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Operator’s Manual

LeCroy
LC Series Color
Digital Oscilloscopes

Revision K — December 1999

Содержание LC Series

Страница 1: ...Operator s Manual LeCroy LC Series Color Digital Oscilloscopes Revision K December 1999 ...

Страница 2: ...istered trademark of MATHSOFT Inc MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks Inc Microsoft MS and Microsoft Access are registered trademarks and Windows and NT trademarks of Microsoft Corporation PowerPC is a registered trademark of IBM Microelectronics DeskJet ThinkJet QuietJet LaserJet PaintJet HP 7470 and HP 7550 are registered trademarks of Hewlett Packard Company Manufactured under an ...

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Страница 6: ...YL ISSUED December 1999 LCXXX OM E Rev K RQWHQWV BLANK PAGE ...

Страница 7: ...d is thought to be functional but is supplied without warranty of any kind covering detailed performance Products not made by LeCroy are covered solely by the warranty of the original equipment manufacturer Under the LeCroy warranty LeCroy will repair or at its option replace any product returned within the warranty period to a LeCroy authorized service center However this will be done only if the...

Страница 8: ...n every detail with the products they describe For example there might be small discrepancies in the values of components that affect pulse shape timing or offset and infrequently minor logic changes Be assured however that the scope itself incorporates the most up to date circuitry LeCroy frequently updates firmware and software during servicing to improve scope performance free of charge during ...

Страница 9: ...important that the RAN be clearly shown on the outside of the shipping package for prompt forwarding to the appropriate LeCroy department KDW RPHV ZLWK RXU 6FRSH The following items are shipped with the standard configuration of this oscilloscope À Front Scope Cover À 10 1 10 MΩ PP005 Passive Probe one per channel À ProBus Single Channel Adapter NOT APPLICABLE TO LC374 LC564 OR LC584 SERIES À Two ...

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Страница 11: ...s operation A wide range of peripheral interfaces allow remote control storage of waveforms and other data and printing A support processor constantly monitors the front panel controls Data processing is fast with data either transferred to display memory for direct waveform display or stored in reference memories see Memories below V The instrument s ADC architecture is designed to give excellent...

Страница 12: ... and negative The SMART Trigger types offer a wide range of sophisticated trigger modes matched to special trigger conditions and sets of conditions See Chapter 8 XWRPDWLF DOLEUDWLRQ The oscilloscope s automatic calibration ensures an overall vertical accuracy of typically 1 of full scale Vertical gain and offset calibration and horizontal time resolution take place each time the volts per divisio...

Страница 13: ...matically stored for use when the scope is turned on again See Chapter 15 5HPRWH RQWURO The oscilloscope has also been designed for remote control operation in automated testing and computer aided measurement applications The entire measurement process including cursor and pulse parameter settings dynamic modification of front panel settings and display organization is controlled through the rear ...

Страница 14: ...CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 Timebase Fast Memory Peak Detect Peak Detect Peak Detect Peak Detect Fast Memory Fast Memory Sample Hold Sample Hold Sample Hold Program Memory Power PC Microprocessor with Integrated Cache Memory Optional Storage Devices Centronics RS 232 C GPIB Front Panel Processor Real Time Clock Data Memories Floppy Disk Interface 8 Bit ADC s 8 Bit ADC s 8 Bit ADC s 8 Bit ADC s ...

Страница 15: ...ram Memory Power PC Microprocessor with Integrated Cache Memory Optional Storage Devices Centronics RS 232 C GPIB Front Panel Processor Real Time Clock Data Memories Floppy Disk Interface Sample Hold Fast memory Fast memory Sample Hold 8 Bit ADC 8 Bit ADC Fast memory Fast memory Trigger Logic Sample Hold Sample Hold 8 Bit ADC 8 Bit ADC ...

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Страница 17: ...oor use only The oscilloscope has been qualified to the following EN 61010 1 categories À Installation Overvoltage Category II À Pollution Degree 2 6DIHW 6 PEROV Where the following symbols or indications appear on the instrument s front or rear panels or elsewhere in this manual they alert you to an aspect of safety 6 PERO 0HDQLQJ CAUTION Refer to accompanying documents for safety related informa...

Страница 18: ...nt do not proceed until its conditions are understood and met 51 1 Any use of this instrument in a manner not specified by the manufacturer may impair the instrument s safety protection The oscilloscope has not been designed to make direct measurements on the human body Users who connect a LeCroy oscilloscope directly to a person do so at their own risk 3RZHU 5HTXLUHPHQWV The oscilloscope operates...

Страница 19: ...terminal polarized plug for mains voltage and safety ground connection The plug s ground terminal is connected directly to the frame of the unit For adequate protection against electrical hazard this plug must be inserted into a mating outlet containing a safety ground contact OHDQLQJ DQG 0DLQWHQDQFH Maintenance and repairs should be carried out exclusively by a LeCroy technician see Chapter 1 Cle...

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Страница 21: ...LCXXX OM E Rev K ISSUED December 1999 QWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH RQWUROV LC684 ONLY ...

Страница 22: ...ble on screen menu selection See following pages 11 6 This group of controls offers selection of displayed traces and adjustment of vertical sensitivity and offset See Chapter 5 7 0 6 75 5 These controls allow direct adjustment of time division trigger level and delay as well as access to the TIMEBASE and TRIGGER menu groups See Chapters 6 7 and 8 220 0 7 This group controls trace selection moveme...

Страница 23: ...lar group of functions is immediately displayed as a menu group Once accessed these menus are controlled by the menu buttons and the two menu knobs illustrated at left A menu button is active and can be pressed to make selections whenever a menu is visible beside it on screen The two menu knobs work with the two menu buttons to which they are joined by lines Both control the menus currently shown ...

Страница 24: ... down the list The arrow s direction shows whether the selector will move up or down Arrows may also indicate that there are additional undisplayed items above or below the menu list The respective arrow will disappear when the selector is at the very beginning or end of the list As in the examples at left some menu button and knob combinations control the value of a continuously adjustable variab...

Страница 25: ...enu Each of the dark gray menu entry buttons activates a major set of on screen menus Menu entry buttons that are part of other control groups are described in later chapters gives you access to the DISPLAY SETUP group of menus which control display mode grids intensities Dot Join and Persistence menus Chapter 11 gives you access to the UTILITIES menus which control hardcopy setups GPIB addresses ...

Страница 26: ... the GPIB RS 232 C or Centronics interface ports or directly to a built in thermal graphics printer You can also save screen displays as data files on floppy disk memory card or portable hard disk When SCREEN DUMP is pressed all displayed information will be copied However it is possible to copy the waveforms without the grid by turning the grid intensity to zero using the Display Setup menu While...

Страница 27: ... operate on all channels switching all of them on If signals are detected on several channels the channel with the lowest number determines which timebase and trigger source are selected for setup Signals detected must have an amplitude from 5 mV to 40 V a frequency greater than 50 Hz and a duty cycle greater than 0 1 5HVHWWLQJ WKH 6FRSH To perform a general reset of the instrument simultaneously ...

Страница 28: ... December 1999 LCXXX OM E Rev K QWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH RQWUROV 6FUHHQ 7RSRJUDSK The grid area of the screen and the fields surrounding it provide a variety of useful information and specific commands and functions ...

Страница 29: ...e set when the trace was captured or processed are indicated in the Displayed Trace label above Trigger Level The arrows on both sides of the grid mark the trigger voltage relative to ground potential Trigger Delay Located below the grid this field indicates the trigger time relative to the trace The delay can be adjusted from zero to ten grid divisions pre trigger or zero to 10 000 post trigger o...

Страница 30: ...s the time and frequency relative to cursors below the grid For example when the absolute time cursor the cross hair is activated by selecting it from the MEASURE menu group this field displays the time between the cursor and the trigger point Message This area above the grid is used to display a variety of messages including warnings system indications and titles showing the instrument s current ...

Страница 31: ...hannel displayed The selected channel number is highlighted in the Acquisition Summary field see previous chapter 1 This button automatically adjusts offset and volts div to match the active channel s input signal 2 6 7 This knob vertically positions the active channel 92 76 9 This button selects the vertical sensitivity either in a 1 2 5 sequence or continuously see VAR below From the SPECIAL MOD...

Страница 32: ...QG 3UREHV The format of the vertical sensitivity in the Acquisition Summary field bottom left of screen shows whether the VOLTS DIV knob is operating in continuous or stepping mode 283 1 This menu entry button accesses the Coupling menus see next section ...

Страница 33: ...lighted pressing the corresponding menu button sets the offset Volts div and input coupling to display ECL signals Press the button a second time to display the settings for TTL signals Press the button a third time to return the settings to those used during the last manual setup of the channel OREDO This function turns the bandwidth limit Off or selects a limit The bandwidth can be reduced from ...

Страница 34: ...mponent and limiting signal frequencies below 10 Hz À In the DC position all signal frequency components are allowed to pass through and 1 MΩ or 50 Ω can be selected as the input impedance À The maximum dissipation into 50 Ω is 0 5 W Whenever this maximum is reached inputs will automatically be grounded an overload message will be displayed in the Acquisition Summary field the overload condition c...

Страница 35: ...e adapter after connecting the probe to an input channel The CAL signal in both cases will be a 1 kHz square wave 1 V p p 4 Set the channel coupling to DC 1 MΩ using the Coupling menu Then press the TRACE ON OFF button to activate the desired trace 5 Press to set up the oscilloscope If the displayed signal is overshot or undershot you can adjust the probe by inserting the small screwdriver supplie...

Страница 36: ...menu can then be reset to the desired coupling 9 9 2IIVHW When NORMAL is highlighted pressing the corresponding menu button sets the offset Volts div and input coupling to display ECL signals Press the button a second time and the settings for TTL signals are given And a third time returns the settings to those used at the last manual setup of the channel OREDO Use this function to turn off the ba...

Страница 37: ...D December 1999 6 5 6 channel it appears as BWL if the Global BWL is deactivated See Chapter 12 Special Modes À When a FET probe is used Probe sensed appears automatically When other ProBus probes are used this is redefined ...

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Страница 39: ...RMAL or SINGLE Press the STOP button to prevent the oscilloscope from acquiring a new signal If you press STOP while a single shot acquisition is in process the last acquired signal is kept If you press STOP after an RIS acquisition has started the acquisition is halted and a partial waveform reconstruction is done If you press STOP when the acquisition is in Roll Mode the incomplete acquisition d...

Страница 40: ...cquisition ends if the time between two consecutive triggers exceeds some selectable timeout The next acquisition then starts from Segment 1 See Chapter 12 Special Modes 1250 Press this button to continuously update the screen while a valid trigger is present If there is no valid trigger the instrument preserves the last signal and displays the warning SLOW TRIGGER in the Trigger Status Field If y...

Страница 41: ...100 of the full time scale in increments of 1 The pre trigger delay is illustrated by the vertical arrow symbol at the bottom of the grid Post trigger adjustment is available from 0 to 10 000 divisions in increments of 0 1 division Labeled in units of seconds the post trigger delay value is displayed in the Trigger Delay field 52 This button sets the trigger delay at zero the trigger instant at th...

Страница 42: ...ber 1999 LCXXX OM E Rev K 7 0 6 75 5 6 783 7 0 6 This menu entry button calls up the TIMEBASE menus described in the next chapter 6 783 75 5 This menu entry button calls up TRIGGER SETUP menus described in Chapter 8 ...

Страница 43: ...e is determined by the trigger delay and is measured by the timebase clock The horizontal position of a waveform is determined by using the trigger event to define time zero Because each of the oscilloscope s channels has one or more ADCs the voltage on every input channel is sampled and measured at the same instant This allows very reliable time measurements among the different channels You can s...

Страница 44: ...s used on repetitive waveforms with a stable trigger The oscilloscope s maximum effective sampling rate of 10 GS s 25 GS s for LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES can be achieved with RIS by acquiring 20 single shot acquisitions bins at 500 MS s These bins are positioned approximately 0 1 ns apart 40 ps on LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES The process of acquiring the bins and satisfying the time constraint i...

Страница 45: ... the acquisition is complete This works in the same way as a strip chart recorder the latest data is used to update the trace display Waveform Math and Parameter calculations are performed on the completed waveforms after the real time display has stopped 6HTXHQFH 0RGH In Sequence mode the complete waveform consists of a number of fixed segments acquired in Single Shot mode see Appendix A for the ...

