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CHAPTER IV:

VOICE PROGRAMMING

Before you begin actually programming or editing your own voices, a basic un-

1. The Basics of FM

derstanding of how digital FM synthesis works will be necessary. In the following

Synthesis

explanation, we will learn how the DX100’s FM voice generator produces complex
voices. This information will help you to understand the process and make it easier
for you to create and edit your own voices.

OPERATORS

The Yamaha DX series FM digital synthesizers use pure sine waves that interact
to create the full harmonic spectrum for any voice. Each digital sine wave oscillator

is combined with its own envelope generator to form an “operator.”

Note that the operator’s oscillator has two inputs: one for the oscillator pitch data,

and one for modulation data.

CARRIERS AND MODULATORS

The DX100 voice generator has 4 operators. When the output of one operator is
fed to the modulation input of a second operator, i.e. the first operator modulates
the second, a whole spectrum of harmonics is created that can form an incredibly
diverse range of complex waveforms (including the more conventional triangle,
sawtooth, and square waveforms). All this from just two operators!

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Содержание DX100

Страница 1: ...YAMAHA AUTHORIZED PRODUCT MANUAL DIGITAL PROGRAMMABLE ALGORITHM SYNTHESIZER ...

Страница 2: ...YAMAHA DIGITAL PROGRAMMABLE ALGORITHM SYNTHESIZER OWNER S MANUAL ...

Страница 3: ...lly trying out all of the available functions C O N T E N T S CHAPTER I SETTING UP 3 1 Audio Outputs 3 2 Optional Foot Switch 3 3 Optional BC 1 Breath Controller 3 4 Headphones 3 5 MIDI Terminals 3 6 Cassette 3 7 Battery AC Power Adaptor 3 8 Power ON Low Battery LED Indicator 4 9 LCD Contrast Control 4 10 ID Function 4 11 When using dry batteries 5 CHAPTER II PLAYING THE DXl00 6 1 DX100 Voice Memo...

Страница 4: ...ervicing to a qualified Yamaha service center When moving the instrument be sure to unplug the AC adaptor PA 1210 optional as well as all other connecting cables Avoid applying excessive force to switches and slide controls dropping or rough handling The DX100 is ruggedly constructed using reliable solid state circuitry nonetheless it is a fine instrument that should be treated with care Digital c...

Страница 5: ...IDI OUT terminal will normally be connected to the MIDI IN terminal of the receiving equipment The MIDI IN terminal receives MIDI data from external MIDI equipment such as a digital sequence recorder music computer or modular FM voice generator The DX100 s MIDI IN terminal will normally be connected to the MIDI OUT terminal of the transmitting equipment The MIDI THRU terminal re transmits the data...

Страница 6: ...eadout under most lighting circumstances It is possible to change the Welcome to DX message which appears when the power is first switched ON to anything you like your name for example To change the ID hold the KEY SHIFT button while turning the power ON The current ID message will be displayed with a cursor over the first character Welcome to DX The cursor can then be moved to any character posit...

Страница 7: ...hecking the polarity When doing so be sure to batteries set the ribbon for removing batteries under the second one from the left After inserting the dry batteries replace the cover of the battery case AC power operation When operating this unit on AC power it is recommended to use an economical AC adapter optional DX100 CONNECTIONS 5 ...

Страница 8: ... BANK memory 4 BANKS x 24 voices each The BANK memory incorporates four 24 voice BANKS A B C and D The BANK is most useful for storing groups of voices you have arranged for specific purposes The different banks may be programmed with different voice groups you need for different sets in a performance you can categorize your voices into BANKS i e piano type voices in one bank brass in another etc ...

Страница 9: ... be played edited stored in another memory location or saved onto cassette NOTE The voices in the PRESET memory are numbered as follows each group of 96 voices the NORMAL group and the SHIFT group is further subdivided into four groups of 24 voices each 101 124 201 224 301 324 and 401 424 Thus you have NORMAL group voices 101 424 and SHIFT group voices 101 424 To access the 24 voice INTERNAL memor...

