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Garmin G1000 Columbia 350 Скачать руководство пользователя страница 168

Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350/400

190-00567-01 Rev. A

12-12

SECTION 12 – ANNUNCIATIONS

& ALERTS

Database Message Advisories (Cont.)

Message

Comments

DB MISMATCH

– Aviation database

version mismatch. Xtalk is off.

The PFD and MFD have different aviation database versions installed. Crossﬁll is
off. Install correct aviation database version in both displays.

DB MISMATCH

– Aviation database

type mismatch. Xtalk is off.

The PFD and MFD have different aviation database types installed (Americas,
European, etc.). Crossﬁll is off. Install correct aviation database type in both
displays.

DB MISMATCH

– Terrain database

version mismatch.

The PFD and MFD have different terrain database versions installed. Install
correct terrain database version in both displays.

DB MISMATCH

– Terrain database

type mismatch.

The PFD and MFD have different terrain database types installed. Install correct
terrain database type in both displays.

DB MISMATCH

– Obstacle database

version mismatch.

The PFD and MFD have different obstacle database versions installed. Install
correct obstacle database version in both displays.

DB MISMATCH

– Airport Terrain

database mismatch.

The PFD and MFD have different airport terrain databases installed. Install
correct airport terrain database in both displays.

GMA 1347 Message Advisories

Message

Comments

GMA1 FAIL

– GMA1 is inoperative.

The audio panel self-test has detected a failure. The audio panel is unavailable.
The G1000 system should be serviced.

GMA1 CONFIG

– GMA1 conﬁg error.

Conﬁg service req’d.

The audio panel conﬁguration settings do not match backup conﬁguration
memory. The G1000 system should be serviced.

MANIFEST

– GMA1 software

mismatch, communication halted.

The audio panel has incorrect software installed. The G1000 system should be
serviced.

GMA1 SERVICE

– GMA1 needs

service. Return unit for repair.

The audio panel self-test has detected a problem in the unit. Certain audio
functions may still be available, and the audio panel may still be usable. The
G1000 system should be serviced when possible.

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Содержание G1000 Columbia 350

Страница 1: ...Integrated Flight Deck Cockpit Reference Guide Columbia 350 400 ...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...VERVIEW FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS ENGINE INDICATION SYSTEM NAV COM TRANSPONDER AUDIO PANEL AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL NAVIGATION FLIGHT PLANNING PROCEDURES HAZARD AVOIDANCE ABNORMAL OPERATIONS ANNUNCIATIONS ALERTS INDEX ...

Страница 4: ......

Страница 5: ...d herein no part of this manual may be reproduced copied transmitted disseminated downloaded or stored in any storage medium for any purpose without the express written permission of Garmin Garmin hereby grants permission to download a single copy of this manual and of any revision to this manual onto a hard drive or other electronic storage medium to be viewed for personal use provided that such ...

Страница 6: ... used for vertical navigation Always use pressure altitude displayed by the G1000 PFD or other pressure altimeters in aircraft WARNING Do not use outdated database information Databases used in the G1000 system must be updated regularly in order to ensure that the information remains current Pilots using any outdated database do so entirely at their own risk WARNING Do not use basemap land and wat...

Страница 7: ...tion prior to actual use During ﬂight operations carefully compare indications from the G1000 to all available navigation sources including the information from other NAVAIDs visual sightings charts etc For safety purposes always resolve any discrepancies before continuing navigation WARNING The illustrations in this guide are only examples Never use the G1000 to attempt to penetrate a thunderstor...

Страница 8: ...he most current G1000 system Depictions of equipment may differ slightly from the actual equipment NOTE This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation NOTE This product its packagi...

Страница 9: ... REVISIONS Part Number Change Summary 190 00567 00 Rev A Rev B Production release Added Columbia 350 parameters TAWS changes and Storm scope 190 00567 01 Added GDU 8 10 parameters WAAS VNAV Airways and Charts Revision Date of Revision Affected Pages Description A 7 07 i Index 4 Production release ...

Страница 10: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A RR 2 RECORD OF REVISIONS Blank Page ...