Страница 46: ...smission capability overlapping the transmission of one waveform with its successor s acquisition see the Remote Control Manual for details UDS Sequence mode is normally used for the acquisition of a desired number of segments after which the waveform acquisition is automatically terminated However segments can also be acquired continuously in Sequence mode using Wrap with the oldest segments prog...

Страница 47: ...creases fivefold MODELS IN THE LC564 LC584 SERIES similarly do not require an adapter In addition they can combine their ADCs on any input channel using Auto Combine mode In this mode which is activated by selecting Automatic from the Channel Use menu see page 7 7 all available memory is allocated to a single active displayed channel provided no other channel is displayed or referenced in the Para...

Страница 48: ...curring or very low repetition rate events simultaneously on all input channels see page 7 1 À RIS Random Interleaved Sampling achieves a higher effective sampling rate than Single Shot provided the input signal is repetitive and the trigger is stable see page 7 2 6DPSOH ORFN Use this feature to select Internal or external ECL OV TTL clock modes see page 7 8 KDQQHO 8VH Use this feature to combine ...

Страница 49: ...his feature selects Internal or external clock modes see page 7 9 KDQQHO 8VH Select 4 to activate all input channels or 2 to combine a pair of channels on both CH 2 and CH 3 Select 1 NOT AVAILABLE ON SERIES LC564 to combine all channels on CH 2 alone Automatic optimizes allocation of sample rate and acquisition memory across the channels all available resources are allocated to a single displayed ...

Страница 50: ... that the 50 500 MHz external clock connected to the rear panel is to be used as the sample clock WHUQDO This feature selects the input coupling for the external clock signal 6HTXHQFH This feature turns Sequence mode on or off or selects Wrap to acquire new segments continuously When Sequence On or Wrap is selected the corresponding menu knob is used to choose the number of segments see page 7 10 ...

Страница 51: ...number of segments see page 7 10 Neither trigger time stamps nor AUTO sequence time out feature are available when external clock is used nor is intersegment dead time guaranteed 5HFRUG This feature selects the maximum number of samples to be acquired using the associated menu knob See Appendix A for the maximum number of samples for each model 1RWH The external clock s time div is expressed in sa...

Страница 52: ...age 7 7 Select 4 to activate all input channels or 2 to combine a pair of channels on both CH 2 and CH 3 Select 1 NOT AVAILABLE ON SERIES LC564 to combine all channels on CH 2 alone Automatic optimizes allocation of sample rate and acquisition memory across the channels all available resources are allocated to a single displayed channel provided none of the other channels is displayed or reference...

Страница 53: ...essed and displayed Then if more trigger events occur the acquisition will restart from Segment 1 In addition if you press when the time between two consecutive triggers exceeds a preselected time out value the acquisition restarts from Segment 1 See Chapter 12 Special Modes DQG UDS On models with Wrap the segments can be filled continuously with the oldest segment overwritten by the newest one un...

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Страница 55: ... menus Rotate for example to adjust the trigger level of the single trigger source or for Pattern Trigger the highlighted trace Pressing gives you access to advanced trigger operations such as changing the glitch width or the hold off timeout which are performed using the TRIGGER SETUP menu group represented here schematically Fig 8 1 Once you have modified the trigger configuration the changes ar...

Страница 56: ...cific logic states or missing bits A qualification might include trigger generation only on a pulse wider or narrower than a user specified limit Or it might require to take another example three trigger sources exceeding specific levels for a minimum time Generally speaking SMART Trigger offers a variety of trigger qualifications based on the ability to count a specified number of events measure ...

Страница 57: ...off Certain of these basic conditions applicable for SMART Trigger are also selected in Edge see menu descriptions starting on page 8 34 The symbol above represents an edge trigger with positive slope the highlighted edge defined as the trigger condition Figure 8 2 Edge Trigger Menus see page 8 34 Edge Trigger on Coupling Slope Pos Neg and Window depending on model DC AC LFREJ HFREJ HF 1 2 3 4 Ext...

Страница 58: ...e used for triggering see Chapter 7 Combining Channels HYHO Level defines the source voltage at which the trigger circuit will generate an event a change in the input signal that satisfies the trigger conditions The selected trigger level is associated with the chosen trigger source Note that the trigger level is specified in volts and normally remains unchanged when the vertical gain or offset is...

Страница 59: ...equency repetitive signals 300 MHz with a maximum trigger frequency of 500 MHz 1 GHz for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES HF is automatically overridden and set to AC when it is incompatible with other trigger characteristics and SMART Trigger Only one slope is available 6ORSH Slope determines the direction of the trigger voltage transition that is used to generate a particular trigger event Like ...

Страница 60: ...me The bold edges on the trigger source indicate a positive slope The broken upward pointing arrows show potential triggers that would occur were other conditions met while the bold ones show where triggers actually occur when the hold off time has been exceeded This example represents a positive edge trigger level of 0 008 V and a hold off time of 50 ns Hold off time Hold off time Trigger Source ...

Страница 61: ...e third event From 1 to 99 999 999 events can be selected Figure 8 4 Edge Trigger with Hold off by Events two events in this example The bold edges on the trigger source indicate a positive slope The broken upward pointing arrows indicate potential triggers while the bold ones show where triggers actually occur after the hold off expires This example indicates a hold off of 37 events Hold off by 2...

Страница 62: ...he next trigger will occur if the signal again passes into the window region For a trigger to occur the time that the signal spends within the window must be at least 0 5 ns Figure 8 5 Edge Window Trigger triggers when the signal leaves the window region This example shows the trigger level and the range of the window region LQGRZ 7ULJJHU A AV VA AI IL LA AB BL LE E O ON NL LY Y O ON N L LC C5 56 ...

Страница 63: ... slew rate OLWFK 7ULJJHU Generally a glitch is a pulse that is much faster than the observed waveform Glitch Trigger Fig 8 6 is used to capture narrow pulses less than or equal to or greater than or equal to a given time limit The example above shows a pulse width of 10 ns Figure 8 6 Glitch Trigger Menus see page 8 36 Glitch Trigger on Coupling At end of Neg Pos pulse DC AC LFREJ HFREJ 1 2 3 4 Ext...

Страница 64: ...er selects a maximum pulse width Fig 8 7 It is generated on the selected edge when the pulse width is less than or equal to the selected width The timing for the width is initialized and restarted on the opposite slope to that selected On the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES glitches as short as 600 ps can be triggered on and widths of 600 ps to 20 s can be selected On the other models widths of betwe...

Страница 65: ...t The timing for the width is initialized and restarted on the slope opposite the selected edge Widths of the same values as for Glitch Trigger can be selected see previous page Figure 8 8 Exclusion Trigger In this example only pulses outside the boundaries of the width range those of 25 0 ns or 27 5 ns in length will be captured Note the OR in the width menu which changes to when triggering only ...

Страница 66: ...es intervals that are shorter or longer than a given time limit In addition a width range can be defined to capture any interval that falls in or out of the specified range an Exclusion Trigger by Interval Figure 8 9 Interval Trigger Menus see page 8 38 QWHUYDO SSOLFDWLRQV Interval Trigger is helpful for determining missing cycles or transitions and for ignoring unwanted signal reflections Interva...

Страница 67: ...r the selected edge occurs Intervals of between 10 ns and 20 s 2 ns and 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES can be selected Figure 8 10 Interval Trigger that triggers when the interval width is smaller than the selected interval The broken upward pointing arrow indicates a potential trigger while the bold one shows where the actual trigger occurs on the positive edge within the selected inte...

Страница 68: ...elected edge occurs Intervals of between 10 ns and 20 s 2 ns and 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES can be selected Figure 8 11 Interval Trigger that triggers when the interval width is larger than the selected interval The broken upward pointing arrow indicates a potential trigger while the bold one shows where the actual trigger occurs on the positive edge after the selected interval This...

Страница 69: ...584 AND LC684 SERIES can be selected Figure 8 12 Interval Trigger that triggers when the interval falls within the selected range T1 the range s lower time limit T2 its upper limit The broken upward pointing arrow indicates a potential trigger while the bold one indicates where the actual trigger occurs on the positive edge within the selected range This example shows a positive slope range limits...

Страница 70: ... 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC584 SERIES can be selected Figure 8 13 Interval Trigger that triggers when the interval falls outside the selected range T1 the range s lower time limit T2 its upper limit The broken upward pointing arrow indicates a potential trigger while the bold one shows where the actual trigger occurs on the positive edge outside the selected range This example shows a positiv...

Страница 71: ... and low when less than it Fig 8 15 For example a pattern could be defined as present when the trigger state for CH 1 is high CH 2 is low and EXT is irrelevant X or don t care If any one of these conditions is not met the pattern state is considered absent Hold off limits from 10 ns to 20 s 2 ns 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES or from 1 to 99 999 999 events can be selected Figure 8 14 Pa...

Страница 72: ...plex logic inputs or data transmission buses Figure 8 15 Pattern Trigger triggers when all pattern conditions are met Bold upward pointing arrows show where triggers occur Information summarizing the pattern setup is displayed CH 1 Generated Trigger Pattern Entering Pattern 1H 2L Threshold CH 2 Generated Trigger Pattern Exiting Threshold High High Low Low ...

Страница 73: ...set up a Bi level Pattern trigger connect the signal to two inputs Channels 1 and 2 or any other pair that can be triggered on For example the threshold of CH 1 could be set to 100 mV and that of CH 2 at 200 mV The Bi level Trigger will occur if the oscilloscope triggers on CH 1 for any pulse greater than 100 mV or on CH 2 for any pulse less than 200 mV For improved precision the gains of the two ...

Страница 74: ...ified First Trigger see page 8 24 A Qualified Trigger can occur immediately after the validation or within a set time after it Or it can occur following a predetermined time delay or number of potential trigger events The time delay or trigger count is restarted with every validation Figure 8 16 State and Edge Qualified Trigger Menus see pages 8 40 and 8 41 Qualified By Trigger on After Edge State...

Страница 75: ...ile the pattern is present The trigger source itself is not allowed in the pattern 4XDOLILHG SSOLFDWLRQV Typical applications can be found wherever time violations occur such as in micro processor debugging or telecommunications 6WDWH 4XDOLILHG ZLWK DLW State Qualified Trigger with Wait Fig 8 17 is determined by the parameters of Time or the number of Events À Time determines a delay from the star...

Страница 76: ... trigger is generated on a rising edge whenever the pattern is asserted pattern present and the wait timeout has expired The timeout is activated or disabled once the pattern is asserted or absent respectively This example shows an Edge Qualified with event Wait trigger on CH 2 described next page positive slope wait of 109 events level of 2 50 V and pattern present as indicated Generated Trigger ...

Страница 77: ...onditions A trigger can occur on the selected event of the trigger source and before the end of the pattern The count is initialized and started whenever the selected pattern begins It continues while the pattern remains When the selected count is reached the trigger occurs Figure 8 18 Edge Qualified by Wait Trigger after timeout The broken upward pointing arrows indicate potential triggers while ...

Страница 78: ...ence Other than in Sequence Mode Qualified First is identical to the Qualified Triggers Figure 8 19 Qualified First Trigger Menus see page 8 44 SSOLFDWLRQV In Data Storage the index pulse can be defined as the qualifier signal and the servo gate signal as the trigger source Qual First By Trigger on After Edge State qualifier Has gone Above Below value Within Wait Off Time Time Evts 1 2 3 4 Ext Ext...

Страница 79: ...Sequence Mode Qualified First Trigger needs only a single valid condition to qualify a full sequence of segments Note that the inter segment deadtime DT is much shorter with Qualified First which is used only in Sequence Mode This example shows Qualified First Trigger DT Qualifier Segment 1 DT Trigger Segment 2 Segment N DT Qualifier Segment 1 Trigger Segment 2 Segment N DT Edge Qualified Trigger ...

Страница 80: ... a signal at the beginning of each line The field signal provides the starting transition and the beginnings of line pulses are counted to allow the final trigger on the chosen line Each field the number of fields the field rate interlace factor and number of lines per picture must be specified although there are standard settings for the most common types of TV signals TV Trigger can also functio...

Страница 81: ...standard 50 field signals The lines may be selected in the range 1 to 626 where line 626 is identical to line 1 Number of fields 4 is most useful for color PAL signals 8 for SECAM signals À 525 60 2 1 NTSC systems This setting should be used for standard 60 field NTSC signals The lines can be selected in the range 1 to 1051 where line 1051 is identical to line 1 Number of fields 4 is most useful f...