Страница 10: ...D This will select the appropriate BANK and the 24 voices in that bank can be selected by pressing any of the DX100 s 24 voice buttons PA 2 NewElectro The SHlFT Mode By entering the DX100 SHIFT mode while in BANK PLAY the correspondingly numbered voice from the second group SHIFT group of preset voices will be selected Note that in the BANK PLAY mode this only applies to voices which have been sto...

Страница 11: ... e m p l e g o n g 06 G o o d V i b e s 07 R a c i n g C a r 08 H e l i c o p t e r 09 A l a r m C a l l 10 D o p p l a r F X 11 S t o r m W i n d 12 B i r d s 13 H o l e i n 1 14 S m a s h 15 F M S Q U A R E 16 F M P U L S E 17 F M S A W T O O T H 18 L F O N O I S E 19 P I N K N O I S E 20 W i n d b e l l s 21 S y n v o x 22 W h i s t l i n g 23 V o i c e s 24 M a r s t o Shift Mode Voices G r o ...

Страница 12: ...01 124 201 224 301 324 and 401 424 from the NORMAL preset voice group In the SHIFT mode described in The BANK PLAY Mode above the correspondingly numbered voices from the SHIFT preset voice group are selected The 24 voices in each group are selected by pressing the corresponding voice selector After selecting PRESET SEARCH 101 124 for example the LCD will appear as follows F indicates that you are...

Страница 13: ... press the 1 button and the data is currently set at 0 Once the desired function has been selected its value can be altered using either 2 Entering Function the linear DATA ENTRY slider located to the left of the panel or the adjacent 1 1 Data buttons Moving the DATA ENTRY slider away from you increases the value of the selected parameter and moving the control towards you decreases the data value...

Страница 14: ...rection of wheel movement which can be useful in performance situations The data range is from 0 to 12 At 0 the pitch bend wheel is off Each increment between 1 and 12 represents a semitone i e the pitch variation between any white key and a black key immediately next to it Thus if this function is set to 12 maximum travel of the pitch bend wheel either above or below center position produces a on...

Страница 15: ...ata range is from 0 to 99 At 0 portamento is off A setting of 99 produces the longest portamento effect Data can be entered using the DATA ENTRY slider and 1 1 buttons Once the PORTAMENTO TIME function has been called subsequent presses on the 16 PORTAMENT TIME buttons will increment the data value 17 FOOT SWITCH ASSIGN This function selects SUSTAIN or PORTAMENTO footswitch operation for the Yamah...

Страница 16: ...mplitude modulation that can be applied using the modulation wheel The actual effect produced depends on the settings of the LFO parameters these will be discussed in CHAPTER IV VOICE PRO GRAMMING Note however that the appropriate voice AMPLITUDE MODU LATION SENSITIVITY parameter must be set to a value higher than 0 for amplitude modulation to be effective The voice AMPLITUDE MODULATION SENSITIVIT...

Страница 17: ...ameters these will be discussed in CHAPTER IV VOICE PROGRAMMING Note however that the appropriate voice AMPLITUDE MODULATION SENSITIVITY parameter must be set to a value higher than 0 for amplitude modulation to be effective The voice AMPLITUDE MODULATION SENSITIVITY parameter will be discussed in CHAPTER IV VOICE PROGRAM MING The data range is from 0 to 99 At 0 amplitude modulation is OFF and app...

Страница 18: ...ile subsequent presses on the VOICE NAME CURSOR button move the LCD cursor to the immediate right KEY SET During either of the normal DX100 play modes pressing the KEY SHIFT button instantly transposes the pitch of the entire DX100 keyboard up or down to a key programmed using this function When KEY SHlFT is engaged the letter K will appear at the left side of the LCD display until the KEY SHlFT b...

Страница 19: ... INTERNAL memory voices to and from cassette tape initializing the voice memory recalling voice data from a special safety buffer memory and turning the DX100 memory write protect function ON and OFF 6 RECALL EDIT In addition to the voice edit buffer the DX100 has a special edit recall buffer memory which maintains the last edited voice data if after editing or creating a new voice you inadvertent...

Страница 20: ...he 1 button again to actually execute the initialize operation Once executed the DX100 will automatically enter the EDIT mode ready for voice programming Pressing another function button the PLAY mode button or the EDIT mode button prior to the final step in the above process will abort the voice initialize function 8 BANK EDIT The BANK EDIT function allows you to load PRESET voices of the normal ...

