and returns the results of these commands to the workstation Printer Access Protocol PAP The PAP maintains communications between a workstation and a printer or print service The PAP functions include setting up and maintaining a connection transferring the data and tearing down the connection on completion of the job Like other protocols at the session layer PAP relies on NBP to ...

Page 108: ...ckets determine whether any other nodes on the network are using the selected address If the address already exists the initializing node randomly selects another address and sends another set of probe packets The AARP maintains an Address Mapping Table AMT with the most recently used hardware addresses and their corresponding AARP addresses If an address is not in this table AppleTalk sends a req...

Page 109: ...pter 10 Administering IP Routing Chapter 11 Administering IP Multicast Routing Chapter 12 Administering IPX Routing Chapter 13 Administering OSPF Routing Chapter 14 Administering AppleTalk Routing ADMINISTERING EXTENDED SWITCHING FEATURES ...

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Page 111: ...ed to manage flood domains for overlapping IP subnetworks The detailed VLAN report includes the summary information plus additional utilization statistics To display VLAN information from the top level of the Administration Console enter bridge vlan summary or bridge vlan detail The VLAN information appears in the format that you specified Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appl...

Page 112: ... Layer 3 Optional parameters consisting of IP subnetwork and mask that are used to set up flood domains for overlapping IP VLAN subnetworks inPackets The number of flooded packets that are received on the VLAN inBytes The number of flooded bytes that are received on the VLAN outPackets The number of flooded packets that are transmitted over the VLAN outBytes The number of flooded bytes that are tr...

Page 113: ...le XNS DECnet SNA Vines X 25 NetBIOS default IP Enter Integer VLAN Identifier 1 Enter VLAN Name SD Marketing Ports 1 2 FDDI 3 18 Ethernet Enter port s 1 18 all 1 3 5 Layer 3 Address undefined defined defined Enter IP Subnet Address 158 111 122 0 Enter subnet mask 255 255 0 0 255 255 255 0 You can define up to 32 VLANs on a single bridge The CoreBuilder 2500 VLAN database allows up to 16 simultaneo...

Page 114: ...o use the Layer 3 address information enter defined If you do not want Layer 3 addressing enter undefined Example Select menu option bridge vlan modify Select VLAN interface 1 2 2 Protocol Suite IP IPX Apple XNS DECnet SNA Vines X 25 NetBIOS default IP Integer VLAN Identifier 1 2 VLAN Name Sales Ports 1 FDDI 2 17 FastEthernet Enter port s 1 17 all 1 5 Layer 3 Address undefined defined undefined To...

Page 115: ...t to remove Example Select menu option bridge vlan remove Select VLAN index es 1 2 all 1 Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout display mode ipFragmentation ipxSnapTranslation addressThreshold agingTime stpState stpFollowLinkState stpPriority stpMaxAge stpHelloTIme stpForwardDelay stpGroupAddress port packetFilter vlan summary detail define modi...

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Page 117: ...nistering ATM ARP Servers for CoreBuilder 2500 systems that have ATM modules Administering UDP Helper Enabling and Disabling IP Routing Enabling and Disabling ICMP Router Discovery Configuring RIP Routing Information Protocol Pinging an IP Station Displaying IP Statistics For more information about how IP routing works see Chapter 4 Routing with IP Technology For more information about Open Shorte...

Page 118: ...nterface Characteristics Each IP interface has the following information associated with it IP Address The address specific to your network Choose an IP address from the range of addresses assigned to your organization This address defines both the number of the network to which the interface is attached and its host number on that network Subnet Mask A 32 bit number that uses the same format and ...

Page 119: ...r prompts do not appear because you ned not enter an ATM ARP server address If you define SVCs and PVCs enter all LIS interface information Displaying Interfaces You can display a table that shows all of the IP interfaces that are configured for the system including their parameter settings The IP interface display screen includes the values that you select when you define the interface 1 From the...

Page 120: ...ddress of the interface 4 Enter the subnet mask of the network to which you want to connect the interface 5 Enter the type of IP interface vlan 6 Enter the index of the VLAN that is associated with the interface Example If you physically change the configuration of your system after you define IP interfaces the ports designated for those interfaces may no longer be valid Verify whether you need to...

Page 121: ... SVC count the inactivity timer the minimum holding time and the ATM port associated with the interface Press Return to accept the existing values shown in brackets For a LIS interface with only PVCs Enter the ATM port and the PVCs associated with the interface You can enter up to 51 PVCs for each interface The maximum number of PVCs on the CoreBuilder 2500 system is 64 LIS interface example with ...

Page 122: ...he ports that are associated with the interface To remove an IP interface definition 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip interface remove 2 Enter the index numbers of the interfaces you want to remove If you have defined one or more PVCs on the interface the Administration Console displays a message indicating that the PVCs will be removed with the interface This example is...

Page 123: ...one or more PVCs that are associated with an LIS interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip interface removePVC 2 Enter the index number of the interface and the VPI VCI pair that you want to remove Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udpHelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery o...

Page 124: ...oute with the most bits set in its subnet mask Routing Metric The number of networks or subnetworks through which a packet must pass to reach its destination This metric is included in RIP updates to allow routers to compare routing information that is received from different sources Gateway IP Address Tells the router where to forward packets whose destination address matches the route s IP addre...

Page 125: ...ed in OSPF updates as type 1 externals To define a static route 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip route static 2 Enter the destination IP address of the route 3 Enter the subnet mask of the route 4 Enter the gateway IP address of the route Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast...

