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scanners & digital camera
• Display (mntr) profi les – for monitors
• Output (prtr) profi les – for printers & video
recorders
The second category gathers profi les designed for
special purposes:
• Device Link (link) profi les used for specifi c direct
connection of devices
• Color space conversion (spac) profi les used for
conversion between color spaces
• Named color (nmcl) profi les used for specifi c spot
colors such as Pantone
• Abstract (abst) profi les for abstract spaces
All device profi les (except scanner profi les, which
only support conversion from device to PCS) are
bidirectional: they gather information to convert from
device to PCS and vice versa.
Each profi le contains multiple tables referred to as
“tags”. AtoB tags translate from the device space to
the PCS; BtoA tags translate from the PCS (L*a*b* or
XYZ) to the device space. There is a pair of AtoB and
BtoA tags for each rendering intent. These are used
by the CMM to set up correspondence between any
compatible ICC profi les. As a complete RGB table
has more than 16 million rows, a profi le containing
them all would be too large (several megabytes).
Therefore, the CMM performs an interpolation of the
table.
Device profi le information can be gathered in two ways:
• Using algorithms based on matrices and
linearization curves called Matrix Profi les
• Using lookup tables called LUT Profi les
(or Table Profi les)
ICC profi les, apart from abstract (abst) and device
link profi les (link), can be embedded into images
and saved in most image fi le formats (EPS, TIFF, GIF,
etc…) to be easily used in the color management
workfl ow.
4. Rendering Intent
refers to the way the CMM
(Color Management Module) handles out-of-gamut
colors during a conversion from one color space to
another.
The ICC specifi cation defi nes four different rendering
intents: Perceptual, Relative Colorimetric, Saturation
and Absolute Colorimetric.
Because each device can reproduce a certain range
of colors, a specifi c gamut is described in its ICC
profi le. When printing a document displayed on a
monitor, for instance, the gamut of the original fi le
(source) has to fi t to the color space of the output
device or printer (destination). The rendering intent
determines how the CMM will translate colors from
one device to another. It is based on the concept of
Gamut Mapping.
There are two main techniques for mapping out of
gamut colors:
• Gamut compression compresses the range of colors
that are out-of-gamut into the destination gamut
• Gamut clipping maps all out-of-gamut source
colors to the closest colors within the destination
COLOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS)
The International Color Consortium (ICC) defi nes an
open standard for a Color Matching Module (CMM)
at the operating system level and color profi les (ICC
profi les) for devices and working spaces. Operating
systems provide a built-in framework—Apple
ColorSync on Mac or ICM (Image Color Management)
on Windows—for implementing and handling these
device profi les. Color measurement instruments are
used with CMS and CMS-supported software to
gather important data included in device profi les and
to periodically monitor and adjust device performance.
The Color Management System as defi ned by the
ICC is based on four main elements:
1. A Color Matching Module
2. A Profi le Connection Space
3. Color Profi les
4. A Rendering Intent
1. A Color Matching Module (CMM)
is a software
engine embedded in a graphic application’s
software, operating system, and hardware driver. The
CMM addresses tables within profi les—describing
how conversion should occur.Depending on the OS
and software used, several CMMs are available.
Adobe, Apple, Kodak, Heidelberg and other
manufacturers provide their own CMMs. This is
due to the fact that ICC is an open standard, which
explains why the same transformation can produce
different results if carried out by two different CMMs.
2. A Profi le Connection Space (PCS)
is the device-
independent standard reference space into or out of
which color data is transformed. It is either L*a*b*
or CIE XYZ, and is the universal translator—allowing
color space conversion to be carried out from source
to destination color spaces. AtoB and BtoA tags
(tables) contained in the profi les are used in a PCS to
translate source into destination.
3. Color Profi les (ICC Profi les)
are small digital fi les
containing a description of how a particular device
reproduces color. They also describe the device’s
color space to the color management system. Profi les
are obtained by performing calibration and profi ling
with ICC-compatible tools (such as LaCie blue eye
pro). They also contain other information, such as
the preferred CMM, the preferred rendering intent,
the PCS used and the version. Multiple tables used
for color translation processes are also embedded in
the profi les.
The ICC recommends 7 different types of profi les,
which are classifi ed into 2 categories.
The fi rst category contains the device profi les:
• Input (scnr) profi les – specially designed for
As mentioned in preceding LaCie White Papers, the wide variety of imaging devices available today
makes it very diffi cult for a document created on one device to be rendered correctly on another.
The use of an effi cient Color Management System (CMS) is the most accurate answer to this problem.
Gammut
Compression
Gammut
Clipping
Gamut Mappings methods compared
Two Color Management Policies
Above: Without CMS; Below: With CMS