Страница 21: ... the DATA ENTRY control range the INTERNAL and PRESET voices are located IN NORMAL MODE NORMAL MODE PRESETS 101 424 IN SHIFT MODE SHIFT MODE PRESETS 101 424 INTERNAL RAM 1 24 INTERNAL RAM 1 24 DATA ENTRY NOTE The BANK memories are not actually loaded with the voice data but the voice number Thus when a BANK memory location is selected the voice corre sponding to the voice number stored in that loc...

Страница 22: ...nding voice data in the INTERNAL voice memory as the LCD indicates the verification process If the cassette and INTERNAL data matches the display will read Verify Completed Any PLAY mode can then be entered simply by pressing the corresponding mode selector button If an error is encountered this will be displayed on the LCD If this happens go back and try the SAVE process followed by the VERIFY pr...

Страница 23: ...xt step The LCD will now read Tape to BUFF You must now enter the voice number of the voice you wish to load from cassette do this by pressing the corresponding voice memory selector button The selected voice number will appear in the LCD display Then make sure the appropriate cassette is loaded in the cassette recorder and is rewound to the beginning of the voice file containing the desired voice...

Страница 24: ...f according to the current state of the MEMORY PROTECT function MEMORY PROTECT is automatically turned ON each time mains power to the DX100 is turned ON The 1 1 buttons and DATA ENTRY control are used to turn MEMORY PROTECT on or off 6 MIDI Functions This group of functions deals with parameters which control the transmission and reception of MIDI data via the DX100 s MIDI OUT and MIDI IN termina...

Страница 25: ...ION BREATH CONTROLLER DATA DATA ENTRY CONTROLLER AND SWITCH DATA VOLUME DATA ENTRY control in PLAY mode PORTAMENTO FOOTSWITCH ON OFF PROGRAM CHANGE VOICE NUMBER DATA Data not received when this function is OFF is ALL OF THE ABOVE PORTAMENTO TIME NOTE The above MIDI data is generally common to all keyboards and equipment compatible with the MIDI system Due to differences in the features provided by...

Страница 26: ...e waves that interact to create the full harmonic spectrum for any voice Each digital sine wave oscillator is combined with its own envelope generator to form an operator Note that the operator s oscillator has two inputs one for the oscillator pitch data and one for modulation data CARRIERS AND MODULATORS The DX100 voice generator has 4 operators When the output of one operator is fed to the modu...

Страница 27: ...ulator carrier re lationship you change not only the fundamental pitch of the note but also the frequencies present in the harmonic structure Thus the timbre of the voice can be precisely controlled In addition since each operator has its own envelope generator and a sophisticated one too the harmonic structure of a note can be programmed to vary over time just as a plucked string changes its over...

Страница 28: ...reating rich organ voices think of each operator as different organ stops which can be mixed together as desired The algorithm alone however does not determine the actual sound of the voice The vital characteristics of the voice you create depend mostly on the frequencies and levels you program into each operator The 8 algorithms provided in the DX100 were specially selected because they offer the...

Страница 29: ...edback ENVELOPE GENERATORS Consider what happens when you play a note on an acoustic instrument The level of the sound initially goes up to some value then eventually falls to nothing fol lowing a pattern that is characteristic of the particular instrument played For ex ample a low note on a pipe organ starts slowly when you press a key because it takes a while for the large column of air within t...

Страница 30: ...gins at zero level when you press a key then begins to approach maximum EG level at a rate determined by the AR Attack Rate setting The en velope may reach maximum level instantly or it may take over 9 seconds depending on the setting of AR When the envelope reaches maximum level it immediately begins moving towards the next level in the envelope D1L Decay 1 Level at a speed determined by the sett...

Страница 31: ...OMPARE button again The small letter e at the left side of the LCD will change to a C indicating that the COMPARE mode has been activated and that the voice you will now hear is the original voice before editing the parameters displayed on the LCD will also revert to those of the original voice You can then return to the voice being edited by pressing the EDIT COMPARE button again This can be repe...

