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Содержание 5100

Страница 1: ..._ r lAN M ENGEL IBM 5100 APL Reference Manual DEC 1197T o o...

Страница 2: ...s IBM 5100 APL Reference Card GX21 9214 APL Language GC26 3847 Third Edition May 1976 This is a major revision of and obsoletes the previous edition SA21 9213 1 and Technical Newsletter SN21 0258 Chan...

Страница 3: ...2 I The ERASE Command 15 Primitive Mixed Functions 73 l The FNS Command 16 The p Function Shape Reshape Structure 75 I The LI B Command 16 The Function Rpvel Catenate Laminate 77 The LOA D Command 18...

Страница 4: ...2 Stop Contro I 154 CHAPTER 7 SUSPENDED FUNCTION EXECUTION 155 Suspension 155 State Ind icator 155 CHAPTER 8 TAPE AND PRINTER INPUT AND OUTPUT 158 Establishing a Variable to be Shared 158 Opening a Da...

Страница 5: ...board a w pe un d ind cator lights communicate informat on V mon tors eh ed sbP ds chesalloW the user to control the operations to the user I the s stem w perform fe tures I b le for the 5100 are an a...

Страница 6: ...e display are moyed up so that information can be entered on the two bottom lines again The top lines of the display are lost as the lines are moved off of the display screen SWITCHES The switches on...

Страница 7: ...ge CLEAR WS is displayed when the system is ready If the system does not display the message after 20 seconds press RESTART again If the system does not become ready after several attempts call your s...

Страница 8: ...G J RENUM REWIND CalcRes COpy APL l LOAD CIQ JCI D lVARS lOUTSELHREWIND DISPLAY DELETE INSERT OGJCDCDGJCDCDmCJCJOCD fI IJ I COCDCOOJCOwCDQO Shift Key CD OJ CD Q CD CD GJ rncoO GJCDGJQCDCDCIJOOOJCD J I...

Страница 9: ...hameric keyboard can also be entered using keys to the right of the numeric keys The keyboard contains some keys that perform operations in addition to those performed by a typewriter These keys are d...

Страница 10: ...processed by the system This key must be pressed for any input to be processed Command When this key is pressed and held pressing an alphameric key in the top row causes the APL command keyword or ch...

Страница 11: ...rk Backspace When this key is pressed once the cursor moves one position to the left When it is held down the cursor continues to move to the left When the cursor reaches position 1 on one input line...

Страница 12: ...isplay screen When this key is held down the lines continue to move down Copy Display CD If there is a 5103 Printer when the CMD key is held down and this key is pressed once all the information prese...

Страница 13: ...r 5 output is generated before th expression or function has completed execution In such cases even though the system is still processing data the IN PROCESS light goes off and the output is displayed...

Страница 14: ...tored Each file has a file header which con tains information about the file See the LI Bsystem command in this chapter for a description of the file header The system commands which are used to contr...

Страница 15: ...ace file headers Display the state indicator Display the state indicator and local names Display the number of symbols allowed and used in the active workspace Display the names of the global variable...

Страница 16: ...nation of terms and symbols used as parameters for system commands Device file number specifies the tape unit and file to be used The built in tape unit is tape unit 1 and the auxiliary tape unit is t...

Страница 17: ...number workspace ID is displayed The CONTI NUE command on the 5100 is similar in function and format to the SAVE command except as noted below and is distinguished from the CONTI NUE command on IBM A...

Страница 18: ...name of the workspace to be stored This name must match the workspace ID of both the active workspace and the file to be used on the tape unless the file is marked unused If the file is marked unused...

Страница 19: ...the file can no longer be read from the tape When the command is successfully completed DROPPED device file number file ID is displayed Syntax DROP device file number file ID where device file number...

Страница 20: ...that starts with an alphabetic character and contains no blanks This sequence of characters determines the starting point for an alphabetic listing The LIB Command The LIB command displays the file he...

Страница 21: ...e blocks of storage Number of unused contiguous 1024 byte blocks of storage in the file Number of defective records 512 byte blocks in the file an asterisk is displayed if there are more than nine def...

Страница 22: ...the system operation is interrupted and the active workspace is cleared Syntax LOAD device file number workspace 10 password where device file number is the number of the tape unit and the number of...

Страница 23: ...tape CLEAR is the value of DWA see Chapter 5 in a clear workspace ACTIVE is th value of DWA just before the contents of the active workspace are written to tape The formula for a data file data writt...

Страница 24: ...in communications mode APL is no longer available For more information on the communications feature or the serial I O adapter feature see IBM 5100 Communications Reference Manual SA21 9215 or IBM 510...

Страница 25: ...at file type 08 Copy the contents of one tape cartridge to another tape cartridge The customer support cartridge contains the following files File 1 The programs that copy or load IMFs and the program...

Страница 26: ...active workspace using the COPY command For example to copy the TRACE function into the active workspace COPY 5 APLAIDS AATRACE Note The PATCH command is not required for using the functions in file 5...

Страница 27: ...the copy operation is done Use the LlB command to determine what size the files should be marked The Copy IMF Tape program will issue prompting messages and wait for the user to respond to each messag...

Страница 28: ...m the tape Option 5 End of Job This option causes the APL language to be available again Option 6 Tape Recovery The Tape Recovery option allows the user to recover data from a file or files on which t...

Страница 29: ...ompleted COPI ED device file number workspace ID is displayed Notes 1 If the active workspace contains suspended functions objects cannot be copied into it 2 If the ATTN key is pressed during a PCOPY...

Страница 30: ...is displayed Notes 1 A clear workspace or a workspace with suspended function cannot be written on tape using the SAVE command however a workspace with suspended functions can be written to tape usin...

