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Compressor

Square ONE Dynamics

25

Hard knee and soft knee

The point where the slope of the compressor curve changes is knows as the

knee

. The Square ONE Dynamics

can be set to operate as either a hard knee or soft knee compressor (each one being either vintage or RMS);
the effects of both can be seen in Figure 13 “Hard knee and soft knee graphs”.

In hard knee mode the compressor operates as soon as the input signal reaches threshold level, imposing the
new ratio - selected via the

RATIO

control knob - on the signal. This mode is useful as a brick wall limiter,

which stops transients without affecting the lower level signals. It can also be used at lower ratio levels so
that the compression slope is not too narrow and none of the compressive

punch

is lost.

Figure 13: Hard knee and soft knee graphs

Soft knee compression gives a more gradual transition between up to ratio change over at threshold. The
ratio value of signals approaching threshold increase exponentially in proportion to the input signal level. At
threshold the ratio level becomes that selected via the

RATIO

control knob. Soft knee is useful on high-ratio

compression or limiting, as it less obtrusive than hard knee.

The difference in the effect produced by hard knee and soft knee compression is more noticeable at higher
ratios.

Side chains

Each channel of the Square ONE Dynamics has a side chain input for the compressor. In normal use, the
amount of compression or expansion is related to the dynamics of the input signal. The side chain allows the
signal passing through the unit to be controlled by the dynamics of another separate signal.

Connection to the side chain input is made via the rear panel jack sockets, see “Connecting the audio cables”
on page 8.

Increasing input signal level

1:1

10:1

Hard knee

Soft knee

10:1

Increasing input signal level

1:1

Threshold

Threshold

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tput s

ign

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Содержание square one dynamics

Страница 1: ...dynamics operator manual ...

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Страница 3: ...il klarkteknik info uk telex com Website www ktsquareone com Square ONE Dynamics Equaliser Operator Manual DOC02 SQ1DYNAMIC Issue A December 2005 Telex Communications UK Limited In line with the company s policy of continual improvement specifications and function may be subject to change without notice This Operators Manual was correct at the time of writing E OE ...

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Страница 5: ... openings Install in accordance with the manufacturers instructions 8 Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators heat registers stoves or other apparatus including amplifiers that produce heat 9 Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding type plug A polarized plug has two blades with one wider than the other A grounding type plug has two blades and a third grounding...

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Страница 7: ...hich must be observed when these products are taken into service to maintain compliance with the above directives Details of these special measures and limitations to use are available on request and are available in product manuals Company registration No 2414018 A Subsidiary of Telex Communications Inc Product Type Number Product Description Nominal Voltage s Current Freq Square ONE Dynamics Ana...

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Страница 9: ...atures___________________________________________ 6 Getting started______________________________________ 7 Unpacking 7 Checking the mains fuse 7 Installation 7 Connecting the power cable 7 Connecting the audio cables 8 Channel I O pin outs 8 Side chain EXT KEY inputs 9 Connecting to unbalanced equipment 10 Powering up the unit 10 Front panel________________________________________ 11 Rear panel _...

Страница 10: ...e 25 Side chains 25 De essing 26 Gate _____________________________________________ 27 Principles of gate operation 27 Creative use 27 Gate operation 28 Threshold 28 Attack 28 Release 29 Range 29 Intelligent threshold shift i TS 29 Music PA 29 Conference PA 29 Interfacing with the console 30 Using gates with compressors 31 Instrument synchronisation 32 Envelope shaping 32 Gating vocals 33 Applicat...

Страница 11: ...ed unbalanced audio __________________________ 37 Balanced audio 37 Principles of balanced audio 37 Connecting balanced and unbalanced equipment 38 Technical specification_______________________________ 39 Crib sheet_________________________________________ 41 Service information _________________________________ 42 Routine maintenance 42 Cleaning the unit 42 Checking replacing the mains fuse 42 ...

Страница 12: ...Contents iv Square ONE Dynamics ...