Page 126: ... do not match any other routing table entry A system can learn a default route using RIP or you can configure a static default route To statically configure the default route 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip route default 2 Enter the gateway IP address of the route The default route is immediately added to the routing table Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ...

Page 127: ...dresses that correspond to the IP addresses of hosts and routers on the same subnetworks An ARP cache is a table of known IP addresses and their corresponding MAC addresses Displaying the ARP Cache To display the contents of the ARP cache from the top level of the Administration Console enter ip arp display Sample ARP cache display Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk sn...

Page 128: ...ou can delete all entries from the ARP cache if the MAC address has changed To remove all entries from the ARP cache from the top level of the Administration Console enter ip arp flush All ARP cache entries are immediately removed from the table Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udpHelper routing i...

Page 129: ...ministration Console enter ip atmArpServer define 2 Enter the number of the ATM port on which you want to define the ATM ARP server 3 Enter the IP address of the ATM port that you want to define 4 Enter the subnet mask To accept the existing or default value shown in brackets press Return Example Select ATM port 1 Enter IP address 158 101 20 30 Enter subnet mask 255 255 0 0 Top Level Menu system e...

Page 130: ...rp display Example Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udpHelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics display define remove arp Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udpHelper routing icmp...

Page 131: ...TP port you can boot hosts through the router UDP Helper also provides a relay agent for DHCP broadcasts UDP packets that rely on the BOOTP relay agent are modified and then forwarded through the router These ports for UDP services are mentioned in this section on UDP Helper BOOTP including DHCP 67 TIME 37 DNS 53 With UDP Helper you can configure the interval of time during which forwarding can oc...

Page 132: ... 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip udpHelper remove 2 Enter the UDP port number that you want to remove 3 Enter the IP routing address that you want to remove The port numbers and IP routing addresses are immediately removed Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udpHelper rout...

Page 133: ... If you use a nonzero value the router uses that value along with the hop count value to determine whether to forward a UDP packet To set the BOOTP relay threshold 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip udpHelper threshold 2 Enter the BOOTP relay threshold Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServ...

Page 134: ...P Helper configuration after you configure the forwarding address Enabling and Disabling IP Routing You can control whether the system forwards or discards IP packets addressed to other hosts When you enable IP routing the system acts as a normal IP router routing IP packets from one subnetwork to another when required When you disable IP routing the system discards any IP packets that are not add...

Page 135: ...ery Enter the ICMP router discovery mode enabled or disabled Default This protocol is disabled by default Configuring RIP With Extended Switching software you can configure IP Routing Information Protocol RIP on individual interfaces rather than turning it on or off for all interfaces Displaying the RIP Interface Configuration To display RIP interface configuration information from the top level o...

Page 136: ...urn at the prompt Example Select interfaces 1 2 all 2 Enter RIP mode off passive active active Setting the RIP Interface Cost The system uses the RIP interface cost a number between 1 and 15 to calculate route metrics Unless your network has special requirements assign a cost of 1 to all interfaces To set the RIP interface cost 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip rip cost 2...

Page 137: ...ddress when it advertises routes to other stations on the same subnetwork In particular the system uses this address for sending RIP updates Default By default the system uses a directed advertisement all 1s in the host field To add an RIP advertisement address to an IP interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip rip addAdvertisement 2 Enter the RIP advertisement addresse...

Page 138: ...owing sample shows an RIP statistics display Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udpHelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics display mode cost poisonReverse addAdvertisement removeAdvertisement statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer...

Page 139: ...To ping an IP station 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ping 2 Enter the IP address of the station that you want to ping IP Address 192 9 200 40 You may receive one of the following types of responses 192 9 200 40 is alive OR no answer from 192 9 200 40 For a remote IP address you may also receive the following response Network is unreachable Top Level Menu system etherne...

Page 140: ...evel Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics IP general statistics inReceived inHdrErrors inAddrErrors 2327812806 0 0 forwDatagrams unkProtos inDiscards 2327800881 0 0 inDelivers outRequests outDiscards 17933 50005 0 outNoRoutes reasmReqs reasmOks 0 0 ...

Page 141: ...stUnreach 81 0 81 inTimeExcds inParmProbs inSrcQuenchs 0 0 0 inRedirects inEchos inEchoReps 0 0 0 inTimeStamps inTimeStampsReps inAddrMasks 0 0 0 inAddrMaskReps outMsgs outErrors 0 128 0 outDestUnreach outTimeExcds outParmProbs 128 0 0 outSrcQuenchs outRedirects outEchos 0 0 0 outEchoReps outTimeStamps outTimeStampReps 0 0 0 outAddrMasks outAddrMaskReps 0 0 ...

Page 142: ...eceive discards inHdrErrors Number of datagrams that the IP station discarded because the IP header contained errors inReceived Total number of IP datagrams that were received including those with errors osReceives Number of packets received that are destined to higher level protocols such as telnet DNS TFTP and FTP osTransmits Number of packets that were sent through the router by higher level pr...

Page 143: ... reply packets received inEchos Number of ICMP echo request packets received inParmProbs Number of ICMP parameter problem frames received inRedirects Number of ICMP redirect packets received inSrcQuenchs Number of ICMP source quench packets received inTimeExcds Number of ICMP time exceeded packets received inTimeStamps Number of ICMP time stamp request packets received inTimeStampsReps Number of I...