Страница 31: ...preceded by a colon This sequence of characters must be matched when the stored workspace is to be read back into the active workspace If no workspace ID or password is entered the password associate...

Страница 32: ...number of symbols allowed in the active workspace Each symbol allowed requires eight bytes of storage in the active workspace Notes 1 The number of symbols allowed is assigned in blocks of 21 therefor...

Страница 33: ...t any parameters device file number workspace ID is dis played When the WSID command is issued with parameters WAS device file number workspace ID is displayed Note The WSI D command only affects the...

Страница 34: ...sed but only the first 77 characters are significant to APL The assignment arrow is used to assign data to a variable LENGTHi 6 WIDTl lfo8 AREA LENGTHxWIDTH To display the value of a variable enter ju...

Страница 35: ...Range Numeric values in the 5100 can range from 7 237005577332262E75 to 7 237005577332262E75 The smallest numeric value the 5100 can use is 5 397604346934028E 79 Numeric Value Precision Numbers in th...

Страница 36: ...called a scalar It has no coordinates that is it can be thought of as a geometric point The follow ing are examples of scalars A I A Scalars can be used directly in calculations or can be assigned to...

Страница 37: ...used to generate an array is XpY where X is the shape of the array and Y represents the values for the elements of the array For the left argument X you enter a number for each coordinate to be gener...

Страница 38: ...the right argument in row order The rank of an array is the number of coordinates it has or the number of indices required to locate any element within that array Scalars are rank O Vectors have a ran...

Страница 39: ...s one dimension The result of the shape function is always a vector A 111 222 333 444 555 666 1 The shape of a matrix or N rank array is found the same way 123 M 2 3p1 2 3 1 5 6 M 5 6 M 2 3 i R 2 3 4...

Страница 40: ...useful when creating lists see Catenation in this chapter or when branching in a user defined function see Chapter 6 Following are some ways to generate empty arrays Assign 10 to a variable name to ge...

Страница 41: ...es the coordinate that will be expanded when A and B are joined If the coordinate is not specified the last coordinate is used When A and Bare matrices and I is 1 the first coordinate number of rows i...

Страница 42: ...Rr DR A I J B 38 A 10 20 30 40 50 60 B 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 A scalar can also be catenated to an array In the following example a scalar is catenated to a matrix Notice that the scalar is repeated...

Страница 43: ...3366B6 45e I 7 7l pPHONE 2 _7___________ The list of telephone numbers now contains two rows INDEXING You may not want to refer to the whole array but just to certain elements Referring to d nly certa...

Страница 44: ...st Z 3 I J I B 6 VALUE ErJ rJ D Z I 3 I I 1 B I b 0 Indices whatever is inside the brackets can be expressions provided that when those expressions are finally evaluated the results are values that re...

Страница 45: ...ld enter M 2 3J If you want to refer to the third and fourth elements in that row you would enter 8 Similarly to refer to the elements in column 4 rows 1 2 and 1 you would enter I f 8 L You can use th...

Страница 46: ...lons required is the rank of the array minus one If the correct number of semicolons is not specified RANK ERROR results 3 L Mt 5 LI p L2 pM Mr 6Jf 9 R NK ERROR M 6 t 9 You can change elements within...

Страница 47: ...operators that operate on the primitive functions Examples of the functions and operators are provided throughout this chapter for easy reference and are set up as they would appear on the display PRI...

Страница 48: ...is extended to each of the elements of B The shape of the result is the shape of B B 2 3p 3 2 1 0 1 2 B H 3 2 l 1 2 B 2 1 Dyadic Two Argument Form Plus A B The plus function results in the sum of the...

Страница 49: ...I 5 6 3 B 4 5 6 7 B 9 B 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 The Function Negation Minus Q Monadic One Argument Form Negation 8 The negation function changes the sign of the argument The argument can be a numeric scalar vec...

Страница 50: ...element array the shape of the result is the same as that of the other input argument The single element is applied to every element of the multielement array l 2 5 1 5 l B 2 3p1 2 3 5 6 B MB 2 I 0 1...

Страница 51: ...ars vectors or other arrays The arguments must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result 2x2 1 4 2 2...

Страница 52: ...Argument Form Divide A B The divide function result is the quotient when argument A is divided by argument B The arguments can be numeric scalars vectors or other arrays The arguments must be the sam...

Страница 53: ...r larger than the argument the argument is rounded up unless the argument already is an integer In this case the result is the same as the argument The argument can be a numeric scalar vector or other...

Страница 54: ...n less one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result 3 I r 1 0 6 j 1 1 3 r j o 4 If one argument is a scalar or a single element a...

Страница 55: ...ment is an array the function is extended to each of the elements 1 1 1 2 B 2 2pl 1 5 1 6 2 B 1 1 6 LB I 5 2 Note The result of the floor function depends on the OCT system variable see Chapter 5 for...

Страница 56: ...of the argument The argument can be a numeric scalar vector or other array The shape of the result is the same as that of the argument 1 00 9 7 9 100 3 3 If the argument is an array the function is e...

Страница 57: ...to argument B until a value between argument A and zero is reached 1 The arguments can be numeric scalar vectors or other arrays The arguments must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a s...

Страница 58: ...t of the array 1 2 3 Bi 2pO 1 2 13 B 1 7 389 1 7 1 8 5 20 08l Dyadic Two Argument Form Power A 8 The power function result is argument A raised to the power indicated by argument B The arguments can b...

Страница 59: ...828459045 The argument can be a non negative numeric scalar vector or other array The shape of the result is the same as that of the argument m2 7 1 B3 1 m O OBb If the argument is an array the functi...