Страница 13: ... gating for creative and corrective applications and channel linking for stereo or multi channel operation Your Square ONE Dynamics forms an integral part of the Square ONE range which was conceived by Klark Teknik to offer audio professionals a suite of easily accessible high performance audio equipment designed to provide no compromise sonic quality with a feature set that offers all essential f...

Страница 14: ...ard do not expose the equipment to rain or moisture To avoid electrical shock do not remove covers Refer servicing to qualified personnel only The power supplies even the DC ones have a high current General precautions The following information gives basic safety precautions that should be observed to reduce the risk of fire electric shock and personal injury Only properly trained service personne...

Страница 15: ...d out by approved service engineers We strongly recommend that for safety and to optimise the life and performance of the equipment the mains cable plug is removed from the power outlet when the equipment is not to be used for extended periods of time or during electrical storms When removing the equipment s electric plug from an outlet always hold the plug itself and not the cable Pulling out the...

Страница 16: ...nstall the equipment in places of poor ventilation Do not install this equipment in a location subjected to excessive heat dust or mechanical vibration Allow for adequate ventilation around the equipment making sure that its vents are not obstructed To prevent excessive heating of the equipment avoid mounting it directly above power amplifiers or other devices that radiate significant amounts of h...

Страница 17: ...chnician for help Electric fields Caution In accordance with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Regulations changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Should this product be used in an electromagnetic field that is amplitude modulated by an audio frequency signal 20Hz to 20kHz the signal to noise ratio may ...

Страница 18: ...r gate Compressor can operate in RMS or peak sensing type vintage modes Each mode has hard knee or soft knee options The vintage mode emulates the performance of old classic valve type compressors Other types of compression available are Lo Q wide bandwidth frequency conscious compressor Hi Q narrow bandwidth frequency conscious compressor also known as a de esser Limiter Intelligent threshold shi...

Страница 19: ... fuse Before installing the equipment you need to make sure that the mains fuse fitted is of the correct type and rating for your unit To do this refer to Service information on page 42 Installation This unit is designed for mounting in any 19 EIA standard rack Four rack mount holes in the front panel are provided for rack mounting and are designed to fully support the weight of the unit in the ra...

Страница 20: ...balancing see Balanced unbalanced audio on page 37 Channel I O pin outs Unbalanced I O 1 3 2 1 3 2 Female XLR Male XLR Pin 2 Hot signal Pin 1 Screen Ground Pin 3 Cold signal Pin 3 Cold signal Balanced I O Pin 2 Hot signal Pin 1 Screen Ground Pin 2 Hot signal Pin 1 Screen Ground not connected at unbalanced end Pin 3 Ground at unbalanced end Pin 3 Ground at unbalanced end Pin 2 Hot signal Pin 1 Scre...

Страница 21: ...rs Inserting a mono jack plug will automatically unbalance the input Figure 1 Side chain EXT KEY input connection details Figure 2 1 4 TRS connector wiring details Female XLR Tip Ring Sleeve Tip Sleeve Ring Female XLR 1 2 3 Console To EXT KEY socket rear of Square ONE Dynamics unit Sleeve ground shield Tip hot Ring Cold Strain relief clamp ...

Страница 22: ...balanced connection to the common ground terminal on the unbalanced connector Connect the ground pin 1 of the balanced connection to the common ground terminal on the unbalanced connector Figure 3 Insert send return 1 4 TRS connector XLRs wiring details Powering up the unit To power up the unit switch on the power at the mains power outlet The POWER LED on the front of the unit will illuminate to ...

Страница 23: ...control knobs please refer to Technical specification on page 39 All of the switches on the front panel are of the latching pushbutton type and have two positions in and out as shown in the diagram right To clearly identify switch settings switches that enable disable functions for example the GATE switch are described as enabled when the switch is set to the in position and disabled when set to t...

Страница 24: ...ressor to recover or the gate to close after the programme material falls back below threshold depending on which is selected 6 RATIO RANGE control knob Adjusts the amount of compression ratio or gain reduction range applied to signals below threshold depending on which is selected 7 Blue POWER LED Illuminates to indicate that mains power is being applied to the unit 8 FILTER switch Used in conjun...