Страница 11: ...formation Windows 2 11 Navigation Source 2 12 2 9 Wind Data 2 13 2 10 Generic Timer 2 13 SECTION 3 ENGINE INDICATION SYSTEM EIS 3 1 3 1 EIS Display 3 2 Oxygen System Optional 3 2 Trim 3 2 Carbon Monoxide Detection 3 2 3 2 Engine Leaning Assist Display 3 3 Engine Leaning for the Columbia 350 3 3 Engine Leaning for the Columbia 400 3 5 3 3 Fuel Calculations 3 6 SECTION 4 NAV COM AND TRANSPONDER 4 1 ...

Страница 12: ...8 3 Create a New Flight Plan Using the MFD 8 3 Create a New Flight Plan Using the PFD 8 4 8 8 Enter an Airway in a Flight Plan 8 4 8 9 Load a Departure 8 6 8 10 Load an Arrival 8 6 8 11 Load an Approach 8 6 8 12 Remove a Departure Arrival Approach or Airway from a Flight Plan 8 6 8 13 Store a Flight Plan 8 6 8 14 Edit a Stored Flight Plan 8 6 8 15 Delete a Waypoint from the Flight Plan 8 7 8 16 In...

Страница 13: ... 11 1 11 1 Reversionary Mode 11 1 11 2 Abnormal COM Operation 11 2 11 3 Unusual Attitudes 11 2 11 4 Stormscope operation with loss of Heading Input 11 2 11 5 Hazard Displays with Loss of GPS Position 11 2 SECTION 12 ANNUNCIATIONS ALERTS 12 1 12 1 Alert Level Deﬁnitions 12 2 12 2 Aircraft Alerts 12 3 WARNING Alerts 12 3 CAUTION Alerts 12 3 Annunciation Advisory 12 4 Message Advisory Alerts 12 4 12 ...

Страница 14: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Blank Page ...

Страница 15: ...50 400 Pilot s Guide 190 00552 01 This guide gives the pilot abbreviated operating instructions for the Primary Flight Display PFD Multi Function Display MFD GCU 476 MFD PFD Control Unit and the GMA 1347 Audio Panel System NOTE The pilot should read and thoroughly understand the Columbia 350 400 Airplan Flight Manual AFM for limitations procedures and operational information not contained in this ...

Страница 16: ...Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A 1 2 SECTION 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 1 1 PFD MFD CONTROLS Figure 1 1 PFD MFD Controls 4 2 1 6 5 7 9 8 3 12 13 11 10 16 15 14 MFD Only 17 27 26 25 28 18 19 23 22 21 20 24 ...

Страница 17: ...roach Modes 7 Dual COM Knob Tunes the MHz large knob and kHz small knob standby frequencies for the COM transceiver Pressing this knob switches the tuning box light blue box between the COM1 and COM2 ﬁelds 8 COM Frequency Transfer Key Transfers the standby and active COM frequencies Pressing andholdingthiskeyfortwosecondsautomatically tunes the emergency frequency 121 5 MHz in the active frequency...

Страница 18: ...Dual ALT Knob Sets the selected altitude in the box located above the Altimeter The large knob selects the thousands while the small knob selects the hundreds Altitude Select is used by the Automatic Flight Control System in certain modes inadditiontothestandardG1000Altitude Alerter function 18 AP Key Engages disengages the Autopilot and Flight Director Pressing the AP Key activates the Flight Dir...

Страница 19: ...ion waypoint and establish a direct course to the selected destination the destination is either speciﬁed by the identiﬁer chosen from the active route or taken from the map pointer position 3 MENU Key Displays a context sensitive list of options This list allows the user to access additional features or make setting changes that relate to particular pages 4 PROC Key Gives access to IFR departure ...

Страница 20: ...ControlMode The FMS Knob will now control the NAV radios 15 COM Key Selects COM Radio Control Mode The FMS Knob will now control the COM radios 16 Frequency Transfer Key Switches between active and standby selected COM or NAV tuning frequencies Pressing and holding this key while in COM radio control mode tunes the COM radio to 121 50 MHz the emergency COM frequency 17 PFD Key Selects PFD Control ...

Страница 21: ...ures are visible Declutter 1 Declutters land data Declutter 2 Declutters land and SUA data Declutter 3 Declutters large NAV data remaining removes everything except the active ﬂight plan TRAFFIC Press to display trafﬁc on the map TOPO Press to display topographical data i e coastlines terrain rivers lakes etc and elevation scale on the Inset Map TERRAIN Press to display terrain information on the ...