Page 144: ...mber of ICMP redirect packets that were sent outSrcQuenchs Number of ICMP source quench packets that were sent outTimeExcds Number of ICMP time exceeded packets that were sent outTimeStampReps Number of ICMP time stamp reply packets that were sent outTimeStamps Number of ICMP time stamp request packets that were sent Table 10 4 ICMP Statistics continued Field Description ...

Page 145: ... Protocol is similar to the IP Routing Information Protocol RIP Multicast routers exchange distance vector updates that contain lists of destinations and the distance in hops to each destination They maintain this information in a routing table To run multicast routing you enable DVMRP which enables it on all IP interfaces that have not been disabled To enable or disable DVMRP from the top level o...

Page 146: ...oping which ensures that multicast packets flood only to the appropriate ports within a routing interface When you select the IGMP option the interface prompts you to enable or disable IGMP snooping mode and IGMP query mode Both are enabled by default Under most conditions IGMP snooping mode and IGMP query mode should remain enabled To enable or disable IGMP from the top level of the Administratio...

Page 147: ...1 Rate Limit Determines how fast multicast traffic can travel over the interface in packets per second If multicast traffic exceeds the rate limit the system drops packets to maintain the set rate If you want no rate limit use the default value of 0 If you want to reduce traffic over the interface use a low rate limit Displaying Multicast Interfaces To display a multicast interface 1 From the top ...

Page 148: ... Example Enter an IP interface index 1 2 Enter Interface DVMRP metric 1 1 Enter Interface TTL threshold 1 Enter interface rate limit in KBits sec 0 Disabling Multicast Interfaces To disable multicast routing on an interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip multicast interface disable 2 Enter the index number of the IP interface to disable Enter an IP interface index 1 2 ...

Page 149: ...ticast configurations require a tunnel The only configurations that require a tunnel are those that require a connection between two multicast internetworks through one or more unicast routers Displaying Multicast Tunnels To display the IP multicast tunnels on the router from the top level menu of the Administration Console enter ip multicast tunnel display This example shows an IP multicast tunne...

Page 150: ...9 200 40 Enter tunnel DVMRP metric 1 1 Enter tunnel TTL threshold 1 Enter tunnel rate limit 0 Removing a Multicast Tunnel To remove an IP multicast tunnel 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip multicast tunnel remove 2 Enter the index numbers of the interfaces that are associated with the tunnel that you want to remove Enter multicast tunnel index 1 1 The tunnel is removed To...

Page 151: ... 229 98 10 25 T1 I1 129 127 110 11 32 137 39 229 98 13 25 T1 I1 129 127 110 5 32 137 39 229 98 10 25 T1 I1 129 95 63 12 32 137 39 229 98 13 25 T1 I1 129 95 63 11 32 137 39 229 98 31 25 T1 I1 129 95 63 9 32 137 39 229 98 13 25 T1 I1 129 95 63 8 32 137 39 229 98 13 25 T1 I1 129 95 63 6 32 137 39 229 98 13 25 T1 I1 129 95 63 2 32 137 39 229 98 13 25 T1 I1 129 95 48 4 32 137 39 229 98 13 25 T1 I1 129 ...

Page 152: ...example shows a multicast cache configuration Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp atmArpServer multicast udpHelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery rip ping statistics dvmrp igmp interfaces tunnel routeDisplay cacheDisplay Multicast Routing Cache Table 125 entries Origin Mcast group CTmr Age PTmr In If Out Ifs 202 242 133 128 2...

Page 153: ...e Mcast group The destination multicast group CTmr Cache timer which is the amount of time that a cache entry remains in the cache Age The number of seconds s minutes m or hours h that the cache entry has existed PTmr The time remaining in seconds s minutes m or hours h before sending another prune to prune the Spanning Tree In If The interface number where that gateway is connected Traffic is exp...

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Page 155: ... packets The chapter discusses these tasks Administering Interfaces Administering Routes Administering Servers Setting IPX Forwarding Setting the RIP Mode Setting the Enhanced RIP Mode Setting RIP Triggered Updates Setting the SAP Mode Setting SAP Triggered Updates Displaying Statistics For information about how IPX works see Chapter 6 Routing with IPX ...

Page 156: ...rements such as the need for redundant paths assign a cost of 1 to each interface Frame format IPX routing uses four Ethernet frame formats and two FDDI frame formats The Ethernet frame formats are Ethernet Type II Novell 802 3 raw 802 2 LLC and 802 3 SNAP The FDDI frame formats are FDDI 802 2 and FDDI SNAP The two FDDI frame formats correspond to the Ethernet 802 2 LLC and 802 3 SNAP frame format...

Page 157: ...s Return to accept the existing values shown in brackets 2 Enter the IPX network address of the interface 3 Enter the cost of the interface 4 Enter the frame format of the interface 5 Enter the index of the IPX VLAN that is associated with this interface Example Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route server forwarding rip sap sta...

Page 158: ...ic entries in this table using the Administration Console Each routing table entry contains the following information Address The 4 byte IPX network address of a segment in the router s routing table Hops The number of routers that must be crossed to reach the network segment The maximum number of routers a packet can cross is 15 Exception An IPX NetBIOS packet can cross no more than 7 routers Tic...

Page 159: ...c routes To define a static route 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ipx route static 2 Enter the 4 byte IPX network address of the route 3 Enter the cost of the route 4 Enter the interface number of the route 5 Enter the node address of the route Example Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route server forward...