Страница 25: ...n output SIP mode 15 ATTEN DEPTH meter dB Dedicated attenuation depth gain reduction meter that displays the amount of attenuation being applied by the compressor or gate depending on which mode is selected The meter comprises 10 LEDs scaled from 2dB to 20dB in 2dB increments The compressor gain control will not affect the gain reduction meter reading 16 HARD KNEE switch Used in combination with t...

Страница 26: ...AUSE HARMFUL INTERFERENCE AND 2 THIS DEVICE MUST ACCEPT ANY INTERFERENCE RECEIVED INCLUDING INTERFERENCE THAT MAY CAUSE UNDESIRED OPERATION FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST RISK OF ATTENTION CAUTION FIRE REPLACE WITH THE SAME TYPE AND VALUE FUSE INDICATED REMPLACER PAR UN FUSIBLE DE MÊME TYPE COMME INDIQUÉ RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE REFER SERVICING TO QUALI...

Страница 27: ... nominal mains voltage is in the range 100V AC to 240V AC 2 Fuse drawer Contains the mains fuse at the rear of a two compartment drawer The front compartment provides room for a spare Always replace the mains fuse with the same type and rating see Checking replacing the mains fuse on page 42 for details 3 Supply voltage and fuse specifications Details of the supply voltage and the mains fuse are p...

Страница 28: ...ible in audio equipment is not required in practice for comfortable listening A sound pressure level SPL of 96dB would in a domestic environment almost certainly annoy the neighbours While at the other end of the dynamic scale a typical ambient noise level of at least 40dB SPL makes it impossible to use very quiet levels in recorded or broadcast sound media So it is almost always necessary to comp...

Страница 29: ...25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 0dB 0dB 0dB 0dB 0dB 0dB 0dB 0dB 16k 16k 16k 16k 16k 16k 16k 16k 40Hz 40Hz 40Hz 40Hz 40Hz 40Hz 40Hz 40Hz 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 2s 2s 2s 2s 2s 2s 2s 2s RANGE RANGE RANGE RANGE RANGE RANGE RANGE RANGE d...

Страница 30: ...s output will be taken from the last unit in the chain Units with SIP enabled do not apply signal to the solo bus The signal from the solo bus input XLR to the solo bus output XLR always operates even when the unit is in SIP mode External key For most applications the Square ONE Dynamics is triggered by the level of the incoming signal Sometimes it can be useful to use a different signal to trigge...

Страница 31: ...ly As shown in the typical example in Figure 8 Compression signal level graphs the unprocessed signal has a large dynamic range between the highest and lowest levels Applying compression reduces the highest levels thus reducing the dynamic range while leaving the signal below threshold relatively unaltered Because the peak level of the signal is now lower make up gain is added to restore the origi...

Страница 32: ...d keeping the sound reasonably natural but without any modification of the envelope occurring Thus attacks are a little more aggressive but the adaptive nature of the RMS detection is still allowed to operate to its fullest extent This mode is good for natural sounding limiting of speech Compressor hard knee and vintage With the VINTAGE and HARD KNEE switches both switched in the compressor operat...

Страница 33: ...set up the compressor for Hi Q operation activate the side chain filter for narrow bandwidth by enabling the FILTER and NARROW switches then select the required frequency using the SIDE CHAIN FREQUENCY control knob Limiter A limiter is essentially an extreme form of compressor that only affects signals above a selected threshold level dB This is particularly useful for limiting only peaks in the s...

Страница 34: ... but may still be affected by compression releases from previous over threshold signals If the compressor is being used as a limiter the threshold level is the level at which the limiter begins to operate Attack Attack sets the time it takes for the compressor to respond once the threshold has been exceeded Attack may be set so that the initial transient of the instrument passes through unaltered ...