Страница 60: ...argument is an array the function is extended to each element of the array 1 2 3 1 B 2 2 t 2 3 ll B B 11 16 9 1 24 8 6 28 52 1 2 66 Dyadic Two Argument Form Circular Ao B The circular function result...

Страница 61: ...yperbolic tangent of 8 tanh 8 Arcsin 8 Arccos 8 Arctan 8 Arccosh 8 Arctanh 8 If 8 is 45 0 here is how to solve for the sine cosine and tangent of 8 45 0 is equiva lent to pi radians divided by 4 B o 1...

Страница 62: ...pi divided by 6 H l c 6 B o 3 Sine of 30 0 Oe B o B660 3 4 Cosine of 30 0 B 20 I B o BI 603 Cosine of 30 0 Oc B O t ___________ Sine of 300 J If one argument is a scalar or a single element array the...

Страница 63: ...a positive numeric scalar vector or other array The shape of the result is the same as that of the argument p 24 l X2x3X4 24 1 2 4 5 l 6 21 1 120 The factorial function also works with decimal number...

Страница 64: ...gle element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result 2 l f 2 6 w y Z J Argument B x 11 J 5 0 3 1 The combinations of argument 8 taken 2 3 argument A 2 at a time 3 If one argument i...

Страница 65: ...g selected The argument can be a positive integral scalar vector or other array The shape of the result is the same as that of the argument 7300 202 30 3 5 7 9 2 I 4 6 6 5 1 1 76 6 6 6 If the argument...

Страница 66: ...rrays The arguments must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result 01 1 And Table 0 1 1 1 Operator 1...

Страница 67: ...ctors or other arrays The arguments must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result 1vO OvO o o 0 1 1v...

Страница 68: ...alues of the argu ment must be 1 or O The argument can be a scalar vector or other array The shape of the result is the same as that of the argument 1 o If the argument is an array the function is ext...

Страница 69: ...O The arguments can be scalars vectors or other arrays The arguments must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the sa...

Страница 70: ...or O The arguments can be scalars vectors or other arrays The arguments must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the...

Страница 71: ...nless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result o 2 0 o o 1 o 5 1 1 3 5 1 o 1 1 o o 1 If one argument is a scalar or a single...

Страница 72: ...one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result 0 5 1 65 321 1 65 321 1 1 I AI o A I B o 1 1 o I o o 0 If one argument is a scalar...

Страница 73: ...the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result L 65 2 1 I I 0 o I 12 5 I 1 23 o 5 1 o 1 0 If one argument is a scalar or a single element...

Страница 74: ...guments must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result 1 65 2 0 2 0 I 1 5 1 I 1 0 0 If one argument i...

Страница 75: ...must be the same shape unless one of the arguments is a scalar or any single element array Arguments of the same shape have the same shape result I I I 0 JIO o 5 1 1 o 0 If one argument is a scalar or...

Страница 76: ...ape have the same shape result Ot 5 1 o A t A I 5 I l 3t I 4 o 1 1 If one argument is a scalar or a single element array the shape of the result is the same as that of the other argument The single el...

Страница 77: ...73...

Страница 78: ...are rotated to the right A B General ized The coordinates of B interchanged as transpose specified by A A B Deal The number of elements specified by A are randomly selected from B without selecting t...

Страница 79: ...ap plied to a specific coordinate the operation takes place between corresponding ele ments in the specified coordinate For example assume you have a 3 rank array When the first coordinate planes is s...

Страница 80: ...y the elements are repeated If there are more elements in argument B than are required to fill the array only the required number of elements are used Argument A must be a nonnegative integer or vecto...

Страница 81: ...taken from argument B in row order Argument B can be a scalar vector or other array The resulting vector contains the same number of elements as argument B 1 2 3 1 5 6 7 8 A 2 2 2pl 2 3 5 6 7 8 A IA 1...

Страница 82: ...positive scalar or one element array If no index I is specified the last coordinate is used Matrices of unequal sizes can be joined providing the lengths of the coordinate not specified are the same...

Страница 83: ...e that is added al ways has a value or length of 2 The following chart shows the positions of a new coordinate in the shape vector see the following examples when two 3 by 3 matrices are laminated Ind...

Страница 84: ...3 I f I I 5 5 i 6 c 6 7 77 8 BB 9 99 pC 3 3 k II Shape Vector The following examples show the result when the two matrices in the preceding example are catenated instead of laminated AI lJB 1 2 5 1 5...

Страница 85: ...rdinate being acted on When argument B is a multidimensional array the I index entry is used to specify the coordinate that is acted on If the index entry is omitted the last coordinate columns is ass...

Страница 86: ...the same number of 1 s as the length of the argument B coordinate being acted on When argument B is an array the I index entry is used to specify the coordinate that is acted on If the index entry is...

Страница 87: ...the index value of the first occurrence appears first in the output The number of elements in the result is the same as the number of elements in the argument 3 1 I 1 2 I f 1 C 3 J 4tAt 6 2 5 I 1 4 2...

Страница 88: ...he vector have the same numeric value their position in the vector determines their order in the result the index value of the first occurrence appears first in the output The number of elements in th...

Страница 89: ...nd grade up function the grade down function is not the reverse of the grade up function A A J 10 8 7 5 3 3 2 2 1 A AJ 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 7 8 10 Note The result of the f function depends on the 010 system...

Страница 90: ...ment for each coordinate of argument B When argument A is positive the first elements of argument B are taken when argument A is negative the last elements are taken If argument A specifies more eleme...

Страница 91: ...gument B can be a vector or other array Argument A must be a scalar if argument B is a vector When argument B is an array argument A must have one element for each coordi nate of argument B When argum...