Страница 22: ...cycle through the following Nav sources making the pointer the indicator for the corresponding source and displaying the appropriate information NAV1 Displays NAV1 waypoint frequency or identiﬁer and DME information in the BRG1 Information Window GPS Displays GPS waypoint identiﬁer and GPS distance information in the BRG1 Information Window OFF Removes the BRG1 Information Window HSI FRMT Press to...

Страница 23: ... Mode GND Press to select Ground Mode VFR Press to automatically squawk 1200 only in the U S A refer to ICAO standards for VFR codes in other countries Press the BACK Softkey to return to the top level softkeys Press the IDENT or BACK Softkey to return to the top level softkeys ALERTS ALERTS ALERTS Figure 1 6 XPDR Transponder Softkeys CODE Press to display transponder code selection softkeys 0 7 0...

Страница 24: ...onal TRAFFIC TOPO BACK TERRAIN Press the BACK Softkey on this level to return to the top softkey level STRMSCP NEXRAD XM LTNG optional optional optional AIRWAYS AIRWY LO AIRWAY HI AIRWY ON Default softkey is dependant on the selection made in the map setup options SHW CHRT optional Press the SYSTEM Softkey to return to the default page level DCLTR SYSTEM ASSIST OXYGEN DEC FUEL INC FUEL RST FUEL CO...

Страница 25: ...ing the CHKLIST Softkey displays the Checklist Page SYSTEM Displays engine softkeys DONE Pressingthissoftkeychecksoffachecklistitem If an item is already checked an UNDO Softkey will be displayed EXIT Press to exit the checklist EMERGCY Pressing this softkey displays the emergency checklist Figure 1 8 Page Group Icon Map Page Group Waypoint Page Group Auxiliary Page Group Nearest Group Selected Pa...

Страница 26: ...ent altitude An altitude is designated by pressing the FMS Knob and turning the large FMS Knob to place the cursor on the desired altitude and pressing the ENT Key or entering a different value and pressing the ENT Key The altitude will now be displayed as light blue text indicating that the altitude is now designated to give vertical speed and deviation guidance Approachwaypointaltitudeconstraint...

Страница 27: ... a reference Altitude is designated for use in giving vertical speed and deviation guidance Altitude has been retrieved from the navigation database or has been entered by the pilot and matches a published altitude in the navigation database The system cannot use this altitude in determining vertical speed and deviation guidance Table 1 1 VNV Altitude Text Size and Color Refer to Figure 1 8 and Ta...

Страница 28: ... Window 1 8 DATABASE UPDATES The G1000 System uses Secure Digital SD cards to load and store various types of data For basic ﬂight operations SD cards are required for database storage as well as Jeppesen aviation and ChartView database updates The following procedures pertain to updating the G1000 system with SD cards as outlined in Appendix B of the G1000 Columbia 350 400 Pilot s Guide Jeppesen ...

Страница 29: ...rantee the accuracy and completeness of the data 1 Insert one SD card in the bottom card slot of the MFD and one in the bottom card slot of the PFD The SD card containing the ChartView or FliteCharts database must be inserted into the bottom slot on the MFD 2 Apply power to the G1000 System View the MFD power up splash screen Check that the databases are initialized and displayed on the scrolling ...

Страница 30: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A 1 16 SECTION 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW Blank Page ...

Страница 31: ... non WAAS systems 8 7 16 13 12 11 1 19 17 20 21 9 5 6 2 4 3 15 10 14 18 1 NAV Frequency Box 2 Airspeed Indicator 3 True Airspeed 4 Current Heading 5 Horizontal Situation Indicator HSI 6 Outside Air Temperature OAT 7 Softkeys 8 System Time 9 Transponder Data Box 10 Selected Heading Bug 11 Turn Rate Indicator 12 Altimeter Barometric Setting 13 Vertical Speed Indicator VSI 14 Selected Altitude Bug 15...

Страница 32: ...ing 4 Wind Data 5 Inset Map 6 Bearing Information Windows 7 Selected Course 8 Alerts Window 9 Barometric Minimum Descent Altitude 10 Annunciation Window 11 Vertical Deviation Glideslope Indicator 12 Marker Beacon Annunciation 13 AFCS Status Annunciation Figure 2 2 Additional PFD Information Figure 2 3 PFD Navigation Status Box Active Flight Plan Leg Distance to Next Waypoint Bearing to Next Waypoi...