Page 160: ...es in this server table using the Administration Console Each server table contains the following information Name The user defined name of the server Type The type of service provided by the server Node The 6 byte address of the server that forwards packets to the segment Socket The 2 byte socket address of the server that receives service requests Hop The number of networks that must be crossed ...

Page 161: ...atic 2 Enter the interface number of the server 3 Enter the service type of the server 4 Enter the service name of the server 5 Enter the IPX network address of the server 6 Enter the socket value of the server 7 Enter the node address of the server 8 Enter the number of hops to the server Example Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface...

Page 162: ...kets from one network to another when required When you disable IPX forwarding the system discards any IPX packets that are not addressed directly to one of its defined IPX interfaces Default The default IPX forwarding setting is disabled To enable or disable IPX forwarding 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ipx forwarding 2 Enter the IPX forwarding state enabled or disabled ...

Page 163: ...ackets Setting the Enhanced RIP Mode Standard IPX RIP packets include up to 50 route advertisements but some routers allow up to 68 route advertisements Enhanced RIP mode increases the number of advertisements in an RIP packet that the system accepts Enhanced RIP mode gives the system greater interoperability with routers that do not follow standard IPX advertisement guidelines Default The default...

Page 164: ...incoming SAP packets and does not generate any SAP packets of its own passive The system processes all incoming SAP packets but it does not broadcast periodic or triggered SAP updates or respond to SAP requests active The system processes all incoming SAP packets responds to explicit requests for routing information and broadcasts periodic and triggered SAP updates Default The default mode is off ...

Page 165: ...g Statistics Use this command to display IPX summary RIP SAP and forwarding statistics from the Administration Console Displaying IPX Summary Statistics To display IPX summary statistics from the top level of the Administration Console enter ipx statistics summary This example shows IPX summary statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout i...

Page 166: ...re dropped due to resource limitations Table 12 2 IPX RIP Statistics Field Description RIP Received Number of IPX RIP packets that were received RIP Transmitted Number of IPX RIP packets that were transmitted RIP Dropped Number of IPX RIP packets that were dropped RIP Responses Number of IPX RIP responses that have been processed RIP Requests Number of IPX RIP requests that have been processed RIP...

Page 167: ...SAP Transmitted SAP Dropped 1064015 22493 0 SAP Responses SAP Requests SAP Entries 1063532 45 0 SAP GNS Responses SAP GNS Requests 0 438 Table 12 3 IPX SAP Statistics Field Description SAP Received Number of IPX SAP packets that were received SAP Transmitted Number of IPX SAP packets that were transmitted SAP Dropped Number of IPX SAP packets that were dropped SAP Responses Number of IPX SAP Respo...

Page 168: ...nsmitted Number of IPX forwarding packets that were transmitted Forwarded Number of IPX packets that were forwarded by the IPX router Hdr Errors Number of IPX packets that were dropped because of IPX Network layer header errors Hop Count Errors Number of IPX packets that were dropped because of exceeded maximum transport control Addr Errors Number of IPX packet that were dropped because of IPX Add...

Page 169: ...ering Virtual Links Displaying OSPF Statistics For more information about how OSPF works see Chapter 7 Routing with OSPF Administering Areas An OSPF area is a logical user defined group of networks hosts and directly attached routers that use a common copy of the OSPF routing algorithm Different areas run individual copies of the OSPF algorithm and maintain unique routing databases With the comman...

Page 170: ...hether this is a stub area Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics display defineArea modifyArea removeArea addRange modifyRange remove...

Page 171: ... Console enter ip ospf areas removeArea 2 Enter the index number of the area to remove Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics display ...

Page 172: ...e 2 Enter the number of the area that contains the range that you want to modify 3 Enter the IP address of the range to modify 4 Enter the subnet mask Press Return or Enter to accept the current subnet mask in brackets 5 Specify whether to advertise the range on the network The default is yes Example Select area 1 2 2 Enter IP address of range to modify 158 101 0 0 Enter subnet mask 255 255 0 0 Ad...

Page 173: ...tric value on the router To display the default route metric from the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf defaultRouteMetric display A message indicating the cost for the route appears Default route metric 1 Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping ...

Page 174: ...ng IP virtual LAN VLAN interfaces See Chapter 9 Administering VLANs for information about how to configure an IP VLAN interface You can configure the following OSPF characteristics on existing IP VLAN interfaces Mode Priority Area ID Cost Transmit delay Hello timer Retransmit timer Dead interval Password Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout in...

Page 175: ...aultMetric virtualLinks statistics summary detail statistics mode priority areaID cost delay hello retransmit dead password OSPF interface summary information Xmit Xmit Hello Rxmit Dead Indx Pri AreaID Cost Delay Intvl Intvl Intvl Password 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 5 40 No Password 2 1 158 101 0 0 1 1 10 5 40 No Password OSPF interface detail information Indx IP Address State DR BDR Notes 1 158 101 112 1...

Page 176: ...orm adjacency with the neighboring router DRother The interface is on a multiaccess network where this router is not the DR or BDR Backup The router is the BDR on the attached network DR The router is the DR on the attached network DR Router ID of the designated router DR BDR Router ID of the backup designated router BDR Notes When RouterID appears the interface address is being used as the OSPF r...

Page 177: ... acknowledgments that were received transmitLsAck Number of LSA acknowledgments that were transmitted receiveLSU Number of link state update packets that were received transmitLSU Number of link state update packets that were transmitted computeDR Number of times that the designated router was computed adjacencyUp Number of times that OSPF adjacencies have been formed adjacencyDown Number of times...