Страница 82: ...ed Figure 8 22 Dropout Trigger Menus see page 8 42 URSRXW SSOLFDWLRQV Dropout Trigger is useful for detecting interruptions in data streams such as network hang ups and microprocessor crashes A typical application is on the last normal interval of a signal that has disappeared completely This is essentially a single shot application usually with a pre trigger delay RIS acquisition is not useful he...

Страница 83: ...3 Dropout Trigger occurs when the time out has expired The bold upward pointing arrows show where the trigger occurs This Dropout Trigger example shows a wait time out of 25 ns Generated Trigger Trigger Source Trigger can occur Wait Time out Wait Time out ...

Страница 84: ...eshold line before re crossing the first Fig 8 25 You can select both thresholds within a range of 600 ps to 20 s Other defining conditions for this trigger are the edge triggers on the slope opposite to that selected and the runt width Figure 8 24 Runt Trigger Menus see page 8 45 5XQW SSOLFDWLRQV Runt Trigger is particularly helpful for detecting meta stable conditions in digital design 5XQW 7ULJ...

Страница 85: ...nd before re crossing the first marked by the bold upward pointing arrows This example sows a positive edge Neg was selected to obtain this the difference between the two threshold levels veto and the runt width Trigger Source Generated Trigger Positive Slope Generated Trigger Negative Slope Upper Threshold Level Lower Threshold Level ...

Страница 86: ... time You can select both thresholds within a range of 600 ps to 20 s Figure 8 26 Slew Rate Trigger Menus see page 8 46 SSOLFDWLRQV Slew Rate Trigger is useful for measuring risetime or falltime in digital design minimizing reflections Slew Rate Trigger on Coupling With dV upper level lower level DC AC LFREJ HFREJ 1 2 3 4 Ext Ext5 dT dT dT Slope Negative Positive 6OHZ 5DWH 7ULJJHU A AV VA AI IL LA...

Страница 87: ... thresholds dV outside a selected time range dT marked by the bold upward pointing arrow This Slew Rate example is the same as the Edge Trigger symbol but shows lower 0 556 V and upper 188 m threshold levels and a time range 73 6 ns Trigger Source Generated Trigger Upper Threshold Level Lower Threshold Level dT dV dT dT dT ...

Страница 88: ...o offers Window which allows triggering whenever the input signal exits a specified voltage window refer to previous page When this is selected a window size menu becomes available which allows the window to be defined around a trigger level set with the LEVEL knob KROGRII This allows you to disable the oscilloscope s trigger circuit for a definable period of time or number of events after a trigg...

Страница 89: ... À Dropout see page 8 42 À Pattern see page 8 43 À Qual First see page 8 44 À Runt LC564 LC584 AND LC 684SERIES see page 8 45 À Slew Rate LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES see page 8 46 GJH 60 57 Use this to select SMART 6 783 60 57 75 5 This primary menu accesses the SMART TRIGGER menu group for choosing the type of SMART Trigger required from the type secondary menu Descriptions of the type and other...

Страница 90: ... associated menu knob while the test can be turned on or off by pressing the menu button and used in combination with width You can enter width values in the range 2 5 ns to 20 s 600 ps to 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES 25 ZLGWK On instructs the instrument to trigger if the pulse is greater than or equal to the value defined here The value can be set using the associated menu knob The t...

Страница 91: ... this to trigger if the pattern is present or absent for less than or equal to the time value defined here The value can be adjusted with the associated menu knob and the test commuted to by pressing the corresponding menu button You can enter width values in the range 2 5 ns to 20 s 600 ps to 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES 25 ZLGWK To trigger if the pattern is present or absent for gre...

Страница 92: ...be adjusted using the associated knob The test can be turned on or off with the corresponding menu button and can be used in combination with the interval test You can enter interval values in the range 10 ns to 20 s 2 ns to 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES 25 LQWHUYDO Set this to trigger if the interval is greater than or equal to the value defined here which can be adjusted using the as...

Страница 93: ...select Standard or Custom TV decoding DV When Standard is chosen this selects 625 50 2 1 PAL SECAM or 525 60 2 1 NTSC standards When Custom is selected this specifies the number of lines and cycles and setting the interlacing factor for non standard TV signals WULJJHU RQ Use this to select the line and field on which to trigger When it is not important that a line be defined done using the lower m...

Страница 94: ...ent in the menu below JRHV VWD V Use this to select the qualifier threshold by means of the associated knob and using the menu button to select whether the qualifier signal will be valid Above or Below that threshold Selecting Pattern as the qualifier source in the menu above offers the choice of pattern Present or Absent ZDLW ZLWKLQ Use this to specify the time limit within T for accepting the tr...

Страница 95: ... pattern Present or Absent in the menu below KDV JRQH Use this to adjust the qualifier threshold and determine whether the qualifier signal is valid once it has gone above or below that threshold Selecting Pattern as the qualifier source in the menu above offers the choice of pattern Present or Absent ZDLW ZLWKLQ Use this to specify the time limit within T for accepting the trigger event Or use it...

Страница 96: ...igger refer to page 8 42 7ULJJHU DIWHU WLPHRXW LI 12 HGJH RFFXUV RQ Use this to select the trigger source ZLWK VORSH Use this to define whether the measurement starts on a Positive or Negative slope of the trigger signal ZLWKLQ RI SUHYLRXV HGJH For defining the time out value in the range 25 ns to 20 s 2 ns to 20 s for the LC564 LC584 AND LC684SERIES ...

Страница 97: ...ng HF coupling is not available OHYHO This is for modifying level values using the associated knob and the corresponding menu button to choose L low H high or X don t care KROGRII Use this to disable the trigger circuit for a definable period of time or number of events after a trigger event a change in the input signal that satisfies the trigger conditions When not turned off holdoff can be defin...

Страница 98: ...ern selected as the qualifier source determines whether the pattern should be Present or Absent KDV JRQH To adjust the qualifier threshold and determine whether the qualifier signal is valid once it has gone above or below that threshold Selecting Pattern as the qualifier source in the menu above offers the choice of pattern Present or Absent ZDLW ZLWKLQ To specify the time limit wait T for accept...

Страница 99: ...ar The two width limits can be combined to select runt pulses within will appear in the second menu a certain range if the runt value is greater than the runt value Or they can be combined to select runts outside this range OR will appear UXQW When On is selected there will be a trigger if the runt pulse width is less than or equal to the defined value 600 ps to 20 s adjusted with the associated m...

Страница 100: ...hen dT is selected these menus appear below G7 When On is selected there will be a trigger if the time is less than or equal to the defined value 600 ps to 20 s adjusted with the associated menu knob This condition can be turned on or off using the menu button in combination with dT 25 G7 When On is selected there will be a trigger if the time is greater than or equal to the defined value 600 ps t...

Страница 101: ...Trace A for example could be set up to zoom Trace B C or D but not itself The Displayed Trace label at the left of the screen indicates the source The TRACE ON OFF buttons display the corresponding trace A B C or D When a trace is switched on the POSITION and ZOOM knobs and the RESET button described next page will then be attributed to this the active trace The SELECT ABCD button assigns the cont...

Страница 102: ...positions the active trace The knob horizontally expands or contracts the active trace If the source of the zoomed trace is also displayed it will show an intensified region corresponding to the area of expansion While the vertically expands or contracts the active trace The RESET button resets the vertical and horizontal POSITION and ZOOM Finally the menu entry button accesses the zoom math and s...

Страница 103: ...nts acquired successive zooming can be done until there are only a few points on the screen 8VLQJ 0XOWL RRP With Multi Zoom the zoomed region of the waveform can be moved simultaneously along two or more different traces or two or more regions of the same trace When Multi Zoom On is selected from the ZOOM MATH menu see page 10 8 the horizontal zoom and position controls apply simultaneously to all...

Страница 104: ...s on page 10 12 À Fast Fourier Transform including FFT averaging menus on pages10 13 and 10 14 À Mathematical Functions such as Integral Derivative Logarithm Exponential Square and Square Root menus on page10 15 RQWLQXRXV YHUDJLQJ This is the repeated addition with unequal weight of successive source waveforms It is particularly useful for reducing noise on signals that drift very slowly in time o...

Страница 105: ...utton or change an acquisition parameter such as input gain offset coupling trigger condition timebase or bandwidth limit The number of current averaged waveforms of the function or its expansion is shown in the Displayed Trace label When you select summed averaging the display is updated at a reduced rate about once every 1 5 s in order to increase the averaging speed points and events per second...

Страница 106: ...ulated extrema waveform by pushing the CLEAR SWEEPS button or by changing an acquisition parameter such as input gain offset coupling trigger condition or the timebase or bandwidth limit The number of currently accumulated waveforms is displayed in the function s Displayed Trace Label or that of its zoom expansion When the maximum number of sweeps is reached an even larger number can be accumulate...

Страница 107: ...olved This delay can be cut by limiting the number of data points used in the computation To do this the instrument will process the entire waveform by taking every N th point where N depends on the timebase and the desired maximum number of points The first point taken is always the data value at the left hand edge of the screen RPELQLQJ KDQQHOV Zoom and math functions on Traces A B C D and Refer...

Страница 108: ...esses the Multi Zoom and Auto Scroll functions see page 10 8 With Multi Zoom activated all displayed zoom traces are simultaneously controlled by the horizontal POSITION and ZOOM knobs and by Auto Scroll When Multi Zoom is not used only the active zoom trace is controlled Auto Scroll displays the captured signal with a zoom expansion that automatically moves across the screen You can select the sc...

Страница 109: ...99 6 5 6 6 783 2 This appears when REDEFINE A for example is selected from the ZOOM MATH menus XVH 0DWK This is for toggling between No Zoom only and Yes Math functions setups 7UDFH RU LV 220 RI This selects the source trace to be zoomed ...

Страница 110: ...isplays STOP PLAYING Press to stop 5 9 56 Use this feature to scroll the zoom trace from left to right When active the label displays STOP REVERSING Press to stop 6FUROO E Use this feature to scroll by divisions per second or by number of divisions Use div s to scroll continuously Use number of div for waveform processing especially Pass Fail testing When processing is completed the display will b...

Страница 111: ... this page shows a setup of trace A as the sum of Channels 1 and 2 XVH 0DWK Select Yes to enable the choice of a math function 0DWK 7 SH Use this submenu to select Arithmetic 6XP LIIHUHQFH 3URGXFW 5DWLR Use this submenu to select the operator 0 0 0 0 Use this submenu to select one of two operand source traces SOXV 0 0 0 0 Use this submenu to select the other operand source trace ...

Страница 112: ...in this case YJ 7 SH Use this to select Summed or Continuous averaging method IRU ZLWK When you select Summed averaging for sweeps lets you specify the number of sweeps If you select Continuous averaging however the same menu item becomes with weighting which lets you define the weight The difference between the two choices is that when Summed is selected the first n sweeps will be taken into acco...

Страница 113: ...n Single Shot mode they and the sampling speed affect bandwidth If high bandwidth is needed at slow timebases you should consider averaging and repetitive sampling instead XVH 0DWK Select Yes to enable the choice of a math function 0DWK 7 SH Use this submenu to select Enhanced Resolution HQKDQFH E Use this submenu to select the filter that will enhance resolution of the displayed signal Enhancemen...

Страница 114: ...ct Yes to enable the choice of a math function 0DWK 7 SH Use this submenu to select Extrema OLPLWV Use this submenu to select either Envelope Floor or Roof Floor shows only the lower and Roof only the upper part of the envelope Changing the limits does not force the analysis to start again IRU This lets you select the number of sweeps RI This lets you select the source trace ...

Страница 115: ...ubmenu to select the FFT s output format Imaginary Magnitude Phase Power Dens ity Power Spect rum Real or Real Imag ZLWK ZLQGRZ Use the corresponding menu button to select the FFT window type and the associated knob to select AC or DC RI Use this to select the source trace 1RWHV À During Fast Fourier Transform computation the FFT sign is displayed in the lower right hand corner of the screen À The...

Страница 116: ...tion See the final section of this chapter and Appendix C for when and how to use FFT XVH 0DWK Select Yes to enable the choice of a math function 0DWK 7 SH Use this submenu to select FFT AVG 7 UHVXOW Use this submenu to select the output format of the FFT Average Magnitude Power Density or Power Spectrum IRU Use this to select the number of sweeps RI Use this to select the FFT source 1RWH FFT Aver...

Страница 117: ...og 10 base 10 À Negation À Reciprocal À Sinx x À Square À Square root RI This is used to select the signal offset used to compensate for any DC offset in the signal SOXV Use this submenu to select the source trace 1RWHV IRU 0DWK XQFWLRQV À Square root is computed on the absolute value of the source waveform À For logarithmic and exponential functions the numerical value without units of the input ...