Страница 33: ...A red range is also present for low speed awareness At altitudes above 12 000 feet caution and excessive speed range markings will vary with altitude Refer to the Airplane Flight Manual AFM for airspeed limitations and indicator markings Airspeed Trend Vector The end of the trend vector displays approximately what the airspeed will be in 6 seconds if the current rate of acceleration deceleration i...

Страница 34: ...IMETER Altitude Reference Box Altitude Trend Vector Current Altitude Barometric Setting Box Altitude Reference Bug Figure 2 7 Altimeter Barometric Altitude Minimums Bug Altitude Select Bug The Altitude Select Bug is displayed at the selected altitude or if the selected altitude is beyond the altitudes currently displayed the bug is displayed at the top or bottom of the display whichever is closest...

Страница 35: ... Alerter is reset The Altitude Alerter is independent of the Automatic Flight Control System An aural tone is heard when the aircraft is within 200 feet of acquiring the selected altitude or when deviating beyond 200 feet of the acquired selected altitude Metric Display Display altitude in meters and barometric pressure in hectopascals 1 Press the PFD Softkey to display the second level softkeys 2...

Страница 36: ...ation initially ﬂashes After a few seconds the ﬂashing stops and the annunciation is displayed as shown in Figure 2 10 Figure 2 10 Low Altitude on GPS Approach Low Altitude Annunciation 2 4 VERTICAL DEVIATION GLIDEPATH GLIDESLOPE INDICATOR The Vertical Deviation and Required Vertical Speed Indicators appear when vertical guidance is being given prior to executing an approach see Figure 2 11 In sys...

Страница 37: ...LS is tuned in the active NAV receiver ﬁeld see Figure 2 13 Glideslope Indicator Marker Beacon Annunciation Figure 2 13 Glideslope Indicator 2 5 MARKER BEACON ANNUNCIATIONS Figure 2 14 Marker Beacon Annunciations Outer Marker Middle Marker Inner Marker Altimeter 2 6 VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR Figure 2 15 Vertical Speed Indicator Vertical Speed Pointer The actual vertical speed is displayed inside th...

Страница 38: ...ndow press the CLR Key or the TMR REF Softkey The desired barometric minimum descent altitude MDA or Decision Height DH can be set in the Timer References Window Visual annunciations alert the pilot when approaching the MDA When the aircraft altitude descends to within 2500 feet of the MDA setting the Barometric Minimum Box appears with the altitude in light blue text The bug appears on the tape i...

Страница 39: ...nWindows and pointers are disabled NOTE If the pilot makes a heading change greater than 105 with respect to the course the CDI switches to the opposite side of the deviation scale and displays reverse sensing The Arc HSI is a 140 expanded section of the compass rose The Arc contains a Course Pointer arrow the TO FROM indicator a sliding deviation indicator the TO FROM and sliding deviation indica...

Страница 40: ...f Standard Turn Rate Tick Mark Standard Turn Rate Tick Mark Turn Rate Trend Vector rate 4 deg sec Course Pointer The Course Pointer is a single line arrow GPS VOR1 and LOC1 or double line arrow VOR2 and LOC2 which points in the direction of the set course Figure 2 22 Course Pointer Course Deviation Indicator CDI The CDI scale automatically adjusts to the current phase of ﬂight as seen in Figure 2 ...

Страница 41: ...of 0 3 nm or an angle set by the system CDI scale varies if Vectors To Final is activated Drawing not to scale Figure 2 24 Typical LNAV and LNAV V Approach CDI Scaling 1 0 nm 2 nmFAF 0 3 nm course width Landing Threshold CDI Full scale Deflection angle based on database information CDI scale varies if Vectors To Final is activated Drawing not to scale Figure 2 25 Typical LNAV VNAV and LPV Approach...

Страница 42: ...LOI GPS position integrity is inadequate for the current procedure being ﬂown If GPS is being used asprimarynavigation andLOIisannunciated other means of primary navigation will be required such as VHF LOI is also displayed during GPS position initialization WARN GPS detects a position error OBS Displayed when operating in OBS Mode SUSP Displayed when in OBS Mode indicating GPS waypoint sequencing...