Page 178: ...ismatches that were detected mismatchMask Number of subnet mask mismatches that were detected mismatchAreaID Number of interface area ID mismatches that were detected mismatchAreaType Number of interface area type mismatches that were detected receivedUnknown Number of unknown LSAs that were received authError Number of authentication errors packetXsum Number of packet checksum errors since interf...

Page 179: ... same value for all routers on the network segment because they are in the same area To associate an interface with an OSPF area 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf interface areaID 2 Enter an IP interface 3 Enter the area ID number in the form of an IP address Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route a...

Page 180: ... slower link speeds Default The default delay is 1 second To set the interface delay 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf interface delay 2 Enter an IP interface 3 Enter the interface transmit delay value Range 1 through 65535 seconds Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routi...

Page 181: ...terval for each interface You set the retransmit interval in seconds Default The default value for the retransmit timer is 5 seconds To set the retransmit time 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf interface retransmit 2 Enter an IP interface 3 Enter the LSA retransmit time in seconds Allowable values 1 through 65535 Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx ...

Page 182: ...area Default The default is no password To enter an IP interface password 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf interface password 2 Enter an IP interface 3 Enter the password You can use up to eight ASCII characters Example Select interface s 1 2 all 2 Enter interface password none xyzzy Use the password none to remove a previously assigned password Top Level Menu syste...

Page 183: ...e shows a link state database summary Table 13 4 describes the fields for the summary display Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics d...

Page 184: ... atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics databaseSummary router network summary external OSPF router links LSID Router ID LS Seq LS Age Flags 158 101 142 1 158 101 142 1 8...

Page 185: ...s system boundary router ABR Router is an area border router Link Type PTP Connection is point to point to another router Transit Connection is to a transit network one with more than one OSPF router on it Stub Connection is to a stub network Virtual link Connection is to a far end router that is the endpoint of a virtual link Link ID PTP Router ID of neighboring router Transit Address of designat...

Page 186: ...helper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics databaseSummary router network summary external OSPF network links LSID Router ID LS Seq LS Age Network Mask 158 101 142 254 158 101 142 254 80000003 975 255 255 255 0 Attached Routers 158 101 142 254 158 101 142 1 Table...

Page 187: ...ery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics databaseSummary router network summary external OSPF summary links LSID Type 3 Router ID LS Seq LS Age Network Mask Metric 193 202 111 0 193 202 111 254 80001648 20 255 255 255 0 1 LSID Type 3 Router ID LS Seq LS Age Network Mask Metric 193 202 111 12...

Page 188: ...SPF external links LSID Router ID LS Seq LS Age Network Mask 9 0 0 0 158 101 142 1 80000004 295 255 0 0 0 Fwd Address Metric Type RouteTag 158 101 142 1 4 1 0 LSID Router ID LS Seq LS Age Network Mask 89 0 0 0 158 101 142 1 80000004 295 255 0 0 0 Fwd Address Metric Type RouteTag 158 101 142 1 4 1 0 Table 13 8 Field Attributes for the Link State Database External Display Field Description LSID IP n...

Page 189: ... Neighbor Addr Router ID State Pri RxQ SumQ ReqQ Flags 2 158 101 142 254 158 101 142 254 Full 1 0 0 0 D DR Table 13 9 Field Attributes for Neighbors Display Field Description Indx Interface index that a neighbor belongs to Neighbor Addr Interface address of neighbor Router ID Router ID of neighbor s OSPF State Neighbor s adjacency Down No recent data received from neighbor connection is down Attem...

Page 190: ...relearns dynamic neighbors SumQ Number of LSAs in LSA summary queue for the neighbor ReqQ Number of LSAs being requested from neighbor Flags Neighbor identification flags D dynamic neighbor S static neighbor BDR backup designated router DR designated router Example S BDR D DR is a static neighboring backup designated router and a dynamic neighboring designated router Table 13 9 Field Attributes fo...

Page 191: ...ode to active on the interface To set the router ID 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf routerID The system displays the current router ID and the router ID type 2 Enter the router ID type default interface or address or press Return or Enter to accept the currently defined type 3 Enter the interface or address for the router ID Example Current OPSF router id 158 101 1...

Page 192: ... OSPF memory allocation This change takes effect at system reboot To modify a module s OSPF memory allocation 1 From the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf partition modify 2 Enter the new partition size in bytes Example Maximum partition size is 8443220 bytes Enter new partition maximum size in bytes 500000 600000 New partition size will take effect after reboot The maximum par...

Page 193: ... the stub default metric value on the router To disable the stub default metric from the top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf stubDefaultMetric remove The stub default metric is removed immediately Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics ...

Page 194: ... You can define up to 32 virtual links per router Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics display define modify remove Virtual links In...

Page 195: ...top level of the Administration Console enter ip ospf virtualLinks remove Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route arp multicast udphelper routing icmpRouterDiscovery ospf rip ping statistics areas defaultRouteMetric interface linkStateData neighbors routerID partition stubDefaultMetric virtualLinks statistics display define modify...

Page 196: ...Failures LSAsTransmitted 0 0 0 20 0 328 LSAsReceived routeUpdateErrors recvErrors 0 0 0 28 0 8 extLsaChanges softRestarts 0 0 109 0 Table 13 11 Field Attributes for OSPF Statistics Display Field Description SPFComputations Number of shortest path first computations done memoryFailures Number of nonfatal memory allocation failures LSAsTransmitted Number of link state advertisements transmitted LSAs...