Страница 118: ...re is the need to compensate for different lengths of cables probes or other factors causing timing mismatches XVH 0DWK Select Yes to enable the choice of a math function 0DWK 7 SH Use this submenu to select Resample HOD Use this to set the adjustment deskew that will compensate for the timing differences between signals on two channels using the associated menu knob range 2000 ns 0 0 0 0 Use this...

Страница 119: ...stants can have values ranging between 1015 and 1015 XVH 0DWK Select Yes to enable the choice of a math function 0DWK 7 SH Use this submenu to select Rescale D E Use this to select a or b D E The corresponding menu button for this menu highlights the mantissa the exponent or the number of digits while the associated knob changes the highlighted value 0 0 0 0 Use this submenu to select the source t...

Страница 120: ...ecord length UHTXHQF 5HVROXWLRQ I Correctly setting up an FFT starts with the frequency resolution f This parameter is the spacing of samples in the frequency domain display The f is set by inputting the time duration of the time domain signal to the FFT If an acquisition channel Channel 1 2 3 or 4 is the source the waveform duration is the capture time the TIME DIV setting multiplied by ten The r...

Страница 121: ...ch is set using the for Math use max points menu see page 10 6 is identical to the number of samples in the acquired waveform Chapter 7 TIMEBASE menus the span will be half the sampling frequency But if this max points for math number is less than the number of points the waveform and in turn the FFT span will be decimated The relationship between the span of the FFT and the sampling rate 1 T is i...

Страница 122: ...y adjusts the span and hence the FFT transform size to account for the user entered max points for math and the display scaling In some combinations of these factors it also adjusts the length of the displayed trace You can determine the span from the Displayed Trace Label for the math trace containing the FFT This will show the horizontal calibration in Hz div The span is also explicitly shown as...

Страница 123: ...10 MHz span the effective sampling rate must be 20 MS s On an oscilloscope with a sampling rate of 500 MS s for example the default memory length of 50 000 samples and a TIME DIV setting of 10 µs would be used to first give a span of 250 MHz Now to obtain a span of 10 MHz the sampling rate must be reduced This can be done in two ways a In TIMEBASE decrease the number of samples by setting the RECO...

Страница 124: ...tor A sampling rate of 25 MS s would result in a full scale range of 12 5 MHz or 1 25 MHz div To maintain a display scale factor of 1 2 or 5 it decimates the acquired waveform and calculates the FFT using a 2000 point transform This results in a scale factor of 2 MHz div The display is truncated at 6 25 divisions to retain the original span of 12 5 MHz ...

Страница 125: ...persistence displays are automatically color matched to the parent trace Related traces and text screen icons and parent daughter zoom regions are also linked by color As many as eight traces can be displayed at once on eight separate grids page 11 12 The Full Screen function uses the entire screen area to display traces page 11 10 There are six preset color schemes and four personal color palette...

Страница 126: ...of a trace is specified for each color scheme However the expanded or zoomed sections of a trace can be given their own colors so that a single trace may have a number of colors at once its principal color plus those of the expansions 7H W RORU VVRFLDWLRQ Trace related text includes pieces of on screen information that describe measurement parameters cursors triggers waveforms and channels A stand...

Страница 127: ...is order with the CHANNELS TRACE ON OFF buttons When different types of traces are displayed by default they are placed in ascending order from the grid at the bottom as follows envelope traces persistence traces normal traces and cursors This sequence can also be customized For extrema waveforms the sequence is followed by a repeated scanning of normal traces ensuring that they are always viewed ...

Страница 128: ... Raspberry Yellow Sand Pastel Blue Neon Pink Green Amber Pale Blue Pale Pink Magenta Olive Sky Blue Pink Blue Light Green Royal Blue Vermilion Red Jade Deep Blue Orange Light Gray Lime Green Navy Cerise Gray Apple Green Plum Khaki Slate Gray Emerald Green Purple Brown Charcoal Gray Grass Green Amethyst Black ...

Страница 129: ...cquisition memory then process and display their representation The time needed to process the previous acquisition limits DSO speed LeCroy s unique Analog Persistence offers the advantages of analog display in a DSO The display looks like an analog display and is fast But it provides the data manipulation flexibility and statistical analysis only found in a digital instrument RZ LW RUNV DSOs with...

Страница 130: ...rightest shade the zero or smallest population the darkest shade or the background color and the population ranges between zero and the maximum population the shades in between The information in the lower populations or down at the noise level random transients rather than dominant signals can often be of greater interest than the rest The distribution of data here is highlighted by shades and co...

Страница 131: ...Y is automatically generated as soon as you select two compatible traces If you select incompatible traces a warning message is displayed at the top of the screen And if compatible traces are not matched in time their XY diagram will be displayed showing the shift in time or frequency between them The T or f indicator is displayed in the Displayed Trace Label to the left of the screen 3HUVLVWHQFH ...

Страница 132: ...eight traces and grids can be displayed in Standard mode using the Octal grid selection see page 11 12 When Parameters are used the special parameter style grid comes automatically into play Grid graticules are internally generated so that the intensity of grids as well as of waveforms and text can be adjusted to the desired intensity Grids can also be blended with displayed traces Standard Displa...

Страница 133: ...LCXXX OM E Rev K ISSUED December 1999 6 5 6 Standard Display Dual Quad Grid ...

Страница 134: ...els is arranged beneath the grid in Full Screen Pressing expands the grid display to fill the entire screen Pressing this button again returns the grid to its normal size Pressing RETURN in Full Screen mode removes the menus from view so that waveforms can be viewed in their entirety These reappear when you press one of the Menu entry buttons ...

Страница 135: ...LCXXX OM E Rev K ISSUED December 1999 6 5 6 XY Display grids XY left and XY Dual below ...

Страница 136: ... and memories When Octal is selected from the Standard Grids menu see next page eight separate grids are made available When more than four traces are displayed in Single Dual or Quad grid style the accompanying trace labels become smaller so that as many as eight labels can be shown However in Octal the labels are always smaller Octal style grid with eight displayed traces and their labels ...

Страница 137: ...ints on the screen 0RUH LVSOD 6HWXS This is used for accessing the MORE DISPLAY menus see page 11 20 ULGV This is for selecting the number of grids IRUP 7H W LQWHQVLW This adjusts the screen intensity for the waveform and associated text by means of the associated menu knob ULG This adjusts the screen intensity of the grid by means of the associated menu knob 1RWH If W form Text intensity is turne...

Страница 138: ...t page 0RUH LVSOD 6HWXS This is for accessing the MORE DISPLAY menus see page 11 20 ULGV This is for selecting the number of grids RU WUDFH Use this to select any or all of the displayed traces On top menu for saturation adjustment VDWXUDWH DW This is for selecting the percentage of saturation A level of 100 corresponds to the color spectrum being spread across the entire depth of the persistence ...

Страница 139: ...data map is rendered to the screen in various intensities of the trace color With Color Graded all persistence data maps are rendered in a red to violet spectrum RU WUDFH Use this to select any or all of the displayed traces if On top menu for saturation adjustment VDWXUDWH DW This is for selecting the percentage of saturation A level of 100 corresponds to the color spectrum being spread across th...

Страница 140: ... to select the grid style IRUP 7H W LQWHQVLW This adjusts the screen intensity for the waveform and associated text by means of the associated menu knob ULG LQWHQVLW This adjusts the screen intensity of the grid by means of the associated menu knob 1RWH If W form Text intensity is turned down to 0 the waveform and text disappear Press the DISPLAY button to return automatically to 90 intensity If G...

Страница 141: ...log or Color Graded persistence for a single sweep VDWXUDWH DW This is for selecting the percentage of saturation At lower values the spectrum will saturate brightest color or shade at the specified percentage value Lowering the percentage causes the pixels to be saturated at a lower data intensity and allows rarely hit pixels that are not seen at higher percentages to become visible ...

Страница 142: ...E DISPLAY menus ULGV This is for selecting the grid style IRUP 7H W LQWHQVLW This adjusts the screen intensity for the waveform and associated text by means of the associated menu knob ULG LQWHQVLW This adjusts the screen intensity of the grid by means of the associated menu knob 1RWH If W form Text intensity is turned down to 0 the waveform and text disappear Press the DISPLAY button to return au...

Страница 143: ...8VLQJ To select Analog or Color Graded Persistence VDWXUDWH DW This is for selecting the percentage of saturation A level of 100 corresponds to the color spectrum being spread across the entire depth of the persistence data map At lower values the spectrum will saturate brightest color or shade at the specified percentage value Lowering the percentage causes the pixels to be saturated at a lower d...

Страница 144: ... to the list of menus enabling the creation of personal color palettes and the assignment of colors to traces grids or any other displayed on screen object or element see box on facing page It also allows preset schemes to be copied for easier customization 1 2 256 This menu appears when you select one of the four custom color schemes from the COLOR SCHEME menu above It accesses the CHANGE COLORS ...

Страница 145: ... palettes through the CHANGE COLORS Change menu see next page for Background The background color of the entire display area Trace 1 4 The color assigned to traces displaying Channel 1 2 3 or 4 Trace A D The color assigned to Trace A B C or D Grid The default color of the grid Text The color assigned to menus acquisition status and non single source measurements Cursors The color assigned to curso...

Страница 146: ...r scheme U1 through U4 or one user color scheme to another Copying makes customizing easier by forming the basis of a personalized palette that can then be developed 23 6 0 This is for executing the copying of the preset scheme to the personal color palette KDQJH Use this to select a displayed object for color assignment see box on previous page for details FRORU WR This is for selecting the color...

Страница 147: ... CAL BNC connector magnitude frequency shape trigger out pass fail use DUGFRS 6HWXS see page 12 2 Use this to access secondary menu for viewing or changing printer settings 7LPH DWH 6HWXS see page 12 4 Use this to access the secondary menu for adjusting the real time clock displayed in the upper left hand corner of the screen 3 56 6HWXS see page 12 5 Use this to access the secondary menu for viewi...

Страница 148: ...ssed Press to make a copy of the screen display SULQWHU Use this to select the type of printer see Appendix A plotter HP 7470 HP 7550 only or screen file protocols TIFF BMP HPGL by means of the corresponding menu buttons or knob IRUPDW This is for choosing Portrait or Landscape formats availability is dependent on printer choice DFNJURXQG not shown This menu becomes available when you choose TIFF ...

Страница 149: ...cted a storage unit such as floppy drive or portable hard disk drive HDD or the internal printer If it is a port the GPIB RS232 menu should be checked to ensure that settings are correct File names are assigned automatically when you copy to a storage unit DXWR SULQW When On this generates a hard copy of the screen and sends it to the internal printer after every acquisition FP GLYLVLRQ This is fo...

Страница 150: ...hanging back to Standard Time 2 1 6 12 Use this to activate the changes made with the Hour Min Sec and Day Mnth Year buttons and knobs see below RXU 0LQ 6HF Use the corresponding menu button to toggle between Hour Minutes and Seconds and the associated menu knob to adjust the value D 0QWK HDU Use the corresponding menu button to toggle between Day Mnth and Year and the associated menu knob to adju...

Страница 151: ... external computer The Remote Control Assistant feature allows automatic detection of errors during remote control operation see page 12 20 56 RQQHFWRU 3LQ VVLJQPHQWV DB9PinNo Line Name Description 3 T D Transmitted Data from the oscilloscope 2 R D Received Data to the oscilloscope 7 RTS Request To Send from the oscilloscope If the software Xon Xoff handshake is selected it is always TRUE Otherwis...

Страница 152: ...nterface is in Talk Only mode Any change becomes effective immediately 3DULW Use this to select odd even or none for RS 232 communication 6WRS ELWV This is for selecting the number of stop bits for RS 232 communication DXG 5DWH Use this to set the Baud Rate for RS 232 communication using the associated menu knob 3 HYLFH GGUHVV Use this to choose the appropriate GPIB address RS 232 cabling can be u...

Страница 153: ... The removable hard disk structure is based on the PCMCIA III JEIDA 4 0 standard The medium is arranged as a DOS partition containing files as in any DOS floppy or hard disk The HDD format uses 512 bytes per sector and four sectors per cluster One cluster is the minimum file size any files smaller than 2048 bytes in size will still use one cluster s allocation of 2048 bytes of disk space A total o...