Страница 43: ... WIND Softkey to display wind data below the Selected Heading 3 Press one of the OPTN softkeys to change how wind data is displayed 4 To remove the Wind Data Window press the OFF Softkey 2 10 GENERIC TIMER Figure 2 31 Timer Status Prompts Change the Generic Timer 1 Press the TMR REF Softkey then turn the large FMS Knob to select the time ﬁeld hh mm ss Turn the FMS Knobs to set the desired time the...

Страница 44: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A 2 14 SECTION 2 FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS Blank Page ...

Страница 45: ... left side of the MFD Columbia 400 Columbia 350 Figure 3 1 Engine Instrument Display Cylinder Head Temperature Indicator Exhaust Gas Temperature Oil Tempera ture Indicator Aileron Trim Slide Bar Turbine Inlet Temperature Indicator Manifold Pressure Gauge Tachometer Oil Pressure Indicator Fuel Flow Indicator Fuel Quantity Indicator Elevator Trim Slide Bar Indicates Selected Fuel Tank Indicates Sele...

Страница 46: ...Pressure OXY OUTLET PSI Oxygen outlet pressure in pounds per square inch psi Figure 3 2 EIS Display Columbia 400 shown Tachometer Manifold Pressure Gauge Oil Temperature Gauge Oil Pressure Gauge Oxygen Quantity Gauge Fuel Flow Gauge Fuel Calculations Group Engine Temperature Group Oxygen Outlet Pressure Gauge Trim Group Electrical Group Trim Correct takeoff aileron and elevator trim positions are ...

Страница 47: ...ST Softkey Figure 3 3 Engine Leaning Assist Display First Peaked Cylinder Columbia 350 Indicates First Cylinder to Peak Indicates Difference Between Present and Peak Temperature of the First Peaked Cylinder 3 Lean the mixture until one of the cylinder s exhuast temperature peaks This is indicated by 1st being displayed below the ﬁrst cylinder to peak A bar is also displayed at that point on that c...

Страница 48: ...of the cylinders peaks This is indicated by Last being displayed below the last peaking cylinder as shown in Figure 3 4 Figure 3 4 Engine Leaning Assist Display Last Peaked Cylinder Columbia 350 Indicates Last Cylinder to Peak Indicates Difference Between Present and Peak Temperature of the Last Peaked Cylinder 5 Monitor the Peak temperature and continue leaning the mixture until reaching the valu...

Страница 49: ...aning Assist Display Columbia 400 Indicates Lean or Rich From Peak TIT Delta Value Difference from Peak Indicates Peak TIT Temperature 4 Richen the mixture to obtain the desired delta values as speciﬁed in the AFM Leaning for Best Economy 1 Select the SYSTEM Softkey 2 Select the ASSIST Softkey 3 Lean the mixture to obtain peak temperature on the TIT displays See Figure 3 5 Refer to the Columbia Ai...

Страница 50: ...E NM are all calculated based on the last manual adjustment of the fuel remaining GAL USED Measuredfuelquantityhasnoeffectonfuelcalculations Fuel calculations are based on sensed fuel ﬂow and the last manual adjustment of the fuel remaining NOTE Refer to the POH for usable fuel quantity The following softkeys allow for adjustment of the remaining fuel quantity DEC FUEL Allows the pilot to decrease...

Страница 51: ...AV COM controls and frequency boxes are located on the Primary Flight Display and the Multi Function Display in the same locations Operations in the following discussions may also be performed with the corresponding controls on the MFD PFD Control Unit NAV Controls COM Controls NAV Frequency Box COM Frequency Box Figure 4 1 G1000 VHF NAV COM Controls PFD ...

Страница 52: ...Frequency Field Figure 4 2 Frequency Fields Selected NAV Frequency Tuning Box Tuning Box Selected COM Frequency Frequency Transfer Arrow Tuning Box Figure 4 3 Frequency Transfer Arrow and Tuning Box Figure 4 4 NAV COM Controls Frequency Transfer Key Dual NAV Knob Dual COM Knob VOL PUSH ID Knob VOL PUSH SQ Knob NAV Controls COM Controls Turn to tune in desired frequencies Press to change tuning box...