Page 197: ...laying the Zone Table Configuring Forwarding Configuring Checksum Pinging an AppleTalk Node Viewing AppleTalk Statistics Administering Interfaces An AppleTalk interface defines the relationship between an AppleTalk virtual LAN VLAN and the AppleTalk network Every AppleTalk interface has one AppleTalk VLAN associated with it Each module has one AppleTalk interface defined for each subnetwork that i...

Page 198: ...itional defined zones State The status of the AppleTalk interface which indicates whether the interface is available for communications up or unavailable down VLAN Index The number of the AppleTalk VLAN associated with the AppleTalk interface The VLAN index indicates the bridge ports that are associated with the AppleTalk interface When an Administration Console menu prompts you for this option it...

Page 199: ... the start of the network range associated with the interface 4 Enter the end of the network range associated with the interface 5 Enter the default zone name Clients that have not been configured to use a particular zone use the default zone name 6 Enter the zone name You can enter up to 16 zone names per interface 7 After you enter all the zone names type q 8 Enter the index of the AppleTalk VLA...

Page 200: ... routing tables Each routing table entry contains the following information Network Range A range of numbers used to designate a network segment s identity Distance The distance in hops to the destination network Interface The defined interface number State The status good suspect bad or really bad of each route Displaying the Routing Table Use this command to display the system s routing tables t...

Page 201: ...e Distance Interface State 1 1 10 1 good 3 4 1 good 10 14 6 1 good 15 19 7 1 good 61 6 1 good 100 100 10 1 good 201 300 7 1 good 2010 2015 2 1 good 10009 10009 5 1 good 10010 10010 7 1 good 10060 10060 8 1 good 10110 10113 5 1 good 10116 10117 5 1 good 10118 10118 6 1 good 10119 10119 4 1 good 10120 10120 7 1 good 10122 10122 9 1 good 10310 10329 10 1 good 10410 10410 8 1 good 11010 11019 9 1 good...

Page 202: ...RP randomly assigns an address To determine whether another node is already using the address AARP broadcasts AARP probe packets to this address If there is no reply the address becomes that node s address If there is a reply AARP repeats this process until an available address is discovered In the Administration Console you can Display the AARP AMT address cache Remove entries from the cache Flus...

Page 203: ... 00 89 01 91 f3 1 6 20112 150 00 00 89 01 8b 51 1 18 20112 1 08 00 02 04 80 b6 1 31 20125 193 08 00 07 d7 69 1f 3 388 20125 76 08 00 07 66 62 9d 3 862 20125 67 08 00 07 ee 10 a2 3 851 20124 41 08 00 07 7c c3 d8 2 864 20112 225 00 20 af 0b d8 f1 1 270 20112 135 00 20 af 9e 68 62 1 174 20112 147 00 00 94 41 de 79 1 26 20112 132 08 00 09 7f 98 c5 1 24 20112 112 08 00 07 7c 20 61 1 121 20112 148 08 00...

Page 204: ...entries in this table match the network numbers with the zone names In the Administration Console you can display the zone table either by network numbers or by zones To display the zone table from the top level of the Administration Console enter appletalk zone network or appletalk zone zone Depending on the command that you enter the table displays information by network or by zone The following...

Page 205: ...09 10009 has 2 known zones Hemel NSOPS 3Com Arpeggio Zone Table by Network Numbers Zone Table by Zones AppleTalk forwarding is enabled Zone Holmdel is assigned to 2 networks 21105 21105 21010 21010 Zone NY is assigned to 2 networks 63535 63535 2010 2015 Zone Manchester UK is assigned to 1 network 10310 10329 Zone DC8 is assigned to 1 network 30110 30129 Zone Chicago is assigned to 1 network 22030 ...

Page 206: ...otals all data bytes and adds this sum to the end of the data packet The receiving station computes a verification checksum from the incoming data and compares the new checksum with the value sent with the data If the values do not match the transmission contains an error You can enable or disable checksum generation and verification To enable or disable checksum generation verification 1 From the...

Page 207: ...tocols Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTMP Zone Information Protocol ZIP Name Binding Protocol NBP Displaying DDP Statistics To display DDP statistics from the top level of the Administration Console enter appletalk statistics ddp The following sample shows DDP statistics Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout ...

Page 208: ... length specified in the DDP header or the received data length was less than the length of the expected DDP header inTooLongs Number of input DDP datagrams that were dropped because they exceeded the maximum DDP datagram size inShortDdps Number of input DDP datagrams that were dropped because this entity was not their final destination and their type was short DDP inCsumErrors Number of DDP datag...

Page 209: ...f times RTMP changes the Next Internet Router in a routing entry because the hop count advertised in a routing table was less than the current hop count for a particular network routeDeletes Number of times RTMP deletes a route that was aged out of the table routeOverflows Number of times RTMP attempted to add a route to the RTMP table but failed due to lack of space inVersionErrs Number of RTMP p...

Page 210: ...dge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface route aarp zone forwarding checksum ping statistics summary rtmp zip nbp AppleTalk forwarding is enabled inQueries inReplies inExReplies inGniRequests 248 14 0 182 inGniReplies inLocalZones inZoneLists 22 30 0 inObsoletes inZoneCons inZoneInvs inErrors 0 0 22 0 outQueries outReplies outExReplies outGniRequests 9 0 277 13 outGniReplies outL...