Страница 154: ...n the same storage medium the old file will be deleted Type Default Name Customized Name Manually stored waveform files Stt nnn xxxxxxxx nnn Automatically stored waveform files Att nnn xxxxxxxx nnn Panel files Pnnn PNL xxxxxnnn PNL Hardcopy files Dnnn TIF Dnnn BMP Dnnn PRT Dnnn PLT xxxxxnnn TIF xxxxxnnn BMP xxxxxnnn PRT xxxxxnnn PLT Template files LECROYvv TPL Cannot be changed Directory name LECR...

Страница 155: ... will be renamed the oldest group of files will become Axx 001 the second oldest Axx 002 and so on The current sequence number is deduced from inspection of all file names in the working directory regardless of file type panel hard copy or waveform The highest occupied numeric file name extension of the form nnn is determined and the next highest number is used as the current generation number for...

Страница 156: ...PTION Use this to delete files or to format or copy a machine template onto memory card The Utilities menus accessed by selection of this Memory Card menu are similar to those accessed for Floppy Disk shown on the following pages ORSS LVN 8WLOLWLHV Use this to delete files format or copy a machine template onto floppy disk The examples on the following pages illustrate this selection DUG LVN 8WLOL...

Страница 157: ...99 6 5 6 3 87 These menus appear when Floppy Disk UTILITIES is selected from MASS STORAGE and À a floppy has been newly inserted or À there is no floppy in the drive 5 5 5 9 Use this to read the floppy disk and display directory contents ...

Страница 158: ...nformation of the selected file on the disk 7 03 7 1 250 77 1 Use this to access a secondary menu for formatting storage media or for copying the machine template to it The template is an ASCII text file that contains all information required for decoding the descriptor part of a binary waveform 2 7 Use this to delete the file selected in the File menu see below LOH This is for selecting the file ...

Страница 159: ...ith an interleave factor of two which optimizes throughput to and from the scope HQVLW This menu which appears only in FORMAT FLOPPY is used for selecting density 1 44 MB HD or 720 kB DD 23 7 03 7 72 This is for copying the machine template to the medium The machine template is an ASCII text file that contains all the information required to decode the descriptor part of a binary waveform ...

Страница 160: ...is to quickly 15 seconds clear the portable hard disk drive 8 250 7 Use this for a complete formatting of the HDD which is recommended if the disk is non readable 23 7 03 7 72 This is for copying the machine template to the medium The machine template is an ASCII text file that contains all the information required to decode the descriptor part of a binary waveform ...

Страница 161: ...dd New Directory menu RQ GULYH This is used for selecting the medium LOH 1DPH 3UHIHUHQFHV This is used to access the secondary menu for defining custom names for waveform setup or hardcopy files see next page 7 7 6 5 725 This is used to delete the directory selected in work with menu see below ZRUN ZLWK This is for selecting the directory to be used for file storage and retrieval GG QHZ LUHFWRU Th...

Страница 162: ...er for modification 5 6725 8 7 1 0 This is for restoring the file type selected in the File Type menu see below to its default name 17 5 1 1 0 This is used to validate the newly defined name 63 This is for moving back one space and erasing the previous character 16 57 Use this to move forward to create a space for insertion of a character FKDUDFWHU This is for selecting a character using the menu ...

Страница 163: ...HFWRU RQ DUG This is for creating a new directory 0 7 6 5 725 This is for validating the new directory 63 Use this to move back one space and erase the previous character 16 57 This is for moving forward to create a space for the insertion of a character FKDUDFWHU This is for selecting a character using the menu knob ...

Страница 164: ...MASS STORAGE File Transfers is selected are used to copy files from one medium to another LUHFWLRQ DEPENDING ON OPTIONS INSTALLED Use this to select the source copy from and destination copy to KLFK ILOHV This is for selecting the type of file for copying 2 23 This executes copying ...

Страница 165: ...RQ Use this to set the automatic recalibration ON or OFF The default setting is ON Turning this off may speed up the acquisition but during that time calibration is not assured À OREDO This is used to control the Global Bandwidth Limit When On the chosen bandwidth limit applies to all channels when Off a bandwidth limit can be set individually for each channel See Chapter 5 Coupling XUVRUV 0HDVXUH...

Страница 166: ...s Errors Only This setting displays only wrong or incomplete commands received through any remote control port this is the default setting after power on Full Dialog This setting captures all remote commands received through any remote control port and displays up to 100 lines of dialog after which lines are overwritten on a first in first out basis RS232 Also This setting logs the full dialog and...

Страница 167: ...XWR UHSHDW When this is On all front panel buttons when pressed and held in will cursor sequentially through all the choices in their respective menus XGLEOH IHHGEDFN IRU EXWWRQV When On an audible beep will sound when you press any front panel button IRU QREV When On an audible beep will sound when you turn any front panel knob ...

Страница 168: ...se menus allow updating of the oscilloscope with new software Shown here is the full screen warning message displayed when FLASH UPDATE has been selected from SPECIAL MODES The second menu is called Update Flash on LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES oscilloscopes ...

Страница 169: ...Rdy Moreover a DC level in the range 0 05 V to 1 V in 1 MΩ can be selected When the instrument is switched on the calibration signal is automatically set to its default state 1 kHz 1 V square wave PRGH Use this to select the type of signal 6 7 72 Use this to reset the CAL BNC output to its default state 6KDSH Use this to select the form of the calibration signal PSOLWXGH This is for setting the de...

Страница 170: ... ISSUED December 1999 LCXXX OM E Rev K 87 7 6 BLANK PAGE ...

Страница 171: ... selected as shown on the next page the scope will store the waveform in an ASCII format But this will create an output file requiring 10 to 20 times the disk space of the original LeCroy binary file Furthermore waveforms stored in ASCII format cannot be recalled to the scope 1RWH À The capacities of the Reference and Zoom Math memories each match those of the acquisition memories For every unit o...

Страница 172: ...P menu see next page XWR 6WRUH This is for automatically storing waveforms after each acquisition Fill stores until the medium is filled while Wrap stores continuously discarding the oldest files on a first in first out basis 2 6725 This stores in accordance with specifications made in the store and to menus see below VWRUH This is for selecting the waveform All displayed can only be selected when...

Страница 173: ...LCXXX OM E Rev K ISSUED December 1999 6 5 6 6 6 783 DWD RUPDW This secondary menu accessed through SETUP ASCII FORMAT offers a choice of ASCII formats For details on each format see Appendix E ...

Страница 174: ...se 2 5 Use this to execute recall based on the selections made in the from Memory and to menus see below At the same time it resets the horizontal and vertical positions as well as the zooms showing the full contents of the memory at its original magnification IURP 0HPRU This is for selecting the source memory WR Use this to select the destination trace 1RWH Performing a recall operation from an i...

Страница 175: ... Use this to execute recall based on the selections made in the File and to menus see below LOH This selects the file in which the waveform is stored using the associated menu knob WR This is for selecting the destination memory If All 0 is selected up to four files with the same three digit numeric extension as the current File selection will be recalled into memories M1 to M4 The files listed wi...

Страница 176: ... ISSUED December 1999 LCXXX OM E Rev K 9 250 6725 5 BLANK PAGE ...

Страница 177: ...tude cursors or time and amplitude using Time cursors can be displayed at the cursor location Measured voltage amplitudes are relative to ground measured times are relative to the trigger point In Relative mode a pair of Amplitude or Time cursors is used providing readings on the difference between the two in amplitude or time and amplitude respectively Amplitudes are shown in the Trace Label for ...

Страница 178: ...e X value Product 4 f arc tan Y X range 180 to 180 Angle polar 5 r sqrt X X Y Y Radius distance to origin The definition of X and Y depends on the cursor used The table below shows how X and Y are defined for each type of measurement XUVRUV TAbs AAbs ARel Org 0 0 Org VXOffset VYOffset TRel DX VXRef 0 VXDif VXRef VXRef 0 VXRef VXOffset VXDif VXRef DY VYRef 0 VYDif VYRef VYRef 0 VYRef VYOffset VYDif...

Страница 179: ...C C6 68 84 4 S SE ER RI IE ES S O ON NL LY Y Press the CURSOR MEASURES button the following options will be displayed XUVRUV Refer to Measure Cursors on page 14 5 of this manual 3DUDPHWHUV Refer to Parameters Automatic Measurements starting on page 14 8 and Appendix D of this manual 3DVV DLO Refer to Pass Fail Testing on page 14 13 of this manual XVWRP SSOLFDWLRQ Refer to Custom Menu on page 14 4 ...

Страница 180: ...ss these custom applications LWWHU L DUG This wizard steps you through jitter timing and measurement setups Refer to the Jitter and Timing Analysis JTA Manual 0DVN 7HVWHU Refer to the Mask Tester Operator s Manual 3RZHU 0HDVXUHPHQW Refer to the PMA1 Software Operator s Manual LVN DLOXUH QDO VLV Refer to the DDFA Disk Drive Failure Analysis Operator s Manual ...

Страница 181: ...itudes Alternatively Diff Ref displays the amplitude values for each cursor This is not available in persistence mode 5HIHUHQFH FXUVRU Use this to control the Reference cursor that is available with Relative cursors using the associated menu knob With Track ON both Reference and Difference cursors are controlled by the associated knob and move together A constant time or voltage interval is mainta...

Страница 182: ... in the oscilloscope not all modes illustrated may be available Statistics on the parameter values are accumulated and can be displayed for all modes In addition to the overall number of sweeps used each parameter has its average lowest and highest value The standard deviation of the parameter is also calculated 3DUDPHWHU 6 PEROV The algorithms that determine pulse waveform parameters are able to ...

Страница 183: ...meter has been calculated on a histogram Insufficient data to determine the parameter DUQLQJV Amplitude histogram is flat within statistical fluctuations minimum and maximum are used to assign top and base Only an upper limit could be estimated the actual value of the parameter may be smaller than the displayed value The signal is partially in overflow The signal is partially in underflow The sign...

Страница 184: ...uisition conditions or when you press the CLEAR SWEEPS button As long as Parameters is highlighted in the top menu the accumulation of statistics continues even if the statistics are not shown RQ WUDFH Use this to select the trace for which the voltage parameters are measured The choices available in this menu will depend on the traces displayed a maximum of four traces can be displayed Here trace...

Страница 185: ...en you press the CLEAR SWEEPS button As long as Parameters is highlighted in the top menu the accumulation of statistics continues even if the statistics are not shown RQ WUDFH This is for selecting the trace for which the time parameters are to be measured The choices available in this menu will depend on the traces displayed a maximum of four traces can be displayed Here traces 1 and 2 are displ...

Страница 186: ...r of sweeps is cleared each time you change the acquisition conditions or when you press the CLEAR SWEEPS button As long as Parameters is highlighted in the top menu the accumulation of statistics continues even if the statistics are not shown 1 3 5 0 7 56 This is for accessing the secondary CHANGE PARAM menu see following pages IURP Use this to determine the starting point in screen divisions for...

Страница 187: ...s selected the measure menu see below will feature all parameters However when a particular category is selected only those parameters in the category are shown 7 3 5 0 7 56 This is for deleting all parameters previously selected PHDVXUH Use this to choose the new parameter to be measured on this line When you select the line is not used RI This is for selecting the channel or trace on which the p...

Страница 188: ...parameters for modification DWHJRU Use this to specify the category or type of parameter 025 W OY 6 783 This calls up the t lv customization menu see next page PHDVXUH Set at t lv VRXUFH Select the channel 1 2 3 or 4 or memory A B C or D by means of the associated menu button Use the associated knob to decide from which and to which channel the measurement is to be made ...

Страница 189: ... signal must exceed or cross the upper or lower limits of this band by half the hysteresis division setting IURP This is for selecting the voltage or amplitude percentage setting of the level on the waveform at which the timing is to be measured It is also used to select whether the measurement should be made on a Positive rising edge or a Negative falling edge or if First is selected on either ty...

Страница 190: ...is division A voltage band is extended equidistantly above and below the selected level In order for the signal to be considered valid and not as noise the signal must exceed or cross the upper or lower limits of this band by half the hysteresis division setting FORFN HGJH Use this to select the clock edge or edges used for this parameter measurement GDWD HGJH This is for selecting the data edge o...

Страница 191: ...s can be tested against limits at the same time In tolerance mask testing a trace can be compared to a tolerance mask Whether the tests pass or fail any or all of the following actions can be invoked À Stop capturing further signals À Dump the screen image to a hardcopy unit À Store selected traces to internal memory to a memory card optional or to a floppy disk À Sound the buzzer À Emit a pulse o...