Страница 35: ...me will mean that the gain will stay at its reduced level only recovering gradually see Figure 11 Compression fast and slow release signal envelope graphs Figure 11 Compression fast and slow release signal envelope graphs The setting of the correct release time is a compromise If is too short background noise can cause effects often known as breathing and pumping A release time that is too long re...

Страница 36: ...rom the graphs in Figure 12 Compression ratio graphs of 2 1 and 12 1 the higher the ratio the greater the effect Figure 12 Compression ratio graphs of 2 1 and 12 1 At a compression ratio of up to 2 1 the effect is mild and suitable for the subtle compression of vocals or of a complete mix At 3 1 compression is becoming stronger and more noticeable Ratios between 3 1 and 5 1 are suitable for the co...

Страница 37: ...ual transition between up to ratio change over at threshold The ratio value of signals approaching threshold increase exponentially in proportion to the input signal level At threshold the ratio level becomes that selected via the RATIO control knob Soft knee is useful on high ratio compression or limiting as it less obtrusive than hard knee The difference in the effect produced by hard knee and s...

Страница 38: ... is held too close to the singer s mouth The de essing compression technique can be used to remove these sounds and also to compensate for a boomy bass or other situations where a band of frequencies is occasionally obtrusive For de essing we recommend that you set the side chain frequency to about 10kHz While towards the other end of the frequency range an initial setting of 100Hz would be a good...

Страница 39: ...y sophisticated organ for processing incoming audio information the brain Even in situations where there are many sound sources we seem to be able to tune in on the sounds we want to hear and reject others This is sometimes known as the cocktail party effect where it is possible to pick out one person s voice even at a distance from may conflicting conversations The microphone is less selective in...

Страница 40: ...epth using the RANGE control knob and use the side chain filter to tune the gate to open at a selected frequency in wide or narrow modes The attack characteristic of the gate is exponential which ensures that even at extremely fast attack settings the attack envelope seamlessly blends into the audio waveform This prevents the creation of any undesirable audio artifacts clicks Threshold This is the...

Страница 41: ...or the next gate opening This improved decision making ensures that gating is rock solid and attacks start instantly and consistently even on signals that go slightly over threshold i TS is particularly useful for low frequency material and instruments with oscillating or unpredictable decay envelopes Music PA The more microphones mics there are in a public address PA system the more background no...

Страница 42: ...Square ONE Dynamics may if desired be connected via an auxiliary send and return but if the aux send on your console is post EQ then operation of the EQ will alter the overall signal level and the Threshold level of the Square ONE Dynamics will probably need adjustment Another alternative is connection to the group insert point of the console This is useful when many inputs are mixed down to a sma...

Страница 43: ...ineers prefer to connect the gate after the compressor This reduces any slight noise produced by the compressor itself but since the dynamic range of the signal is less when it leaves the compressor setting the correct threshold level may take a little longer Alternatively the uncompressed signal may be parallelled to the external side chain input and this external key used to trigger the gate Fig...

Страница 44: ...d is possible using the Square ONE Dynamics The synthesiser is set up to provide continuous sustained notes changing according to the harmony of the song perhaps being processed by a chorus unit before passing through the gate A drum machine or sequencer is programmed to produce a regular chain of 8th or 16th notes This is used as the key input to the Square ONE Dynamics an alternative source of 8...

Страница 45: ...ing vocals In a recording studio vocals usually need to be gated to remove studio ambience headphone noise breaths etc This is best done after the vocal has been committed to the recording medium otherwise it may be possible to gate out accidentally something which should have been recorded If gating is carried out as the vocal is being recorded it is important not to gate the signal before it is ...

Страница 46: ...ound Try aggressive compression after ok ing it with the musicians on electric and bass guitars use RMS and soft knee mode default for adaptive compression or try the vintage mode to add colour Electronic instruments Electronic keyboards sound modules and PC audio typically have their audio already compressed If you are using your Square ONE Dynamics s compressor for automatic level control betwee...