Страница 32: ...ators 1 through 4 ON or OFF In many cases a voice will not require all operators in an algorithm Operators that are not needed should be turned OFF while editing Also during the voice creation process it is a good idea to start with all operators OFF and then turn them ON one at a time as you program and add them to the algorithm The four digits immediately preceding the algorithm number on the LC...

Страница 33: ...rameters work together with the MODULATION SENSITIVITY 9 and 10 parameters and these must be set carefully to achieve the desired effect 3 LFO WAVE Permits selection of the low frequency oscillator waveform The available waveforms are SAW UP a rising sawtooth waveform SQUARE TRIANGL and S HOLD sample and hold When used in conjunction with LFO SPEED DELAY LFO PMD and LFO AMD a vast range of phase s...

Страница 34: ...tting of 99 produces the greatest pitch variation dependent on the PITCH MODULATION SENSITIVITY setting described below 9 When the PITCH MODULATION SENSITIVITY parameter is set to maximum 7 the maximum pitch variation PM DEPTH 99 will be 800 cents Even if this parameter is set to 0 pitch modulation can still be applied via the modulation wheel or breath controller 7 LFO AMD This parameter sets the...

Страница 35: ...FO modulation to a carrier results in tremolo and applied to a modulator the result is a periodic variation in timbre similar to wah effects Applied to a modulator the result is brilliance control The data range is from 0 to 3 At 0 amplitude modulation sensitivity is OFF and no LFO effects can be applied to the selected operators A setting of 3 produces maximum sensitivity and therefore maximum ef...

Страница 36: ...uced For operators functioning as modulators this determines the harmonic spectrum of the sound produced Each operator can be set to any of 64 different frequency ratios as follows DX100 OPERATOR FREQUENCY RATIOS 0 50 0 71 0 78 0 87 1 57 1 73 2 00 2 82 3 46 4 00 4 24 4 71 5 65 6 00 6 28 6 92 7 85 8 00 8 48 8 65 9 89 10 00 10 38 10 99 12 00 12 11 12 56 12 72 14 00 14 10 14 13 15 00 15 70 16 96 17 2...

Страница 37: ...n in timbre similar to a phase shift effect The data range is from 3 to 3 for a maximum detuning range of 2 6 cents At 0 no detune effect is produced 15 19 ENVELOPE GENERATOR AR D1R D1L D2R RR ENVELOPE GENERATOR These buttons select the specific envelope generator parameters to be worked on ATTACK RATE DECAY 1 RATE DECAY 1 LEVEL DECAY 2 RATE and RELEASE RATE The data range for AR D1R AND D2R param...

Страница 38: ...l of the sound contributed to the voice by that operator Varying the output level of an operator functioning as a modulator results in a change in the harmonic spectrum produced by the carrier thereby changing the timbre of the sound Data is entered using the DATA ENTRY slider or buttons 21 RATE SCALING This parameter makes it possible to gradually shorten the overall envelope length increase EG r...

Страница 39: ... by pressing the PLAY mode button Then hold down the STORE button this is the same as the EG COPY button and press the voice button to which you want to save the edited voice data The MEMORY PROTECT function must be OFF before attempting to use the STORE function 5 Two Approaches to There are two basic approaches that can be taken when programming voices on the DX100 First you can run through all ...

Страница 40: ... have already backed up on cassette tape so that when you ve completed programming the voice you can save it Since all editing is done in the separate voice edit buffer nothing is erased while you are actually programming the voice But when you save the new voice whatever was in that memory location will be erased and replaced by the new data 39 ...

Страница 41: ...e wave STEP 2 Selecting the Algorithm hi this voice there are two distinct sound components the main piano decay sound and a percussive attack ping For this purpose we ll use algorithm 5 which has two separate vertical stacks of two operators each The ALGORITHM parameter has already been called so select algorithm 5 using the DATA ENTRY controls STEP 3 Turn Operators 3 and 4 OFF We ll start by pro...

Страница 42: ...arameters AR RR Set OP1 and OP2 Output Levels In this step we ll create the basic timbre of our piano voice First select OP1 select the OPERATOR OUTPUT LEVEL parameter and set it to 9 9 Next select OP2 and set its output level to 66 Play a key and note that we no longer have a simple sine wave By increasing the output level of OP2 we are modulating the carrier OP1 thereby creating a more complex w...