Страница 192: ...o select Pass or Fail WHVWLQJ This is for turning testing Off or On Turn testing off only to observe the parameter variations 1 7 67 21 7 216 Use this to access the secondary CHANGE TEST menu see next page IURP Use this to determine the starting point in screen divisions for parameter measurements WR Use this to determine the end point in screen divisions ...

Страница 193: ...ge 14 22 7HVW RQ Use this to select Param or if no test is required No Test FKRRVH To select Param 7 7 676 Use this to delete all tests previously selected PHDVXUH This is for selecting the new parameter to be measured on this line When is selected the line is not used RI This is for selecting the channel or trace on which the parameter will be measured ...

Страница 194: ... page 14 19 FKRRVH Use this to select Limit Param 14 17 7 7 676 This is for deleting all tests previously selected 7UXH LI This is for selecting the appropriate relation less than or greater than OLPLW Use this to choose one of three modifications to a limit its mantissa exponent or the number of digits in its mantissa The corresponding menu button is used to select and the associated knob to modi...

Страница 195: ...H LI This is for choosing the mask test condition RI Use this to select channel or trace for testing DUH This is for choosing the mask test condition PDVN Use this to select a mask trace 1RWH Pass Fail testing on a mask is affected by horizontal and vertical zooming of the mask trace The test will be made inside the area bordered by the parameter cursors Timebases of the mask and the trace under t...

Страница 196: ...sing RECALL W FORM see previous chapter memories M1 M4 can be recalled to traces A to D for display 19 57 0 6 Use this to generate an inverted mask 8VH IRUP This is for selecting the waveform to be used as reference The mask will be generated around this waveform 0 0 6 Use this to generate the mask GHOWD 9 This is for selecting tolerance in amplitude by means of the associated knob GHOWD 7 This is...

Страница 197: ...TO OR RA AG GE E D DE EV VI IC CE E IURP Use this to select the device LQWR This is for selecting D M4 to automatically display the mask on screen or M1 M2 M3 or M4 19 57 0 6 This is for generating an inverted mask 2 5 Use this to recall the mask LOH Use this to select the appropriate mask by means of the associated knob ...

Страница 198: ... delete all previously selected actions I Use this to determine if the action will be taken on PASS or FAIL result 7KHQ This is for selecting the action Dump in this example The selected action will then be activated from the following submenu XPS Use this to perform Yes or disable No the action chosen in the Then menu see above The choice will be echoed alongside the already selected action in th...

Страница 199: ... disk memory card or portable hard disk HDD depending on options installed 5HFDOO 6DYH Use this to save a panel setup or recall one already saved When you select Save as shown here the TO SETUP menus appear When you select Recall the FROM SETUP menus appear 72 6 783 or This is for saving any of four possible setups WR DUG OS RU This is for saving a setup to floppy memory card or hard disk HDD depe...

Страница 200: ...r 520 6 783 or This is for recalling any of four possible saved setups In the example shown here all four possible setups have been stored When no setup has been stored that menu will indicate Empty 520 8 7 6 783 Use this to choose a default setup stored in the scope IURP DUG OS RU This is for accessing the secondary RECALL SETUPS menu to recall a setup stored on floppy memory card or portable har...

Страница 201: ...g the device from which to recall a setup floppy memory card or portable hard disk HDD depending on the options installed 2 5 Use this to perform the recall of the setup selected in the File menu see below LOH This is for selecting the stored setup using the associated menu knob ...

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Страница 203: ...ess to open the STATUS menu and access full screen summaries of the oscilloscope s system status or other functional status FTXLVLWLRQ 6WDWXV This screen shows vertical sensitivity probe attenuation offset and coupling for each channel as well as timebase and trigger status summaries ...

Страница 204: ... new software by inputting a code You simply provide LeCroy with the serial number soft version number and scope ID all displayed on this screen as well as order information LeCroy provides a unique option key that you can enter from the instrument s front panel The MORE VERSION INFORMATION menu is used to perform a cyclic redundancy check CRC of the internal firmware and generates a checksum that...

Страница 205: ...er text in the waveform descriptor and trigger timing information When Text Times is selected the for and Select menus shown here also appear allowing a trace or memory to be selected and a segment range to be specified for information Refer to the Remote Control Manual ...

Страница 206: ...Rev K 6 2 67 786 DYHIRUP 6XPPDU This screen provides detailed status information on channels memories zoom and math or displayed traces These are specified using the bottom menu which appears when Waveform is selected from the top menu ...

Страница 207: ...llocation memories M1 M4 can be selected and then cleared using the CLEAR INACTIVE menu The dedicated persistence data maps for each channel are dynamically created resized and deleted as necessary The allocation of memory to each of these data maps will appear in this menu Persistence data maps are cleared using the CLEAR SWEEPS button ...

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Страница 209: ... 4 ms 2 GS s in single shot mode À LC374 Series 0 25 ms 2 GS s in single shot mode À LC574 Series 2 ms 4 GS s in single shot mode À LC564 Series 62 5 µs 4 GS s À LC584 Series 2 ms 8 GS s À LC684 Series 2 ms 8 GS s Sensitivity À LC334 Series 2 mV div to 5 V div 50 Ω fully variable 2 mV div to 5 V div 1 MΩ fully variable À LC374 LC534 LC574 LC564 LC584 Series 2 mV div to 1 V div 50 Ω fully variable ...

Страница 210: ...iv 1 2 V 0 2 to 5 0 V div 24 V À LC374 LC534 LC574 LC564 LC584 Series 2 00 to 4 99 mV div 400 mV 5 00 to 99 mV div 1 V 0 1 to 0 99 V div 10 V 1 0 to 10 V div 100 V 1 MΩ only À LC684 Series 2 00 to 4 99 mV div 400 mV 5 0 to 99 mV div 1 0 V 0 1 to 1 0 V div 10 V 5 0 to 100 mV div 1 0 V 102 mV to 2 0 V div 1 MΩ only 20 V ...

Страница 211: ...S s 100 k 500 k 2 M All Any Channel Peak Detect ON LC334 LC534 Series LC374 Series LC574 Series 100 MS s data 400 MS s peaks 50 k data 50 k peaks 250 k data 250 k peaks 1 M data 1 M peaks All Paired Channels Peak Detect OFF LC334 LC534 Series 1 GS s 250 k 1 M 4 M LC374 Series 2 GS s 250 k LC574 Series 2 GS s 250 k 1 M 4 M CH 2 CH 3 All Channels Combined Peak Detect OFF LC334 LC534 Series by PP093 ...

Страница 212: ...USED ON SERIES MAX SAMPLE RATE A AM AL AXL ACTIVE CHANNELS Any Channel LC564 Series 2 GS s 100 k LC584 Series 2 GS s 100 k 500 k 2 M 4 M All PairedChannels LC564 Series 4 GS s 250 k LC584 Series 4 GS s 250 k 1 M 4 M 8 M CH 2 CH 3 AllChannelsCombined LC584 Series 8 GS s 500 k 2 M 8 M 16 M One CH 2 or any displayed channel in Auto Combine Mode ...

Страница 213: ...V 6HULHV MEMORY PER CHANNEL IN POINTS MODEL CHANNELS USED MAX SAMPLE RATE D DM DL DXL ACTIVE CHANNELS Any Channel LC684 Series 2 GS s 100 k 500 k 2 M 4 M All Paired Channels LC684 Series 4 GS s 250 k 1 M 4 M 8 M CH2 CH3 All Channels Combined LC684 Series by PP096 Adapter 8 GS s 500 k 2 M 8 M 16 M One ...

Страница 214: ...oupling AC DC GND Input Impedance À LC334 Series 10 MΩ 15 pF system capacitance using PP005 À LC374 LC534 LC574 LC564 LC584 Series 10 MΩ 11 pF system capacitance using PP005 or 50 Ω 1 À LC684 Series 10 MΩ 11 pF system capacitance using PP005 or 50 Ω 1 25 Max Input 50 Ω 5 V DC 500 mW or 5 V rms À LC334 1 MΩ 250 V max DC peak AC 10 kHz À LC374 LC534 LC574 LC564 LC584 Series 1 MΩ 400 V max DC peak AC...

Страница 215: ...le Shot for transient and repetitive signals from À LC334 LC534 Series 10 ns div À LC374 LC574 Series 1 ns div all channels active À LC564 LC584 LC684 Series 2 ns div all channels active Peak Detect NOT ON LC564 LC584 OR LC684 SERIES At 400 MS s peak detect can capture high speed events as low as 1 ns while simultaneously capturing normally sampled data However with a resolution of 2 5 ns there is...

Страница 216: ...v at 8 GS s Clock Accuracy 10 ppm À LC684 Series 10 ppm Interpolator Resolution 10 ps À LC684 Series 5 ps Roll Mode À LC334 LC374 LC534 LC574 Series for 500 000 points 10 to 1000 s div À LC564 LC584 LC684 Series ranges from 500 ms div to 1000 s div External Clock À LC334 LC374 LC534 LC574 Series 100 MHz 20 to 100 MHz for LC374 AND LC574 SERIES on EXT input with ECL TTL or zero crossing levels Opti...

Страница 217: ...s EXT Trigger Max Input À LC334 Series 10 MΩ 15 pF LC334A system capacitance using PP002 250 V max DC peak AC 10 kHz 50 Ω 1 5 V DC 500 mW or 5 V rms À LC374 LC534 LC574 Series 10 MΩ 11 pF system capacitance using PP005 400 V DC peak AC 10 kHz 50 Ω 1 5 V DC 500 mW or 5 V rms À LC564 LC584A Series 10 MΩ 11 pF at probe tip PP005 400 V DC peak AC 10 kHz 50 Ω 1 5 V DC 500 mW or 5 V rms À LC684 Series 1...

Страница 218: ...ed The oscilloscope triggers on any source only if a given state or transition has occurred on another source The delay between these events can be defined as a number of events on the trigger channel or as a time interval TV This allows selection of up to 1500 lines and odd or even fields synchronized for PAL SECAM NTSC or nonstandard video Runt LC564 LC584 AND LC684 SERIES ONLY The oscilloscope ...

Страница 219: ...z typical at probe tip 500 V max LC374 LC534 LC574A LC564 LC584 LC684 Series One PP005 probe is supplied per channel DC to 500 MHz typical at probe tip 500 V max Probe calibration 1 V max into 1 MΩ 500 mV into 50 Ω frequency and amplitude can be programmed pulse or square wave can be selected rise and fall time 1 ns typical ...

Страница 220: ... displayed traces Waveform Style Choose from Dot Join with optional sample point highlight or Dots only Persistence Modes Color Graded and Analog Persistence infinite or variable with decay over time À LC334A Series Analog Persistence is available only when all four channels are combined Trace Display Choose from opaque or transparent modes with overlap management Number of Traces 8 any mix of cha...

Страница 221: ...n math functions Average up to 10 6 averages Extrema Roof Floor or Envelope values from 1 to 10 6 sweeps ERES Six low pass digital filters provide up to 11 bit vertical resolution Sampled data is always available even when a trace is turned off FFT Spectrum Analysis with five windowing functions and FFT averaging Resample This deskew feature allows a signal to be resampled and adjusted in time rel...

Страница 222: ...ge differences Absolute Time A cross hairs marker measures time relative to the trigger and voltage with respect to ground Absolute Voltage A reference bar measures voltage with respect to ground XWRPDWLF 0HDVXUHPHQWV A wide range of pulse parameter measurements is available categorized for ease of use The categories include Pulse Horizontal and Vertical parameters Basic statistical measurements s...

Страница 223: ... VGA compatible connector for external color display You may experience flickering if you connect an LCD projector to the VGA output Hardcopy TIFF and BMP formats available for export to Desktop Publishing programs HPGL protocol for vector graphics Printers and Plotters À B W Printers HP LaserJet HP DeskJet 500 Epson FX À Color Printers HP DeskJet 550C Epson Stylus Canon 200 600 800 Series À Plott...

Страница 224: ...pe meets requirements of EMC Directive 89 336 EEC for Electromagnetic Compatibility and Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC for Product Safety À EMC EN 50081 1 1992 Emissions EN 50082 1 1997 Immunity À Low Voltage Directive Conforms to EN 61010 1 1993 Amd 2 1995 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement control and laboratory use The oscilloscope has been qualified to the following ...

Страница 225: ...ive trace averaging GYDQWDJHV Enhanced resolution filtering improves two important characteristics of the oscilloscope Resolution is improved by a fixed amount for each filter This true increase in resolution occurs whether or not the signal is noisy or whether a single shot or repetitive signal Signal to noise ratio SNR is improved in such a way as to be dependent on the form of the noise in the ...