Страница 53: ... Automatic squelch can be disabled for a COM radio by pressing the COM Knob to place the tuning box on the desired COM s standby frequency then by pressing the VOL PUSH SQ Knob 4 4 QUICKLY ACTIVATING 121 500 MHZ Pressing and holding the COM Frequency Transfer Key for approximately two 2 seconds automatically tunes the selected COM radio to the emergency frequency 4 5 FREQUENCY AUTO TUNING Auto tun...

Страница 54: ...s not reply to interrogations but new codes can be entered STBY Mode White Code Number and Mode Figure 4 9 Standby Mode Manual ON Mode Press the ON Softkey ON Mode generates Mode A and Mode S replies but Mode C altitude reporting is in hibited ON Mode No Altitude Reporting Figure 4 10 ON Mode Altitude Mode Automatic or Manual Altitude Mode is automatically selected when the air craft becomes airbo...

Страница 55: ...digit softkeys 3 Press the appropriate digit softkeys to enter the code in the four digit code ﬁeld of theTransponder Status Box When the last digit is entered the transponder code becomes active When entering a code press the BKSP Softkey as needed to back up and change code digits Enter Code Using the FMS Knob 1 Press the XPDR Softkey to display the transponder Mode Selection softkeys 2 Press th...

Страница 56: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A 4 6 SECTION 4 NAV COM TRANSPONDER Blank Page ...

Страница 57: ...io COM 3 is unavailable Split COM Telephone Unavailable Marker Beacon Mute Passenger Address Marker Beacon Signal Sensitivity Speaker VOL SQ Volume Squelch Manual Squelch Aircraft Navigation Radio Audio DME ADF AUX unavailable Reversionary Mode Recorded COM Audio Playback Aircraft Navigation Radio Audio Figure 5 1 Audio Panel Controls ICS Isolation VOL Annunciation SQ Annunciation ...

Страница 58: ...links when the pilot s Push to talk is pressed and the COM2 MIC annunciator blinks when the copilot s Push to talk is presssed Inthismode boththepilotandthecopilotcantransmit simultaneously over separate radios The pilot can still monitor NAV1 NAV2 and MKR audio as selected but the copilot is only able to monitor COM2 5 3 MARKER BEACON RECEIVER The marker beacon receiver is always on Only the mark...

Страница 59: ...rs Copilot Hears Passenger Hears ALL OFF OFF Selected radios pilot copilot passengers MUSIC 1 Selected radios pilot copilot passengers MUSIC 1 Selected radios pilot copilot passengers MUSIC 2 PILOT ON OFF Selected radios pilot Copilot passengers MUSIC 1 Copilot passengers MUSIC 2 COPILOT OFF ON Selected radios pilot passengers MUSIC 1 Copilot Selected radios pilot passengers MUSIC 2 CREW ON ON Sel...

Страница 60: ... is received it is recorded in the next memory block and so on Once the 2 5 minutes of recording time has been reached the recorder begins recording over the stored memory blocks starting from the oldest block Powering off the unit automatically clears all recorded blocks Figure 5 9 Playback Pressing PLAY once plays the latest recorded memory block then returns to normal operation PressingMKR MUTE...

Страница 61: ...f the ﬂight director has not been activated pressing the CWS button will activate the ﬂight director in the default pitch and roll hold modes GA Go Around Button Located on the instrumentpanel theGo AroundButtondisengages theautopilotandselectstheGoAround wingslevel mode MET Manual Electric Trim Switch This switch is used to operate manual electric pitch trim Moving the switch forward trims the ai...

Страница 62: ...ch Axis Modes Command Bars Upon activation of the ﬂight director Command Bars are displayed on the PFD as a single cue If the attitude information sent to the ﬂight director becomes invalid or unavailable the Command Bars are removed from the display The Command Bars do not override the aircraft symbol Figure 6 3 Command Bars AFCS Status Box Flight director roll modes are shown on the left and pit...

Страница 63: ...conds no action is taken the ﬂashing annunciation stops and the ﬂight director enters the default mode for the affected axis Figure 6 4 Loss of VOR Signal If the information required to compute a ﬂight director mode becomes invalid or unavailable the ﬂight director automatically reverts to the default mode for that axis The ﬂight director is automatically disabled if the attitude information requi...