Страница 43: ...combined sound of the two operator stacks Play a note At this point the attack sound is far too loud so we ll reduce the output level of OP3 to achieve a better balance Select OP3 press the OPERATOR OUTPUT LEVEL button and set to 70 Play a note our piano voice is improving Set Feedback Level We can enhance the attack sound of the voice by adding just a touch of bite using feedback Select the FEEDB...

Страница 44: ...he MODULATION SENSITIVITY AMPLITUDE parameter set to 1 for OP2 only press the OPERATOR AMS ON OFF button Now try the voice That s it Name the new voice if you like by entering the FUNCTION mode and using the VOICE NAME function The only step that remains is to store our new voice in a RAM memory location STEP 16 Store Completed Voice in RAM Press the INTERNAL button then BEFORE DOING ANYTHING ELSE...

Страница 45: ...cting Terminals OUTPUT normal output level 20dB output impedance 10k or less PHONES normal output level 16dB output impedance 47 or less FOOT SWITCH PORTAMENTO ON OFF SUSTAIN ON OFF MIDI IN MIDI OUT MIDI THRU CASSETTE transmission speed 1 200 baud BREATH CONTROL DC IN Power Supply C size batteries x 6 Battery life Approx 10 hours Dimensions W x H x D 628 W x 75 H x 218 D mm 24 7 x 2 9 x 8 6 Weight...

Страница 46: ...s ACTIVE SENSING NOTE ON OFF SUSTAIN SWITCH PITCH BENDER POLY MODE MONO MODE MODULATION WHEEL BREATH CONTROLER DATA ENTRY SLIDER VOLUME DATA ENTRY SLIDER PLAY MODE PORTAMENTO SWlTCH PROGRAM CHANGE PARAMETER CHANGE I VOICE BULK 32 VOICE BULK 45 ...

Страница 47: ...127 ON C 126 POLY mode C 127 MONO mode b Transmitted when MIDI CH INFO is ON Control No Control code C 1 modulation wheel V 0 127 C 2 breath control V 0 127 C 6 data entry slider V 0 127 C 7 volume data entry V 0 127 C 65 portamento SW V 0 OFF 127 ON C 96 data entry 1 C 97 data entry 1 3 Program Change Status 1100nnnn Cn n channel no Program no 0ppppppp p 0 23 INTERNAL p 24 119 BANK This data is t...

Страница 48: ...5 3 2 1 Voice Bulk Data Status 11110000 F0 ID no 01000011 43 Substatus ch no 0000nnnn 0n Format no 00000011 03 Byte count 00000000 00 Byte count 01011101 5D Data 0ddddddd Checksum EOX 0ddddddd 0eeeeeee 11110111 F7 n channel no 93 bytes The data for one voice is transmitted when a voice selector is pressed in the PLAY mode Data in the voice edit buffer is transmitted when a format no f 3 dump reque...

Страница 49: ...pears when the SYS INFO key is pressed twice in the FUNCTION mode The data for all 32 voices will also be transmitted when a format no f 4 dump request is received The transmitted data is shown in voice data table 5 1 55 bytes of 0 s are added to the 73 bytes in this table so 1 28 bytes are transmitted for each voice 4096 bytes are therefore transmitted for all 32 voices Voices 25 through 32 are t...

Страница 50: ...3 Reception Conditions 49 ...

Страница 51: ...g is greater than 0 The range of this instrument is C 1 to C7 If a higher or lower key number is received it will be output within the range limits For example received C 7 through C8 data will be output as notes in the C 6 through C7 range 3 Control Change Status 1011nnnn Bn n channel no Control no 0ccccccc Control code 0vvvvvvv a Received whether MIDI CH INFO is ON or OFF Control no Control code...

Страница 52: ... Message 1 Parameter Change switch mode Status 11110000 F0 ID no 01000011 43 Substatus ch no 0001nnnn 1n n channel no Parameter group no 00001000 08 Switch no 0mmmmm Data 0ddddddd d 0 OFF 1 127 ON EOX 11110111 F7 All panel switches are controlled The switch numbers are arranged as shown in the illustration below Received only when MIDI SYS INFO is ON 2 Parameter Change The format is the same as th...