Page 211: ...formation inZoneInvs Number of times that this entity has received a ZIP GetNetInfo reply with the zone invalid bit set because the corresponding GetNetInfo request had an invalid zone name inErrors Number of ZIP packets that were received and then rejected for any error outQueries Number of ZIP queries that were sent outReplies Number of ZIP replies that were sent outExReplies Number of ZIP exten...

Page 212: ...s Field Description inLkupReqs Number of NBP Lookup Requests received inBcastReqs Number of NBP Broadcast Requests received inFwdReqs Number of NBP Forward Requests received inLkupReplies Number of NBP Lookup Replies received inErrors Number of NBP packets received that were rejected for any error Top Level Menu system ethernet fddi atm bridge ip ipx appletalk snmp analyzer script logout interface...

Page 213: ...V Chapter 15 Remote Monitoring RMON Technology RMON AND THE COREBUILDER 2500 SYSTEM ...

Page 214: ......

Page 215: ... two components Probe Connects to a LAN segment examines all the LAN traffic on that segment and keeps a summary of statistics including historical data in its local memory Management Console Communicates with the probe and collects summarized data from it The console does not need to reside on the same network as the probe It can manage the probe through SNMP or through out of band connections Th...

Page 216: ... of the network The RMON probe reports by exception rather than by gathering constant or frequent information That is the RMON probe informs the network management console directly if the network enters an abnormal state The console can then use more information gathered by the probe such as historical information to diagnose the abnormal condition RMON in the CoreBuilder 2500 CoreBuilder 2500 Ext...

Page 217: ...u to define thresholds for any MIB variable and trigger alarms Host 4 Discovers new hosts on the network by keeping a list of source and destination physical addresses that are seen in good packets HostTopN 5 Allows you to prepare reports that describe the hosts that top a list sorted by one of their statistics Matrix 6 Stores statistics for conversations between pairs of addresses Event 9 Allows ...

Page 218: ...rors for Ethernet frames Number of received packets with FCS or invalid data length for FDDI frames Number of received packets that are undersized but otherwise well formed Number of received packets that are oversized but otherwise well formed for Ethernet frames Number of detected transmit collisions Byte sizes include the 4 byte FCS but exclude the framing bits Table 15 3 lists the number of th...

Page 219: ...mber of detected transmit collisions Estimate of the mean physical layer network utilization Alarm Group The CoreBuilder 2500 system supports the following RMON alarm mechanisms Counters Gauges Integers Timeticks These RMON MIB objects yield alarms when the network exceeds predefined limits The most frequently used objects are counters although the other objects may be used in much the same way Th...

Page 220: ...rval and remembers the high and low values When the value of a counter exceeds a preset threshold the alarm reports this occurrence Using Transcend Enterprise Manager or any other SNMP network management application you can assign alarms to monitor any counter gauge timetick or integer See the documentation for your management application for details about setting up alarms Setting Alarm Threshold...

Page 221: ...ly falling below the low threshold An alarm does not occur if the value has not fallen below the low threshold before rising above the high threshold The counter value falls below the low threshold after previously exceeding the high threshold An alarm does not occur if the value has not risen above the high threshold before falling below the low threshold For example in Figure 15 1 an alarm occur...

Page 222: ... of their statistics Information from this group includes these statistics Number of received packets Number of transmitted packets Number of received octets Number of transmitted octets Number of transmitted broadcast packets Number of transmitted multicast packets Matrix Group The matrix group records the following statistics about conversations between sets of addresses Number of packets transm...

Page 223: ...n that of traditional network monitors Placing probe functionality inside the CoreBuilder 2500 system has these advantages You can integrate RMON with normal device management The CoreBuilder 2500 system can manage conditions proactively The CoreBuilder 2500 system associates statistics with individual ports and then takes action based on these statistics For example the system can generate a log ...

Page 224: ... agent can also store data in the MIB The organization of a MIB allows a network management package based on the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP such as the Transcend Enterprise Manager application suite to manage a network device without having a specific description of that device 3Com ships SNMP MIB files with CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching System software as ASN 1 files MIB Object...

Page 225: ... s column in the table In Figure 15 3 the counter is in column 5 of the etherStatsEntry table The name of the table where the counter resides is 3CometherStatTable although this name does not appear in the display To manage a network you do not need to know the contents of every MIB object Most network management applications including Transcend Enterprise Manager software make the MIB transparent...

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Page 227: ...VI Appendix A Technical Support APPENDIX ...

Page 228: ......

Page 229: ...duct support 24 hours a day 7 days a week through the following online systems World Wide Web site 3Com FTP site 3Com Bulletin Board Service 3Com BBS 3ComFactsSM automated fax service World Wide Web Site Access the latest networking information on the 3Com Corporation World Wide Web site by entering the URL into your Internet browser http www 3com com This service provides access to online support...

Page 230: ...3Com products This service is available through analog modem or digital modem ISDN 24 hours a day 7 days a week Access by Analog Modem To reach the service by modem set your modem to 8 data bits no parity and 1 stop bit Call the telephone number nearest you Country Data Rate Telephone Number Australia Up to 14 400 bps 61 2 9955 2073 Brazil Up to 14 400 bps 55 11 5181 9666 France Up to 14 400 bps 3...

Page 231: ...lified to provide a variety of services including network planning installation hardware maintenance application training and support services When you contact your network supplier for assistance have the following information ready Product model name part number and serial number A list of system hardware and software including revision levels Diagnostic error messages Details about recent confi...