Страница 92: ...Index of A 1 8 The index of function result is the index of the first occurrence in argument A of the element s in argument B Argument A must be a vector Argument B can be a scalar vector or array The...

Страница 93: ...g the 0 symbol and the I symbol A special form of the function symbol is 9 formed by overstriking the 0 symbol and the symbol Monadic One Argument Form Reverse p I B or f B or aB The reverse function...

Страница 94: ...E EVIL 5 2 1 f 5 I SAVE MUCH M I E TIME MORE TIME SAVE MUCH MUCH BAVE TIME MORE EVAS HCUM EROM Et1IT EVAS HCUM EROM EMIT MORE TIME SAVE MUCH A 2 2 I p SAVEMUCHMORETIME A r I A The first coordinate pla...

Страница 95: ...r or single element array If argument B is a matrix then argument A must be a scalar or vector When argument A is a vector the number of elements in argument A must be the same as the number of elemen...

Страница 96: ...lH 1 lB 1 0 2 3 The first coordinate planes is specified 4 23 6 therefore the rotation is between planes 7 8 9 ArgUment A 19 1 1 1 2 The first element 0 0 13 16 1 1 25 If 7 1 10 1 3 1 6 19 1 I 1 1 1 c...

Страница 97: ...n reverses the coordinates of argument B Argument B can be any expression If argument B is a scalar or vector the argument is unchanged by the function ABCD ABeD B 2 B L 2 3 II 2 row 3 column matrix c...

Страница 98: ...pecified For example to transpose the rows and columns of a matrix argument A would be 2 1 Hf 2 3 I H I 2 I I J 6 1 I B 1 I J 11 AM 5 3 6 To transpose the rows and columns of a 3 rank three coordinate...

Страница 99: ...adic Two Argument Form Deal A B The deal function randomly selects numbers from 0 through 8 1 or 1 through 8 depending on the index origin without selecting the same number twice 80th arguments must b...

Страница 100: ...L Lt Ten units in each of these positions equals one unit of the next position to the left Argument B is a vector with these values 7 7 6 The result is the same as doing the following 1 x10 x10x10 x1...

Страница 101: ...ument is repeated to match the length of the other 10 L 3 2 5 325 j O 10 10 1 7 777 If argument A is a vector and argument B is a matrix argument A must have an element for each row of B B 2 3pl 5 2 7...

Страница 102: ...t hours minutes and second to all seconds 24 60 6011 30 15 5415 The following illustration shows how it was done Argument A number system 24 60 60 1 _________60 units minutes equals one unit of the ne...

Страница 103: ...t A Note Be sure argument A is long enough to completely represent argument B or an incorrect answer results For example the representation of 1776 in the decimal number system base 10 10 10 10 10r177...

Страница 104: ...lue of the leftmost position of argument A can be zero For example o 3 0 1 0 3 0 f177e 1 6 If both arguments are vectors the result is a matrix Each column in the result con tains the representation f...

Страница 105: ...2 1 3 20 10 5 A 3 2pl0 20 10 10 10 5 A B ArB tQA T B t The result can be transposed so that 1 2 3 each row represents the values of 2 3 argument B expressed in the number systems specified by argument...

Страница 106: ...column of argument A represents a number system 10 20 L 0 20 A 2 2pl0 20 A B B 88 2 9 1 88 77 66 77 66 ArB 7 n 17 Result of the number system in column 1 of argument A Result of the number system in c...

Страница 107: ...equals one unit of the next position to the left 60 units minutes equals one unit of the next position to the left 24 units hours equals one unit of the next position to the left Argument B 5415 seco...

Страница 108: ...elements of argument 8 and a 0 for every element that cannot be found The shape of the result is the same as the shape of argument A Arguments A and 8 can be any scalar vector or array l Z j 2 3 1 j...

Страница 109: ...is the inverse of a If the matrix does not have an inverse then DOMAIN ERROR results Af 2 2 1 3 5 A 1 3 EIA OMO B7 j o 3 7 0 625 0 125 l 2 3 6 Af 2 2 1 2 3 6 A I IA DOMAIN EI ROR Ij A If argument a i...

Страница 110: ...r equations with coefficient matrix B and right hand sides A 2 3 3 S 1 2 7 1 Af 8 3 Bf 2 2pl 2 3 1 AEiB B 2 2p3 j I 2 B If argument B is a square matrix and argument A is a matrix then the columns of...

Страница 111: ...nction evaluates and executes argument B as an APL expression Argument B can be any character scalar or vector 1 2 10 p fo l 2 1 A The character vector in the variable A is executed Cfo A 2 B 2 5 A 3...

Страница 112: ...6 9 to 1 c J 6 10 B 5 L J 1 2 B 3 4 7 B I 1 12 X fB X This matrix is a character matrix B 1 to 1 2 Dyadic Two Argument Form Format A 8 The dyadic format function result like the monadic format functi...

Страница 113: ...1B X I 2 5L 3Q 57 00 12 00 6 3 4 C 1 _ 1 Cf 9 2 B C 1 2EO 1 3 5EO 1 0 0 01 1 2EOl I 1 2E02 1 Width of nine positions left margin Width of nine positions left margin If the width entry in argument A is...

Страница 114: ...alue DPW IMPLICIT ERROR will result when the format function is used 2 Even if the specified format causes all of the significant digits to be truncated the sign of the original number is retained For...

Страница 115: ...ult is the value of the single element of argument B When argument B is a vector the reduction of that vector is the same as putting the primitive dyadic function between each of the elements 10 10 Bf...