Страница 64: ...Reference Change Increment Pitch Hold default PIT 20 to 15 0 5 Selected Altitude Capture ALTS Altitude Hold ALT Key ALT nnnnn FT Vertical Speed VS Key VS nnnn FPM 2000 to 1500 fpm 100 fpm Flight Level Change IAS Hold FLC Key FLC nnn KT 80 to 200 kt C350 80 to 210 kt C400 1 kt Vertical Path Tracking WAAS systems only VNV Key VPTH VNAV Target Altitude Capture ALTV Glidepath WAAS only APR Key GP WAAS...

Страница 65: ...Mode the ﬂight director maintains a constant pitch attitude the pitch reference The pitch reference is set to the aircraft attitude at the moment of mode selection If the aircraft pitch attitude exceeds the ﬂight director pitch command limitations the ﬂight director commands a pitch angle equal to the nose up down limit Command Bars Maintain Desired Pitch Reference Pitch Hold Mode Active Selected ...

Страница 66: ...o indicate the automatic transition Figure 6 6 Automatic Mode Transitions During Altitude Capture Flash Up to 10 sec Indicating Automatic Transition Altitude Reference In This Case Equal to Selected Altitude Changing the Selected Altitude NOTE Pressing the CWS Button while in Selected Altitude Capture Mode does not cancel the mode Use of the ALT Knob to change the Selected Altitude while Selected ...

Страница 67: ...aintains a Vertical Speed Reference Current aircraft vertical speed to the nearest 100 fpm becomes the Vertical Speed Reference at the moment of Vertical Speed Mode activation Vertical Speed Mode does not consider the relative position of the Selected Altitude in relation to the current aircraft altitude at the time of mode activation so it is possible to use Vertical Speed Mode while not climbing...

Страница 68: ...C NOTE The SelectedAltitude should be set before selecting Flight Level Change Mode Flight Level Change Mode is selected by pressing the FLC Key When Flight Level Change Mode is active the ﬂight director continuously monitors Selected Altitude airspeed and altitude This mode acquires and maintains the Airspeed Reference while climbing or descending to the Selected Altitude shown above the Altimete...

Страница 69: ...cend away from the Selected Altitude Changing the Airspeed Reference The Airspeed Reference shown in both the AFCS Status Box and above the Airspeed Indicator may be adjusted Using the NOSE UP NOSE DN Keys BypressingtheCWSButton hand ﬂyingtheaircraft to a new airspeed then releasing the CWS Button to establish the new Airspeed Reference Figure 6 9 Flight Level Change Mode Flight Level Change Mode ...

Страница 70: ...n reaching the last waypoint in the VNAV ﬂight plan the ﬂight director transitions to Altitude Hold Mode and cancels any armed VNAV modes Vertical Path Tracking Mode VPTH NOTE If another pitch mode key is pressed while Vertical Path Tracking Mode is selected Vertical Path Tracking Mode reverts to armed When a vertical proﬁle VNAV ﬂight plan is active and the VNV Key is pressed Vertical Path Tracki...

Страница 71: ... Box VNAV indications VNAV Target Altitude vertical deviation and vertical speed required appear on the PFDs in magenta Figure 6 11 Figure 6 11 Vertical Path Capture Vertical Path Tracking Armed Flashing Indicates Acknowledgment Required Altitude Hold Mode Active VNAV Target Altitude Vertical Deviation Indicator Required Vertical Speed Bug HSI Set to GPS Enroute Phase of Flight Selected Altitude B...

Страница 72: ...director to revert to Pitch Hold Mode Vertical Path Tracking and the appropriate altitude capture modes are armed for possible descent proﬁle recapture if the vertical deviation Exceeds 200 ft during an overspeed condition Experiences a discontinuity exceeding 200 ft due to a ﬂight plan change Becomes invalid due to excessive cross track error track angle error Cannot be computed for a leg type su...

Страница 73: ...captured VNAV Target Altitudes are shown in the active ﬂight plan or vertical direct to and can be entered manually or loaded from a database see the GPS Navigation Section for details At the same time as TOD within 1 minute is annunciated in the Navigation Data Box the VNAV Target Altitude is displayed above the Vertical Speed Indicator see Figure 6 12 and the Vertical Track aural annunciation is...