Страница 53: ...transmitted 32 voice bulk data This data can be received only when the MEMORY PROTECT function is OFF The received voice data is stored in the 24 RAM voice memory locations Voices numbered 25 anf higher will be ignored The MIDI RECEIVED display appears to confirm complete reception of voice bulk data 5 Dump Request Status 11110000 Fn ID no 01000011 43 Substatus ch no 0010nnnn 2n n channel no Forma...

Страница 54: ...D 42 LFO DELAY 43 PITCH MODULATION DEPTH 44 AMPLITUDE MODULATION DEPTH 45 PITCH MODULATION SENSITIVITY AMPLITUDE MODULATION SENSITIVITY LFO WAVE 46 TRANSPOSE 47 PITCH BEND RANGE 48 CHORUS SWITCH PLAY MODE SUSTAIN FOOT SWITCH PORTAMENTO FOOT SWITCH PORTAMENTO MODE 49 PORTAMENTO TIME 50 FOOT VOLUME RANGE 51 MODULATION WHEEL PITCH MODULATION RANGE 52 MODULATION WHEEL AMPLITUDE MODULATION RANGE 53 BRE...

Страница 55: ...ATION SENSITIVITY TRANSPOSE PLAY MODE POLY MONO PITCH BEND RANGE PORTAMENTO MODE PORTAMENTO TIME FOOT VOLUME RANGE SUSTAIN FOOT SWITCH PROTAMENT FOOT SWITCH CHORUS SWITCH MODULATION WHEEL PITCH MODULATION RANGE MODULATION WHEEL AMPLITUDE MODULATION RANGE BREATH CONTROL PITCH MODULATION RANGE BREATH CONTROL AMPLITUDE MODULATION RANGE BREATH CONTROL PITCH BIAS RANGE BREATH CONTROL EG BIAS RANGE VOIC...

Страница 56: ...I CH INFO OMNI 0 OFF 1 ON MIDI TRANS CH MIDI RECV CH MIDI SYS INFO 32 VOICE BULK DUMP RECALL EDIT INIT VOICE SAVE VERIFY LOAD LOAD SINGLE MEMORY PROTECT 1 ON M Protect 0 1 KEY SHIFT 24 CENTER Key Shift 0 48 PITCH BEND MODE 1 ON Bend Mode 0 1 KEY SHIFT K 0 1 COMPARE C 0 1 PITCH BEND MODE 0 2 PRESET SEARCH No 0 95 BANK VOICE No 0 95 BANK VOICE DATA 0 119 55 P p M Tune Midi Ch lnfo Omni Midi T Ch Mid...

Страница 57: ...a e n t r y k n o b i n p l a y m o d e 7 o 1 V o l u m e 6 4 o o S u s t a i n f o o t s w 6 5 o 1 o 1 P o r t a m e n t o f s w 9 6 o 1 x D a t a e n t r y 1 9 7 o 1 x D a t a e n t r y 1 P r o g o 0 1 1 9 3 o 0 1 2 7 1 C h a n g e T r u e 0 1 1 9 S y s t e m E x c l u s i v e o 2 o 2 V o i c e p a r a m e t e r s S y s t e m S o n g P o s x x S o n g S e l x x Common T u n e x x S y s t e m C l...

Страница 58: ...VOICE FUNCTION DATA DATA NAME DATE NUMBER PROGRAMMER 57 ...

Страница 59: ...DATA NAME DATE PROGRAMMER N o V O I C E N A M E R E M A R K S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 21 2 2 2 3 2 4 58 ...

Страница 60: ... be the source of the interference you should try to correct the situation by using one or more of the following measures Relocate either the equipment or the electronic device that is being affected by the interference Utilize power for the professional music equipment and the device being affected that are on different branch circuit breaker of fuse circuits of install AC line filters In the cas...

Страница 61: ...YAMAHA Yamaha Corporation of America 6600 Orangethorpe Avenue P O Box 6600 Buena Park CA 90622 6600 2 16 98 27792 DX100 OM Recycled ...

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