Страница 116: ...fore the reduction is between columns 1 5 7 9 7 9 fB 1 2 3 6 I I 1 I B The second coordinate in this case columns is specified B 2 4 P 21 B The first coordinate rows is specified 1 lJ therefore the re...

Страница 117: ...ctions Function is performed first and then Dreduction is applied between the results of function The result is an array the shape of the array is all but the last coordinate of argument A catenated t...

Страница 118: ...2x5 15 A x1 3 11 35 2 The last coordinate of argument A is the same length as the first coordinate of argument B If both are matrices the column coordinate of argument A is the same length as the row...

Страница 119: ...arrays the elements in each row of argument A are acted on by the elements in each plane of argument B A 2 2 2 n8 A 1 2 3 If 5 l 8 B 2 2 2p8 t3 B 9 10 I I 12 13 14 15 j 6 A xB 31 J 38 1 1 4 79 86 l 10...

Страница 120: ...nction is A 0 CDB whereG is a dyadic primitive scalar function Arguments A and B can be any expressions Unless argument A is a scalar the shape of the result is the shape of argument A catenated to th...

Страница 121: ...e examples Af 2 3 5 5 7 B B 2 3pl 2 3 4 5 6 Ao B Af 2 2p 1 2 3 B 3 3 9 A B 2 3 5 6 7 B 9 Z Ao B pZ 2 2 3 3 z JJII 3 4 5 5 7 B 9 10 fl lf 4 5 6 7 a 9 1 J 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 III 5 6 789 10 1 1 12 3 1 4 e 1...

Страница 122: ...e result is the same as that of the input argument 1 2 3 1 5 1 3 6 1 0 1 5 This result is the same as doing the 6 10 1 5 1 following for each element in the 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 5 1 1 2 5 1 5 result The firs...

Страница 123: ...1 1 6 1 8 20 I 24 6 2B 30 32 34 6 2JA The second coordinate rows is specified I 2 3 If therefore the scan operation is between rows B 1 0 1 2 for each plane 1 5 1 8 21 2l 1 3 I I I 1 6 30 32 31 36 5 1...

Страница 124: ...n a later APL statement it has a value of 5 Notes 1 When a value assigned to a variable is used as the argument for a function the value assigned to the variable is used by the function regardless of...

Страница 125: ...ignment arrow The value of the APL expression to the right of the arrow is assigned to the quad and will be displayed For example 7 1 2 The 7 displayed is the value assigned to the quad The 12 is the...

Страница 126: ...Chapter 6 for more information on quad quote input or output within a user defined function Comment GJ CD The comment symbol is formed by overstriking the n symbol and the 0 symbol The comment symbol...

Страница 127: ...e 010 Index origin OPP Printing precision OPW Printing width ORL Random link OLC Line counter OWA Workspace available OLX Latent expression OAV Atomic vector Notes 1 To find the value assigned to a sy...

Страница 128: ...1 o 1 Next lower integer power A is 1 therefore the difference between the arguments exceeds OCTxA 1x1 1 Next lower integer power A is 16 therefore the difference between the arguments does not exceed...

Страница 129: ...ote All other examples in this manual are shown with the index origin set to 1 Printing Precision DPP The value of this variable determines the number of significant digits displayed for decimal numbe...

Страница 130: ...ber of the statement in another function that invoked the function being executed The remaining elements follow the same pattern The user cannot set this variable but can dis play it Attempts to modif...

Страница 131: ...lled NAMES will display your first and last name Each name will start at the left margin and each character in the name will be one line lower than the previous character VNAMES D V V A NAMES B OUTPUT...

Страница 132: ...ing with the specified character ONC name Name classification The 0 CR Function Canonical Representation The OCR function formats a user defined function into a character matrix This function is monad...

Страница 133: ...hanged to I Rf INTG A 1 ApO If 1 STAI T Rr I I I I l I A STAI T To format a matrix created by the OCR function into a user defined function use the OFX function The OFX function is discussed next The...

Страница 134: ...me of the user defined function and the original definition of the user defined function if there was one is replaced Now the function INTG can be displayed and executed VINTG JV V R INTG A tJ R ApO 2...

Страница 135: ...l 1 2 Lf Lf INTG is made a local function so that the _ _ I global version will not be change the local V CHANbE 1 IN Tb 1 Y version will not exist after the execution of MI J I I t f CHANGE is compl...

Страница 136: ...l Names of a name Note If the object being expunged is a shared variable see Chapter 8 it will be retracted The ONL Function Name List The ON L function yields a character matrix each row of the matri...

Страница 137: ...The 0 NC Function Name Classification The ONe function is monadic takes one argument the argument is a scalar or array of characters The result of the function is a vector of numbers represent ing the...

Страница 138: ...statement is executed MECHANICS OF FUNCTION DEFINITION The following steps are required to define a new function 1 Enter a V followed by the function header see Function Header in this chapter After t...

Страница 139: ...cussed later in this chapter The function header also determines whether or not a function has an explicit result If a function has an explicit result the result of the function is tempor arily stored...

Страница 140: ...must be a blank between the function name and the arguments Also the same symbol cannot appear more than once in the function header thus Z FUNCTION Z is invalid For user defined functions the order...

Страница 141: ...sion START means branch to a statement labeled START When assigning a label to a statement the label must be followed by a colon and must precede the statement The colon separates the labe from the st...

Страница 142: ...on continues For example the conditional branch I N START is evaluated as follows 1 First the condition I N is evaluated the result is 1 if the condition is true and 0 if the condition is false 2 The...

Страница 143: ...so work if a specific statement number is specified to the right of the For example 3 means branch to statement 3 or 1 3xA means I is assigned the value of 3 times the value of A and the value of I is...