Page 232: ...From anywhere in S Korea From Seoul Taiwan Thailand Pakistan Philippines 0800 446 398 800 6161 463 82 2 3455 6455 00798 611 2230 0080 611 261 001 800 611 2000 61 2 9937 5085 1235 61 266 2602 Europe From anywhere in Europe call 31 0 30 6029900 phone 31 0 30 6029999 fax From the following European countries you may use the toll free numbers Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Irel...

Page 233: ...iddle East 011 44 1442 435860 011 44 1442 435718 From the following European countries you may call the toll free numbers select option 2 and then option 2 Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland U K 06 607468 0800 71429 800 17309 0800 113153 0800 917959 0130 821502 00800 12813 1 800 553117...

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Page 235: ...y 13 12 administering OSPF link state databases configuring 13 15 displaying external network LSAs 13 20 network LSAs 13 18 router LSAs 13 16 summary 13 15 summary network LSAs 13 19 administering OSPF memory partitions displaying 13 24 modifying 13 24 administering OSPF neighbors adding 13 22 displaying 13 21 removing 13 22 administering OSPF network ranges adding 13 4 modifying 13 4 removing 13 ...

Page 236: ...ation in OSI Reference Model 4 1 reply 4 8 request 4 8 ASP AppleTalk Session Layer Protocol 8 9 ATM ARP cache displaying 10 14 flushing 10 15 removing an entry 10 15 ATM ARP servers about 4 10 defining server 10 13 nodes that can function as an 4 10 ATP AppleTalk Transaction Protocol 8 8 autonomous system routers OSPF 7 8 autonomous systems OSPF 7 3 B backbone areas OSPF 7 4 backbone routers OSPF ...

Page 237: ...y IP address 10 8 routing table and the 4 5 H hello packets OSPF 7 6 7 7 7 12 host group RMON 15 8 hostTopN group RMON 15 8 hysteresis mechanism RMON 15 7 I ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol defined 4 8 echo request and reply 10 23 echo reply 4 8 echo request 4 8 location in OSI Reference Model 4 1 ping and 10 23 redirect 4 8 time exceeded 4 8 ICMP Router Discovery enabling 10 19 ICMP statist...

Page 238: ...ed 4 2 derived from 4 2 division of network and host 4 2 example 4 4 for IP interface 10 2 network layer and the 4 1 OSPF and 4 6 RIP and 4 6 routing table and the 4 5 subnet mask and the 4 3 subnetwork part 4 3 IP forwarding configuring 10 18 IP interface address 10 2 cost 10 20 10 21 defining 10 4 displaying 10 3 overlapped 10 18 removing definition 10 6 subnet mask 10 2 IP multicast cache displ...

Page 239: ...10 flushing IPX 12 6 learned IP route status 10 8 link state acknowledge packets OSPF 7 7 advertisements LSAs OSPF 7 3 7 5 7 7 7 8 7 10 7 12 7 13 database OSPF displaying 13 15 external network LSAs displaying 13 20 network LSA summary displaying 13 19 network LSAs displaying 13 18 router LSAs displaying 13 16 summary displaying 13 15 protocol OSPF 7 1 request packets OSPF 7 7 update packets OSPF ...

Page 240: ...owledge packets 7 7 advertisements LSAs 7 3 7 5 7 7 7 8 7 10 7 12 7 13 protocol 7 1 request packets 7 7 update packets 7 7 location in OSI Reference Model 4 1 mode 7 9 neighbors 7 6 7 7 7 10 7 11 7 12 7 13 password 7 11 path trees shortest 7 13 priority 7 9 protocol packets 7 7 retransmit timer 7 10 router databases 7 5 router IDs 7 8 routers area border 7 4 7 8 autonomous system 7 8 backbone 7 7 ...

Page 241: ...te AppleTalk administering 14 4 displaying 14 4 flushing 14 5 route IP default 10 8 defining static 10 9 gateway address 10 8 metric 10 8 removing default 10 11 removing from table 10 10 status 10 8 subnet mask 10 8 route IPX administering 12 4 removing 12 6 router databases OSPF 7 5 router ID OSPF 7 8 router interface IP described 4 4 diagram 4 4 router interface IPX 6 7 routers area border OSPF ...

Page 242: ...6 defining 10 9 status of 10 8 static route IPX 6 9 6 13 defining 12 5 static server IPX defining 12 7 statistics AppleTalk 14 11 AppleTalk DDP 14 11 AppleTalk NBP 14 16 AppleTalk RTMP 14 13 AppleTalk ZIP 14 14 ICMP 10 27 IP 10 24 IPX forwarding 12 14 IPX RIP 12 12 IPX SAP 12 13 IPX summary 12 11 OSPF displaying 13 28 RIP 10 22 RMON 15 4 15 5 UDP 10 27 stub areas OSPF 7 3 stub default metrics OSPF...

Page 243: ...7 11 7 14 administering 13 26 defining 13 26 displaying 13 26 modifying 13 27 removing 13 27 VLAN interfaces about 10 2 characteristics of 10 2 defining 10 4 VLANs application oriented 2 2 configuration examples 2 9 default 2 5 flooding within 2 5 information defining 9 3 displaying 9 1 modifying 9 4 removing 9 5 layer 3 addressing 2 4 MAC address group 2 2 overlapped IP 2 7 port group 2 2 protoco...

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