27
CHAPTER 1 TEMPERATURE CONTROL MODULE
1
1.
4 PI
D
O
per
at
ion
1.4.3
Proportional action (P-action)
A proportional action is an action to obtain the manipulated value (MV) proportional to the deviation (difference
between the set value (SV) and the process value (PV)).
(1) Proportional gain
In a proportional action, the relationship between changes in the deviation (E) and the manipulated value (MV)
can be expressed in the following formula:
MV = KP
E
where KP is a proportional constant and is called proportional gain. The manipulated value (MV) varies in the
range from -5.0% to 105.0%. The following table describes the difference of actions depending on the value of
proportional gain, KP.
The following figure shows a proportional action of step responses where the deviation (E) is a fixed value.
(2) Offset
A certain discrepancy between the temperature process value (PV) and the set value (SV) is called an offset
(remaining deviation). In an proportional action, an offset (remaining deviation) occurs.
Condition
Proportional action
KP is a small value
The control action slows down.
KP is a large value
The control action speeds up, but hunting is likely to occur.
E
Time
Time
Deviation
(E)
Manipulated
value (MV)
K
P
E
Set value
(SV)
Set value
(SV)
Temperature process value (PV)
Temperature process value (PV)
Time
Time
Offset
Offset
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