Страница 144: ...variable or user defined function or a local name in another function However any reference to the name local to the function will not change the values of any other global or local objects variables...

Страница 145: ...4J RESULT LOC GI OB XV EXAMPLE B 5 X X has no value after the function VALUE ERROR has executed X 1 LOC The global value associated with this 10 name was unchanged by the function GLOB II The global v...

Страница 146: ...s always the most recent local value of the name Of course as execu tion of the more recently called functions is completed the next earlier value of each local variable will again be accessible A nam...

Страница 147: ...played The SIV list contains a com plete set of referents of a name Note See System Functions in Chapter 5 for an example of a local user defined function using the OFX system function If the SIV list...

Страница 148: ...e of an interactive function that computes the amount of interest on a capital amount for a given number of years V C1 1J ENTER THE CAPITAL AMOUNT IN DOLLARS 2 A 3 ENTER THE INTEREST IN PERCENT 1 1 I...

Страница 149: ...ad quote a quad overstruck with a quote is used input from the keyboard is treated as character data The input begins at the left margin of the display quotes do not need to be entered to define the d...

Страница 150: ...n be displayed on the same line For example V X TIMES Y 1 J I I X 2 I I TIMES 3 r l y I J 1 lf I I j J XXY V 2 TIMES 1 2 TIf ES 1 IS B Since the cursor does ilot return to the next line after bare out...

Страница 151: ...an only be executed copied or erased it cannot be revised or displayed in any way nor can trace control and stop control see Trace Control and Stop Control later in this chapter be changed A function...

Страница 152: ...tement displayed to be edited see Editing Statements in this chapter To display only one statement of the function enter nO where n is the statement number to be displayed APL responds by displaying s...

Страница 153: ...sor flashing character at the character to be changed Enter the correct character b To delete a character position the cursor at the character to be deleted Then press the backspace key while holding...

Страница 154: ...The entire process can be accomplished on a single line VR 3 S S 1 Vopens the definition of function R enters a new line 3 and termin ates function definition VR D V causes the entire definition of R...

Страница 155: ...2 3 THE BUM IS to look like this XV ___ _ Add statements 3 and 4 VAVERAGE L1J V V AVERAGE X Display the function 1 THIS FUNCTIDN CALCULATES AVERAGES AND SUMS 2 THE AVERAGE IS 3 X X X l f J THE SUM IS...

Страница 156: ...TD STEVE V where STEVE is the name of the function and V is the vector specifying the statement numbers to be traced For example if TD STEVE 2 3 5 is entered the statements 2 3 and 5 are traced each t...

Страница 157: ...I A C D STEVE 2 8TEVE 3 6 16 STEVE 2 Note The following instruction will establish trace control for the first statement of each user defined function in the active workspace J l t I 0 T IJ I NL 3 l J...

Страница 158: ...t of the stop control function is S STEVE V where STEVE is the name of the function and V is the vector specifying the statements After the stop the system is in the suspended state see Chapter 7 exec...

Страница 159: ...that is not pendent A pendent func tion is a function that called the suspended function If a function called a function that called a suspended function and so on it is also pendent see State Indicat...

Страница 160: ...at a suspended function has been edited or a pendent function has been erased and the normal execution of the suspended function can no longer be resumed Therefore when an 51 DAMAGE error occurs the s...

Страница 161: ...good practice to clear suspended functions because suspended functions use available storage in the active workspace Repeated use of clears all the suspended functions as the functions are cleared th...

Страница 162: ...llowing steps must be performed 1 Establish a variable to be shared 2 Open a data file on tape or specify printer output 3 Transfer the data 4 Close the data file or terminate the printer output 5 Ret...

Страница 163: ...1 will also be displayed Note The instruction O tDSVO DNL 2 will display the existing number of shared variables in the system and the instruction O tDSVO DNL 2 1 DNL 2 will display the existing share...

Страница 164: ...umber 3 TapeUnit1 Note If fewer than four digits are used tape unit 1 is assumed and the value entered represents only the file number ID file ID optional specifies from 1 to 17 characters enclosed in...

Страница 165: ...s placed in the blank positions Negative signs must be replaced by minus signs Enclosing single quotes must be part of any data that represents character constants Also any embedd ed quotes in the cha...

Страница 166: ...ed Data is to be transferred to tape from the active workspace a EXAMPLE ADD 3 L lFile 3 on tape unit 1 assumed is to be opened Data is to be transferred into an existing file on tape Note Since the f...

Страница 167: ...de For OUT operations to an existing data file writing new data over the existing data any existing data following the new data cannot be used again For ADD operations the new data is written to the d...

Страница 168: ...ursor return character is embedded in the data that was written to tape the system will recognize it as an end of record char acter when the data is read from tape If an end of block character was emb...

Страница 169: ...re tract the variable name is discussed next RETRACTING THE VARIABLE NAME BEING SHARED The DSVR function is used to retract a variable name being shared That is once the DSVR function has been used s...

Страница 170: ...Code Error Message 00 1 eee 20 INVALID FILE 30 INVALID DEVICE or INVALID DEVICE NUMBER 40 INVALID FILE NUMBER 50 NOT WITH OPEN DEVICE 60 INVALID PARAMETER 70 WS FULL 80 DEVICE NOT OPEN Description an...

Страница 171: ...exchange file noncharacter data was used as the information required to open a file or non character data was sent to the printer AN EXAMPLE USING TAPE AND PRINTER INPUT OUTPUT In this example file n...

Страница 172: ...to an existing data file but the file is closed a vari able name must be established to be shared and the data file opened again Note In this example the variable name SHARE has not been retracted and...