Страница 47: ...ut gates the noise rather that closing abruptly Please don t be tempted to set extremely fast attack times this is an electronic instrument so we want to avoid ultra fast transients that is the high energy peak at the beginning of waveforms Try setting the side chain filter so that gate is more sensitive to the frequency spectrum of the instrument Most noise problems will have a predominantly high...

Страница 48: ...INK TO DYN 3 LINK TO DYN 3 LINK TO DYN 3 LINK 1 2 INPUT PUSH 2 1 0 40 6 6 8 1 INPUT LEVEL EXT KEY dynamics INPUT PUSH 2 1 0 40 6 6 8 1 INPUT LEVEL EXT KEY SOLO BUS SOLO BUS INPUT PUSH OUTPUT SIDE CHAIN FREQUENCY 200 800 16k 40Hz THRESHOLD 15 50 25 15 ATTACK RELEASE GATE HOLD 2ms 0 03 0 3 2s 15 60 3 0dB RANGE THRESHOLD 15 50 25 15 ATTACK RELEASE GATE HOLD 2ms 0 03 0 3 2s 15 60 3 0dB RANGE COMP GAIN...

Страница 49: ...cs and typically employs connectors of the XLR and 1 4 TRS jack plug types No actual circuit can ever be perfectly balanced due to inherent differences in the signal paths caused by the fact that no two resistors or transistors are identical and the signal paths cannot exactly mirror one another So each circuit can only be balanced to a certain degree However the difference between a balanced and ...

Страница 50: ...s not balanced the cable itself can still be used if you don t use a CMR circuit afterwards but it will take up noise just like any ordinary cable An unbalanced audio signal entering a CMR circuit for example a mixer input will be cancelled out To turn a balanced signal into an unbalanced one without using a CMR circuit short the cold ve signal to ground However the resulting audio signal will be ...

Страница 51: ...Bu Typically 60dB at 1kHz SOLO BUS Output One Type Output impedance Maximum input level Signal drive capability Output balancing Analogue electronically balanced male XLR 60 Ohms 22dBu 600 Ohms Typically 40dB at 1kHz Performance Frequency response Dynamic range Noise floor 0 5dBu input to output 20Hz to 20kHz 117dB 22Hz to 22kHz unweighted 95dBu 22Hz to 22kHz unweighted Compressor Threshold Ratio ...

Страница 52: ...Klark Teknik reserves the right to alter the function or specification at any time without notice Power Requirements Voltage Frequency Consumption 100VAC to 240VAC 10 50Hz to 60Hz 35W Dimensions Height Width Depth 133 mm 5 25 3U high 483 mm 19 200 mm 7 7 8 Weight Net Shipping 4 4 kg 5 5 kg ...

Страница 53: ...B 30 20 THRESHOLD 15 50 25 15 15 60 3 0dB HARD KNEE VINTAGE FILTER SIDE CHAIN NARROW SOLO GATE BYPASS EXT KEY FREQUENCY 200 800 16k 40Hz 0 3 2s RANGE dynamics POWER SC SOLO IN PLACE LINK GATE HOLD ATTACK 1 RELEASE COMP MODE 2ms 2 1 0 40 6 6 8 1 INPUT LEVEL 8 1 6 1 4 1 2 0 1 2 4 6 8 20 DEPTH ATTEN 0 03 COMP GAIN 10 0dB 30 20 THRESHOLD 15 50 25 15 15 60 3 0dB HARD KNEE VINTAGE FILTER SIDE CHAIN NARR...

Страница 54: ...ins before cleaning Clean the unit using a dry lint free cloth Do not use harsh abrasives or solvents When cleaning the unit take great care not to damage control knobs pushbuttons etc Checking replacing the mains fuse The equipment must be independently isolated from the mains voltage supply before any attempt is made to change or check the protective fuse The fuse and its cover must always be re...

Страница 55: ......

Страница 56: ... Teknik Building Walter Nash Road Kidderminster Worcestershire DY11 7HJ England Tel 44 1562 741515 Fax 44 1562 745371 Email klarkteknik info uk telex com Website www ktsquareone com Be Heard 2005 Telex Communications Inc ...

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