Страница 226: ...o the removal of coherent noise signals feed through of clock signals for example is decided by the fall of the dominant frequency components of the signal in the passband This is easily ascertained using Spectral Analysis The filters have a precisely constant zero phase response This has two desirable properties First the filters do not distort the relative position of different events in the wav...

Страница 227: ...single shot or slowly repetitive nature and averaging cannot be used There are two particular situations in which enhanced resolution is especially useful One is when the signal is noticeably noisy and measurements of the noise are not required The signal can be cleaned up by using the enhanced resolution function The other is when even if the signal is not particularly noisy high precision measur...

Страница 228: ... screen shows the spectrum of a square signal before top grid and after bottom grid enhanced resolution processing The result clearly illustrates how the filter rejects high frequency components from the signal The higher the bit enhancement the lower the resulting bandwidth ...

Страница 229: ...QFUHDVLQJ 9HUWLFDO 5HVROXWLRQ In this example the bottom trace has been significantly enhanced by a 3 bit enhanced resolution function 1RWH The original signal being highly oversampled the resulting bandwidth is still high enough for the signal not to be distorted ...

Страница 230: ... 1RLVH This illustration shows the effect of enhanced resolution on a noisy signal The original trace top grid has been processed by a 2 bit enhanced resolution filter The result bottom grid shows a smooth trace where most of the noise has been eliminated ...

Страница 231: ...ed resolution filter the 2 bit enhancement filter is illustrated below indicating the 3 dB cut off frequency of 5 8 of the Nyquist frequency À The filtering must be performed on finite record lengths data will be lost at the start and end of the waveform so that the trace becomes slightly shorter after filtering À The number of samples lost is exactly equal to the length of the impulse response of...

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Страница 233: ...asier to observe in the frequency domain If sampling is done at a rate fast enough to faithfully approximate the original waveform usually five times the highest frequency component in the signal the resulting discrete data series will uniquely describe the analog signal This is of particular value when dealing with transient signals because unlike FFT conventional swept spectrum analyzers cannot ...

Страница 234: ... see below for explanations of leakage and window types Histogramming in Trace C tracks the spread of the first harmonic Figure C 1 Slicing the waveform in this manner is like diluting the spectral energy in an infinite number of side lobes which correspond to multiples of the frequency resolution f Fig C 2 The observation window or capture time T determines the frequency resolution of the FFT f 1...

Страница 235: ... bins The distance in Hz between the center frequencies of two neighboring bins is always the same f 3RZHU HQVLW 6SHFWUXP Because of the linear scale used to show magnitudes lower amplitude components are often hidden by larger components In addition to the functions offering magnitude and phase representations the FFT option offers power density and power spectrum density functions selected from ...

Страница 236: ...requency that can be analyzed is f N 2 10 kHz 100 kB 2 500 MHz 7 3LWIDOOV WR YRLG Take care to ensure that signals are correctly acquired improper waveform positioning within the observation window produces a distorted spectrum The most common distortions can be traced to insufficient sampling edge discontinuities windowing or the picket fence effect Because the FFT acts like a bank of bandpass fi...

Страница 237: ...reveal sharp frequency components Intermediate components exhibit a lower and broader peak The broadening of the base stretching out in many neighboring bins is termed leakage Cures for this are to ensure that an integral number of periods is contained within the display grid or that no discontinuities appear at the edges Another is to use a window function to smooth the edges of the signal KRRVLQ...

Страница 238: ...nsient signals The SNR increase is conditioned by the cut off frequency of the Eres low pass filter and the noise shape frequency distribution LeCroy digital oscilloscopes employ FIR digital filters so that a constant phase shift is maintained The phase information is therefore not distorted by the filtering action 6SHFWUDO 3RZHU YHUDJLQJ Even greater dynamic range improvement is obtained on signa...

Страница 239: ... low pass filter with a 3 dB cutoff of 11 MHz obtained by exciting the filter with a white noise source Fig C 3 and a sine swept generator Fig C 4 Both techniques give substantially the same results The choice of method is governed by the availability of an adequate generating source The spectra of single time domain waveforms can be computed and displayed to obtain power averages obtained over as...

Страница 240: ... the display grid will significantly alter the spectrum Effects such as leakage and aliasing that distort the spectrum must be understood if meaningful conclusions are to be arrived at when using FFT An effective way to reduce these effects is to maximize the acquisition record length Record length directly conditions the effective sampling rate of the scope and therefore determines the frequency ...

Страница 241: ... characterize an FFT spectrum These are transform size N number of input points Nyquist frequency sample rate frequency increment f between two successive points of the spectrum These parameters are related by Nyquist frequency f N 2 Where f 1 T and where T is the duration of the input waveform record 10 time div The number of output points is equal to N 2 1RWH RQ 0D LPXP 3RLQWV FFT spectra are co...

Страница 242: ...ted with the FFT calculation The power density is suitable for characterizing broadband noise It is displayed on a logarithmic vertical axis calibrated in dBm 3RZHU 6SHFWUXP This is the signal power or magnitude represented on a logarithmic vertical scale 0 dBm corresponds to the voltage 0 316 V peak which is equivalent to 1 mW into 50 Ω The power spectrum is suitable for characterizing spectra th...

Страница 243: ...ent that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of the window Signals other than these types will show varying amounts of spectral leakage and scallop loss which can be corrected by selecting another type of window Hanning Von Hann These reduce leakage and improve amplitude accuracy However frequency resolution is also reduced Hamming These reduce leakage and improve amplitude accurac...

Страница 244: ...Absolute Time cursor can be moved into the frequency domain by going beyond the right hand edge of a time domain waveform The Relative Time cursors can be moved into the frequency domain to simultaneously indicate the frequency difference and the amplitude difference between two points on each frequency domain trace The Absolute Voltage cursor reads the absolute value of a point in a spectrum in t...

Страница 245: ...inning or at the end of the record these are replaced by zeros before FFT processing FFT source data over underflow The source waveform data has been clipped in amplitude either in the acquisition gain too high or inappropriate offset or in previous processing The resulting FFT contains harmonic components which would not be present in the unclipped waveform The settings defining the acquisition o...

Страница 246: ...mputed using a fast implementation of the DFT Discrete Fourier Transform X N x W n k nk k k N 1 0 1 where xk is a complex array whose real part is the modified source time domain waveform and whose imaginary part is 0 Xn is the resulting complex frequency domain waveform W e j N 2π and N is the number of points in xk and Xn The generalized FFT algorithm as implemented here works on N which need no...

Страница 247: ...further computation is needed The appropriate part of the complex result is given as the result R n or I n or R n jI n as defined above If Magnitude is selected the magnitude of the complex vector is computed as M R I n n n 2 2 Steps 1 6 lead to the following result An AC sine wave of amplitude 1 0 V with an integral number of periods Np in the time window transformed with the rectangular window r...

Страница 248: ...ame as dBm Magnitude as suggested in the above formula dBm Power Density dBm PD dBm PS ENBW f 10 10 log where ENBW is the equivalent noise bandwidth of the filter corresponding to the selected window and f is the current frequency resolution bin width 7 The FFT Power Average takes the complex frequency domain data R n and I n for each spectrum generated in Step 5 and computes the square of the mag...

Страница 249: ...se and transform size should be selected so that the resulting Nyquist frequency is higher than the highest significant component in the time domain record RKHUHQW DLQ The normalized coherent gain of a filter corresponding to each window function is 1 0 0 dB for a rectangular window and less than 1 0 for other windows It defines the loss of signal energy due to the multiplication by the window fun...

Страница 250: ...are interpreted as harmonic components of the input signal For a real source waveform imaginary part equals 0 there are only N 2 independent harmonic components An FFT corresponds to analyzing the input signal with a bank of N 2 filters all having the same shape and width and centered at N 2 discrete frequencies Each filter collects the signal energy that falls into the immediate neighborhood of i...

Страница 251: ...oadening of the base of the peak stretching out into many neighboring bins is termed leakage It is due to the relatively high side lobes of the filter associated with each frequency bin The filter side lobes and the resulting leakage are reduced when one of the available window functions is applied The best reduction is provided by the Blackman Harris and Flat Top windows However this reduction is...

Страница 252: ...nt noise bandwidth of the filter in hertz The power density spectrum is displayed on the dBm scale with 0 dBm corresponding to Vref2 Hz 6DPSOLQJ UHTXHQF The time domain records are acquired at sampling frequencies dependent on the selected time base Before the FFT computation the time domain record may be decimated If the selected maximum number of points is lower than the source number of points ...

Страница 253: ...trum July 1969 pp 41 52 A general introduction to FFT theory and applications Brigham E O The Fast Fourier Transform Prentice Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs N J 1974 Theory applications and implementation of FFT Includes discussion of FFT algorithms for N not a power of 2 Harris F J On the Use of Windows for Harmonic Analysis with the Discrete Fourier Transform Proceedings of the IEEE vol 66 No 1 Janua...

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Страница 255: ...nterval spanned by the left and right time cursors For example the histogram of a waveform transitioning in two states will contain two peaks Fig D 1 The analysis will attempt to identify the two clusters that contain the largest data density Then the most probable state centroids associated with these two clusters will be computed to determine the top and base reference levels the top line corres...

Страница 256: ...ng points The time interval separating the points on the rising or falling edges is then estimated to yield the rise or fall time These results are averaged over the number of transition edges that occur within the observation window Rising Edge Duration Mr i i i Tr Tr Mr 1 10 90 1 Falling Edge Duration Mf i i i Tf Tf Mf 1 90 10 1 Where Mr is the number of leading edges found Mf the number of trai...

Страница 257: ...loscope enables accurate differential time measurements between two traces for example propagation setup and hold delays Fig D 3 Parameters such as c2d require the transition polarity of the clock and data signals to be specified RIGHT CURSOR LEFT CURSOR TWO FULL PERIODS 2 cycles first last 50 delay PERIOD PERIOD cmean cmedian crms csdev computed on interval periods width width width freq period 1...

Страница 258: ...ures the time interval separating the rising edge of the clock trigger from the first negative transition of the data signal Similarly c2d 1 2 measures the time interval between the trigger and the next transition of the data signal RIGHT CURSOR LEFT CURSOR TRIGGER POINT DATA 1 CLK 2 THRESHOLD CLOCK EDGE Positive Transition DATA EDGE Negative Transition HYSTERESIS Noisy spikes ignored due to Hyste...

Страница 259: ...r levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example returns same value as min cycles Determines the number of cycles of a periodic waveform lying between cursors The first cycle begins at the first transition after the left cursor The transition may be positive or negative going Number of cycles of periodic waveform See Fig D 2 cmean Cyclic mean Computes the average of waveform data Contrary to mean ...

Страница 260: ...ering on one and determining delay of the other Time between trigger and first 50 crossing after left cursor See Fig D 2 dly delay Computes time between the 50 level of two sources Time between midpoint transition of two sources t lv t at level Computes the transition between selected levels or sources Time between transition levels of two sources or from trigger to transition level of a single so...

Страница 261: ... and minimum giving less predictable results however f level Fall at level Duration of pulse waveform s falling edges between transition levels Duration of falling edge between transition levels On signals NOT having two major levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example top and base can default to maximum and minimum giving less predictable results however Fall time Measures the time between tw...

Страница 262: ...rsor Cursors are interchangeable for example the right cursor may be moved to the left of the left cursor and first will give the location of the cursor formerly on the left now on the right maximum Measures the highest point in the waveform Unlike top it does NOT assume that the waveform has two levels Highest value in waveform between cursors See Fig D 1 Gives similar result when applied to a ti...

Страница 263: ...eform must contain at least one rising edge On signals NOT having two major levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example it may NOT give predictable results period The period of a cyclic signal measured as the time between every other pair of 50 crossings Starting with the first transition after the left cursor the period is measured for each transition pair with values averaged to give a final ...

Страница 264: ...o major levels triangle or saw tooth waves for example top and base can default to maximum and minimum giving less predictable results however Rise time Measuresthe time betweentwo specified valueson a waveform srisingedge 10 90 Rise timesforeach edgeare averaged to give a final result Arguments Threshold Remote Lower Limit Upper Limit Default Lower low 1 45 10 Upper high 55 99 90 rise Threshold a...

Страница 265: ... level The time from trigger t 0 to crossing at a specified level Time from trigger to crossing level top Higheroftwomostprobablestates thelower being base Thisischaracteristicofrectangular waveformsandrepresentsthehighermost probablestatedeterminedfromthestatistical distributionof datapointvaluesinthewaveform Value of most probable higher state See Fig D 1 Gives similar result when applied to tim...