Страница 173: ...E FOR THE PRINT OPERATION O 0 WORKt PRNT PRINT4ERROR LODP PRINT4ERROR PRINT ERROR THE RETURN CODE IS WDI K Jot A TERMINATE THE PRINTER OUTPUT lONE PRNTf O ACHECK THE RETURN CODES TO MAKE SURE ALL TAPE...

Страница 174: ...e is read displayed and printed PI INT 2 i 56 30 0 SCI E J I 2 1 561 1 00 NUT 21 1 il 5 0 ltJASHER 5 5 lB 00 CI I C BIt i3 7 J 5 BOARD 5 35795 L A W sooo 7000 10 After the operation is complete the sh...

Страница 175: ...s available for protecting or removing sensitive data on a tape These methods are Assigning a password to the workspace when writing the active workspace on tape Rewriting a tape file which makes the...

Страница 176: ...s of the 5100 Model A2 is 32K Model A3 is 48K Model A4 is 64K In these models all additional storage is allocated to the active workspace For example on the Model A4 the active workspace is approximat...

Страница 177: ...ariable see Chapter 8 to transfer the data into the active workspace when required Clear suspended functions see Chapter 7 from the active workspace Group user defined functions by related operations...

Страница 178: ...e in Chapter 5 remains the same as it was when the contents of the active workspace were originally written to tape To take advantage of the additional storage in the larger active workspace write the...

Страница 179: ...ges to excessive heat more than 130 0 F or sunlight Do not touch or clean the tape surface If a data cartridge has been exposed to a temperature drop exceeding 30 F since the last usage move the tape...

Страница 180: ...e forms loss of data will occur as the print head leaves the form Capability of using individual or continuous forms Maximum number of copies is six but for optimum feeding and stacking IBM recommends...

Страница 181: ...guide rack in the horizontal position The diagrams below and to the left show the proper forms path for singlepart and multipart forms Push the paper release lever to the rear to acti vate the fricti...

Страница 182: ...osition 16 Turn the paper advance knob to position the form for the first line to be printed The paper should exit over the form guide rack Note To move the form backward turn either paper advance kno...

Страница 183: ...ntrol dial toward 0 one click at a time to obtain the legibility you desire If you are using multipart forms and the ribbon is smudging the first sheet rotate the copy control dial toward 8 one click...

Страница 184: ...areful to disengage it from the clip on the print head 9 Lay the ribbon loop on the top of the ribbon in the rib bon box Pick up the entire ribbon and discard it Disk Ribbon Holder 10 Eject the new ri...

Страница 185: ...he loop through the slot in the bottom of the ribbon box 18 Thread the ribbon through the guide shoe and around the left guide post O_Feed Roll 19 Release Knob Insert the horizontal part of the ribbon...

Страница 186: ...viously defined global variable name An invalid edit request was made in function definition mode An attempt was made to edit a pen dent function An attempt was made to read a data file and the file i...

Страница 187: ...second tape not ready Uneven winding of the tape The tape cartridge is not inserted in the indicated tape unit An attempt was made to write on a tape that is file protected The SAFE switch on the tap...

Страница 188: ...eviously assigned an invalid value or was undefined in a function due to the system variable being made local to the function Note This error message is not displayed until the system variable in erro...

Страница 189: ...de to load a data file or read a workspace file An attempt was made to load or copy a damaged file The file was probably damaged by the tape being removed from the tape unit before a save operation wa...

Страница 190: ...em An attempt was made to index a portion of an array with a rank greater than 14 An attempt was made to use a take or drop operator on an array with a rank greater than 9 An attempt was made to lamin...

Страница 191: ...era tion other than CLEAR after a SYSTEM ERROR occurred An attempt was made to use a function that requires the rank of the arguments to conform but they do not For example a function requires the ran...

Страница 192: ...value If the object is a function name the function header did not specify a result the function did not assign a value to the result variable or the function does not exist User s Response Use the SI...

Страница 193: ...the active workspace exceeds the avail able storage Too many symbols were specified in a SYMBOLS command The workspace is password protected but no password or the wrong pass word was specified in the...

Страница 194: ...stored with the CONTINUE command into the active workspace but IMFs have been applied reducing the available internal storage An attempt was made to write the active workspace using the CONTINUE comma...

Страница 195: ...climated to the operating environment before turning it on If the machine was exposed to heat allow it to cool enough so that you can place your hand on the surface without discomfort before turning i...

Страница 196: ...POWER switch to OFF and call for service Do not continue with these instructions If the fan is operating wait for about 20 seconds and your 5100 will be ready for operation APL Checkout Procedure o 1...

Страница 197: ...n press the backspace key above EXECUTE to backspace the cursor then press the correct key Where the bottom portion of the key is shown shaded hold the shift key down while you press the character key...

Страница 198: ...the word SAFE Note Do not use any prerecorded tape cartridges that were shipped with your machine This edge goes into machine first o 5A Insert the tape cartridge into the 5100 metal bottom down and p...

Страница 199: ...ad from tape the program must be erased from the workspace To do th is press the following keys To read the program from tape into the 5100 press the following keys When LOADED 1002 WS is displayed pr...

Страница 200: ...BASIC Checkout Procedures in Appendix C of the IBM 5100 BASIC Reference Manual SA21 9217 If you already did the BASIC checkout procedures continue with step 11 o 11 If the auxiliary tape unit is to b...

Страница 201: ...the rear panel as shown in the preceding diagram o 4 Remove the shipping tape from the power line and plug the power line into a grounded electrical outlet 05 06 Set the auxiliary tape unit POWE swit...

Страница 202: ...the arrow is pointing away from the word SAFE o 2 Press the following keys to read in the program that was stored on tape during the 5100 checkout procedure o 3 After the message LOADED 2002 WS appea...

Страница 203: ...the connector fits squarely Turn the knob in a clockwise direction until the connectors fit together firmly BNC Connector for TV Monitor Forms Tractor Storage Position for Terminator Plug 5100 Portab...

Страница 204: ...in the printer Use the printer information in this manual if you need help in inserting the paper see Chapter 10 o 7 Set both the printer and 5100 POWER switches to ON and continue on to the checkout...

Страница 205: ...keyboard plus the followinq overstruck characters Function Character Keys Used Comment Execute Factorial combination Format Grade down W Grade up th Logarithm 6 Matrix division Nand Nor V Protected f...

Страница 206: ...RESERVED RESERVED RESERVED I I BE RVED REBEI VED I ESEI VED REBE I VED I LEFT BI ACI ET I I GHT B l f CI ET LEFT PARENTHESIS I IGHT PARENTHESIS SEMICOLON BACI BI iBH LEFT f I RD J I IGHT ARI v 1 I EB...

Страница 207: ...ET CUP UNDEI BCDI E TI f lNSPOSE BEAt1 NULL SMALL CIRCLE Ui D Ut D UDTE LOG NAND NOR I LAf1 P COt 1MENT GRf ll E UP Gl i tIE DOI JN OVEI Sl I UCI C1 1 CI E HYPHEN DVE I ST I UCI SLi SH HY PHEN OVERSTR...

Страница 208: ...E I UNDE I CD I E N UNDE I SC I E N UNDEI BC RE UNDEI SCOI E P UNDEI SCDRE UNDE I BCD I E R UNDEI BCDI E S UNDE I BCO I E T UNDERBCORE U UNDE I BCClI E V UNDE RSCD RE J J UNDE I SCO I E X UNDE I BC I...

Страница 209: ...O I ECTED DEL UNUSED UNUSED UNUSED UNUSED UNUSED UNUSED UNUBED LENGTH OF Z SYf 1BOL Tf BL E O U T FOR COMMUNICATION TAPE LOGICAL NOT DOUBLE QUOTE PERCENT PROTECTED DEL Tf BULLS EYE I UMLAUT o UMLAUT...

Страница 210: ...at specifies the device and file number where a workspace is to be SAVE d or LOAD ed If the number is less than 4 digits it is only the file number device 1 is assumed otherwise the high order 1 or 2...

Страница 211: ...mplemented with only one workspace area no spare therefore the following error messages have been added 1 2 Function name statement number LINE TOO LONG Cannot save functions with statements greater t...

Страница 212: ...OSVO is 2 since if it is a valid share it is always accepted before the APL user regains control If an unsupported processor is specified the response is 1 The response to DSVR is the same as the resp...

Страница 213: ...he ability to edit lines of data directly therefore the following changes were made to function definition NO Now displays line N in the display screen lines 1 and 0 for editing NOM N Has the same res...

Страница 214: ...nts all characters all numeric or all logical assign To use the assignment arrow to associate a name with a value available storage The number of unused 1024 byte blocks of storage in a file on tape 2...

Страница 215: ...rkspace the file ID is the same as the stored workspace ID file number The files on tape are sequentially numbered starting from one file type Identifies the type of data stored in a file function bod...

Страница 216: ...of a coordinate of other arrays is the number of items specified by that coor dinate For example a matrix has a row coordinate with the length of 2 therefore the matrix has two rows 212 local name A n...

Страница 217: ...A single data item that does not have a dimension p p 0 scalar function The results of the scalar functions are the same shape as the arguments The function is applied to corresponding elements in the...

Страница 218: ...tion of a user defined function trace vector Specifies the statements when using trace control transferring data Using a shared variable to write data to tape read data from tape or output data to the...

Страница 219: ...output 146 ffifunction 105 e raised to a power 54 l symbol 134 138 m character 145 155 password 12 14 18 25 29 function 44 function 45 x function 46 function 48 rfunction 49 Lfunction 51 Ifunction 52...

Страница 220: ...commands system 10 216 comment A 121 135 communications adapter 1 communications mode 20 communications program 20 comparison tolerance OCT 124 81 138 44 88 compress data 163 compress function conditi...

Страница 221: ...0 forms an array 76 forms thickness 179 formula for file size 19 forward space key 6 function definition 134 function definition mode 134 function definition reopen 148 function editing 147 function h...

Страница 222: ...13 maximum function r 49 membership function E 104 minimum function L 52 minus function 46 mixed functions 43 218 models 172 monadic 43 monadic functions 135 monadic mixed functions 73 MSG OFF 161 166...

Страница 223: ...me execution 155 retract shared variable 16 165 retract the variable name being shared 165 return codes 162 REVERSE DISPLAY switch 5 reverse function p 89 reverses the coordinates of the argument 93 r...

Страница 224: ...3 take elements from an argument 86 take function t 86 tape 10 220 11 tape cartridge care 175 handling 175 tape error recovery program 24 25 tape input and output 158 tape storage 19 tape unit auxilia...

Страница 225: ...this form for technical questions about the system or for requests for additional publications this only delays the response Instead direct your inquiries or requests to your IBM representative or to...

Страница 226: ...ications Dept 245 Rochester Minnesota 55901 International Business Machines Corporation General Systems Division 57750 Glenridge Drive N E Atlanta Georgia 30301 USA Only IBM World Trade Corporation 82...

Страница 227: ...o o o o o o o...

Страница 228: ...l Business Machines Corporation General Systems Division 57750 Glenridge Drive N_E_ Atlanta Georgia 30301 USA Only IBM World Trade Corporation 821 United Netions Plaza New York New York 10011 Internat...

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