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Страница 267: ...re given on the following pages Your PC screen indicates the model name and serial number of the instrument being used Format Header Format includes some form of header before the data Time Values Format stores time values with each amplitude value Amplitude Values Format stores amplitude values Sequence Times Header contains sequence time information for each sequence segment Multi Segment Format...

Страница 268: ...example was created using Microsoft Excel for Windows A waveform stored in Spreadsheet format may be read into Microsoft Excel using the File Open window Excel will now ask for more information about the file type Ensure that the Delimited option is selected in the first step of the Wizard ...

Страница 269: ... K ISSUED December 1999 6 5 6 6 DYHIRUP SRUW The next step allows the specific delimiter to be specified The Spreadsheet format generated by the instrument uses a comma to delimit columns Ensure that this is selected ...

Страница 270: ... ISSUED December 1999 LCXXX OM E Rev K SSHQGL The third and final step allows the format of the columns to be specified The general format for each column should be used this is the default ...

Страница 271: ...LCXXX OM E Rev K ISSUED December 1999 6 5 6 6 DYHIRUP SRUW After you click the Finish button a display similar to that following should appear ...

Страница 272: ... ISSUED December 1999 LCXXX OM E Rev K SSHQGL ...

Страница 273: ...ber 1999 6 5 6 6 DYHIRUP SRUW 3ORWWLQJ D DYHIRUP Plotting the data from a waveform requires the use of a scatter plot based on the data in the first two columns with the first column used as the X values from Row 6 in this example ...

Страница 274: ... row of the data for a given segment or the trigger time of a given segment SegmentStartRow DesiredSegment D2 B2 5 SegmentEndRow SegmentStartRow D2 1 TrigTime INDIRECT ADDRESS DesiredSegment 3 2 4 TimeSinceFirstTrig INDIRECT ADDRESS DesiredSegment 3 3 4 Plotting the data from all segments using a scatter plot will result in all segments overlaid similar to the oscilloscope s display of sequence tr...

Страница 275: ... examples were created using MathSoft s MathCad for Windows On this page the procedure for reading and graphing a file for a single segment is shown The example on page E 10 is for multiple segments 6LQJOH 6HJPHQW This single segment example is valid for MathCad Versions 3 1 to 7 ...

Страница 276: ...K SSHQGL 0XOWL 6HJPHQW DPSOH The following MathCad example demonstrates how to extract data from a given segment The data used for this example consisted of two segments of three samples each allowing the entire imported matrix to be shown ...

Страница 277: ...d using MathWorks MATLAB Version 4 2c 1 for Windows Reading and graphing a waveform in MATLAB may be achieved with two simple commands as the following example shows The first command loads the file into a matrix which is automatically named after the file The second command plots this matrix ...

Страница 278: ...n when the file is written scopeid scopeserial Segments numseg SegmentSize numpts Segment TrigTime TimeSinceFirstSegment 1 trigtime 1 0 0 numseg trigtime numseg trigdelta numseg Time Ampl Ampl1 x 0 y 0 y1 0 x 1 y 1 y2 0 x numgseg numpts y numseg numpts y1 numseg numpts Single Segment Example LECROYLC584AL LC58412345 Segments 1 SegmentSize 502 Segment Trig Time TimeSinceFirstSegment 1 21 Mar 1990 9...

Страница 279: ... 1 05 0 0 2 05 Dual Array Example LECROYLC584AL LC58412345 Segments 1 SegmentSize 502 Segment Trig Time TimeSinceFirstSegment 1 21 Mar 1990 9 37 08 0 0 Time Ampl 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 1RWH À The basic structure of the Spreadsheet format is a header containing scope identification information followed by a block containing trigger times for multi segment waveforms followed by the data itself À Th...

Страница 280: ...umpts Segment TimeSinceFirstSegment 1 0 0 numseg trigdelta numseg Time Ampl Ampl1 x 0 y 0 y1 0 x 1 y 1 y1 1 x numgseg numpts y numseg numpts y1 numseg numpts Single Segment Example LECROYLC584AL LC58412345 23 March 90 12 44 23 1 502 Segment TimeSinceFirstSegment 1 0 0 Time Ampl 0 0 1 0 1 2 ...

Страница 281: ...ted for MathCad is very similar to the Spreadsheet format but with some differences due to the way MathCad interprets the header information À One of the most important of these is that the absolute trigger time is only given for the first segment with relative times in units of seconds included for each segment À Another difference is that the scope identification and trigger time are wrapped in ...

Страница 282: ...ts Single Segment Example 1 0 1 1 1 2 4 5 1RWHV À The MATLAB format is simple without header information and having amplitude values only À Multiple segments will be appended without a separator À Only one value from the pair of amplitude values present in a dual array will be stored ...

Страница 283: ...6 2 7 11 Auto Scroll 10 8 AUTO SCROLL menus 10 8 AUTO SETUP 4 2 4 7 A 7 Autocalibration 2 2 12 19 A 11 Auto Combine Mode 7 7 Automatic 7 7 Automatic Recalibration 12 19 autoprint 12 3 Autosetup A 7 Auto Store 12 9 13 2 Average A 9 Average Setup 10 10 Averaging B 3 Background 11 2 11 21 12 2 BACKSPACE 12 16 12 17 Bandwidth A 1 Bandwidth Limiter A 3 Bandwidth Limiting BWL 5 3 5 6 Base D 1 D 2 D 5 Ba...

Страница 284: ...nformity 1 3 3 1 A 12 Continuous Averaging 10 3 10 10 Controls Menu buttons and knobs 4 2 COPY FILES 12 18 Copy from 11 22 COPY SCHEME 11 22 COPY TEMPLATE TO 12 14 COPY TEMPLATE TO FLPY 12 13 Copying Color Schemes 11 22 Copying files between storage media 12 10 Coupling 5 3 8 5 8 36 8 38 8 43 8 45 A 5 COUPLING button 5 2 Cursors Absolute 14 1 14 2 14 5 A 10 Amplitude 14 1 color 11 21 Difference 14...

Страница 285: ...11 13 general 11 7 XY 11 16 DISPLAY SETUP 11 1 11 14 11 18 Displayed Trace Label 4 9 10 3 10 20 Distortion FFT C 4 DO COPY 12 18 DO RECALL 13 4 13 5 14 21 15 3 DO STORE 13 2 DOS See UTILITIES Mass Storage Dot Join A 8 Dropout Trigger 8 28 8 42 A 6 Dual Grid 11 9 Duration D 7 Duty D 7 Dynamic Range improving it C 6 Earth 3 2 3 3 ECL TTL 5 3 Edge menu 8 45 Edge Trigger 8 1 8 2 8 5 8 8 8 34 Edge Trig...

Страница 286: ...19 First D 8 FLASH UPDATE 12 22 Floor 10 12 in extrema waveforms 10 3 Floppy Disk 12 7 12 9 12 10 12 11 12 12 12 13 12 15 13 1 13 2 13 5 14 21 15 1 15 2 A 11 FLPY UTIL 12 12 for Math use max points menu 10 19 C 9 format 12 2 Format 12 3 FORMAT FLPY 12 13 Format Hard Disk 12 14 Frequency 11 7 12 1 12 23 B 2 C 1 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 9 C 12 C 15 C 20 D 8 Frequency bins C 18 Frequency Range C 18 Frequency Re...

Страница 287: ...1 Interleaving 7 2 Internal Memory 13 1 13 4 13 5 15 1 Internal Printer Setup 12 3 Interpolator Resolution A 5 Interval Trigger 8 12 8 13 8 14 8 15 8 16 8 38 Landscape 12 3 Last D 8 Leading Edge D 2 Leakage C 5 C 11 C 19 Level 14 13 LEVEL 6 4 8 1 level menu 14 13 LINE 8 4 LOAD CHANGES NOW 12 4 Lobes C 2 C 5 C 17 C 19 Log 12 20 Low Frequency Triggering 8 5 Low pass Filtering B 2 B 4 C 6 0 Magnitude...

Страница 288: ...0 8 MULTI ZOOM AUTO SCROLL 10 6 1 Neutral Color 11 21 use in Measurement Gate Highlighting 11 4 NEW DIRECTORY 12 17 New Directory on Card 12 17 Noise Reduction 10 3 B 2 B 6 NORM 6 2 7 11 10 3 Number of points 7 6 C 14 C 19 Nyquist Frequency 10 19 10 20 B 2 C 4 C 5 C 9 C 12 C 19 2 Objects displaying them 11 1 11 2 Octal Grid 11 12 Offset behavior 5 3 7 11 12 1 12 19 OFFSET knob 5 1 Offset Range A 1...

Страница 289: ... Effect C 4 C 20 plot size 12 2 Plotters 12 2 A 11 Points D 9 Pollution Degree 3 1 A 12 Portrait 12 3 POSITION 9 2 10 6 Post Trigger 6 3 A 5 Power 3 3 A 11 Power Average C 16 Power Averaging 10 14 Power Density 10 13 C 10 C 16 Power Density Spectrum C 4 C 20 Power On Self Test 3 3 Power Requirements 3 2 Power Spectrum 10 13 C 4 C 10 C 16 C 20 Power off 3 1 Power on 3 1 Precise Timing Measurements ...

Страница 290: ... Rise 20 80 D 10 Rise at Level D 10 Rise time 14 9 D 2 D 10 Rising edge 14 13 Roll Mode 7 1 7 3 AUTO 6 2 NORM 6 2 SNGL 6 3 STOP 6 1 Roof 10 12 in extrema waveforms 10 3 Root Mean Square rms 14 8 D 2 D 11 RS232 Cabling 12 3 RS 232 C 4 6 RS 232 C Connector Pin Assignments 12 5 RS 232 C Port 12 5 A 11 Runt Trigger 8 30 8 31 8 45 A 7 6 Safety 3 1 A 12 Sample Clock 7 6 7 8 7 10 Sample rate increasing i...

Страница 291: ...6 8 17 8 18 8 19 8 20 8 21 8 23 8 26 8 28 8 30 8 31 8 32 8 33 8 35 8 36 8 37 8 38 8 39 8 40 8 41 8 42 8 43 8 44 8 45 8 46 A 6 SMARTMemory A 4 SNGL 6 2 Software version information 16 2 Source Trace 10 7 Sources A 5 Special Modes 7 11 12 1 12 19 Spectral Analysis 10 18 B 2 C 1 C 2 Spectral Power Averaging C 6 C 7 Spreadsheet 13 3 E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4 E 7 E 8 E 12 E 13 Standard Deviation 14 8 D 11 Standa...

Страница 292: ...railing Edge D 2 Transient signals C 1 C 11 Transparent Mode 11 1 11 3 11 20 TRIGGER 6 1 Trigger Amplitude 8 4 Trigger Comparator A 6 Trigger Configuration field 4 9 Trigger Controls 8 1 Trigger Coupling 8 4 8 34 8 36 8 38 8 45 8 46 Trigger Delay 4 9 6 3 7 1 8 28 8 41 8 44 14 9 Trigger Events 8 8 8 34 8 40 Trigger Holdoff 8 43 Trigger Hold off 8 5 8 34 Trigger Level 6 4 8 1 8 4 8 8 8 17 8 43 14 13...

Страница 293: ...4 7 Wait 8 44 Warnings 3 2 Warnings Color 11 21 Warranty 1 1 A 12 Waveform and Text intensity 11 13 Waveform Mathematics 10 2 10 5 10 6 Waveform Processing 10 5 A 9 C 1 C 7 C 11 C 12 C 14 C 17 C 18 Waveform Recall 13 4 13 5 WAVEFORM RECALL 4 5 Waveform Status 16 4 Waveform Store 13 1 13 3 Weight A 12 Which files 12 18 Width 8 36 8 37 8 46 D 11 Window Pattern Trigger 8 19 Window Trigger 8 8 with 8 ...

Страница 294: ... S r l Venice 41 456 9700 Japan LeCroy Japan Corp Osaka 6 396 0961 Tokyo 3 3376 9400 Tsukuba 298 41 5810 Korea LeCroy Korea Ltd 2 3452 0400 Mexico Electroingenieria de Precision SA 559 7677 New Zealand PhilipsTestandMeasurement 649 8494 160 Norway Avantec AS 22 76 38 70 Pakistan Electro Tech Corp Ltd 21 493 9593 5171 Portugal M T Brandao Lda 2 830 27 09 Singapore Abex Eng Ltd 841 2818 South Africa...

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