Страница 74: ...ath Mode is active does not cancel the mode The autopilot guides the aircraft back to the glidepath upon release of the CWS Button Figure 6 15 Glidepath Mode Glidepath Mode Active Command Bars Indicate Descent on Glidepath GPS Approach Mode Active Glidepath Indicator HSI Set to GPS LPV Approach Active NOTE Glidepath Mode is available only in installations with GIA 63W Integrated Avionics Units and...

Страница 75: ...gure 6 17 Glideslope Mode Glideslope Mode Active Command Bars Indicate Descent on Localizer Glideslope Path Approach Mode Active Active ILS Frequency Tuned HSI Set to LOC2 Glideslope Indicator Glideslope Mode is available for LOC ILS approaches to capture and track the glideslope Glideslope Mode is armed when A valid localizer frequency is tuned LOC Approach Mode is armed the APR Key is pressed an...

Страница 76: ...d Attempts to modify the aircraft attitude i e with the CWS Button or NOSE UP NOSE DN keys result in reversion to Pitch and Roll Hold modes Command Bars Indicate Climb Go Around Mode Active Autopilot Disconnect Annunciation Flashes Yellow 5 sec Figure 6 19 Go Around Mode Roll Modes Roll Hold default mode Holds the current aircraft roll attitude or rolls the wings level depending on the commanded b...

Страница 77: ...e is annunciated as ROL in the AFCS Status Box The current aircraft bank angle is held subject to the bank angle conditions listed in Table 6 3 Roll Mode Control Annunciation Roll Hold default ROL Heading Select HDG Key HDG Navigation GPS Arm Capture Track NAV Key GPS Navigation VOR Enroute Arm Capture Track VOR Navigation LOC Arm Capture Track No Glideslope LOC Approach GPS Arm Capture Track APR ...

Страница 78: ...nt heading The Selected Heading is adjusted using the HDG Knob on either display Pressing the CWS Button and hand ﬂying the aircraft does not change the Selected Heading The autopilot guides the aircraft back to the Selected Heading upon release of the CWS Button Figure 6 21 Heading Select Mode Pitch Hold Mode Active Command Bars Track Selected Heading Heading Select Mode Active Selected Heading S...

Страница 79: ...n Mode Command Bars Indicate Left Turn to Track GPS Course and Climb to Intercept Selected Altitude GPS Navigation Mode Active GPS is Active Navigation Receiver on HSI Flight Level Change Mode Active Altitude Hold Mode Armed Backcourse Navigation Mode is armed when the localizer front course is greater than 105 from the aircraft heading The annunciation BC in the AFCS Status Box indicates Backcour...

Страница 80: ...puts to ﬂy the approach Approach Mode provides greater sensitivity for signal tracking than Navigation Mode Pressing the APR Key when the CDI is greater than one dot arms the selected approach mode annunciated in white to the left of the active roll mode If the selected navigation receiver is GPS pressing the APR Key arms GPS Approach Mode provided that a GPS approach has been loaded into the ﬂigh...

Страница 81: ...perated simultaneously Trim speeds are scheduled with airspeed to provide more consistent response Servo motor control limits the maximum servo speed and torque The servo mounts are equipped with slip clutches allowing the servos to be overridden in case of an emergency Engaging the Autopilot NOTE Autopilot engagement disengagement is not equivalent to servo engagement disengage ment Use the CWS B...

Страница 82: ...ueuntilacknowledged by pushing the AP DISC or MET Switch Figure 6 27 Automatic Autopilot Disengagement Autopilot Automatically Disengaged The autopilot is manually disengaged by pushing the AP DISC Switch GA Switch MET ARM Switch or the AP Key on the MFD Manual disengagement is indicated by a ﬁve second ﬂashing yellow AP annunciation and a two second autopilot disconnect aural alert After manual d...

Страница 83: ...on 7 GPS Navigation when studying the this example In this scenario the aircraft departs Charles B Wheeler Downtown Airport KMKC enroute to Colorado Springs Airport KCOS After departure the aircraft climbs to 12 000 ft and airway V4 is intercepted after following headingvectorsof240 and290 assignedbyATC Airway V4 is ﬂown to Salina VOR SLN using VOR navigation then airway V244 is ﬂown using a GPS ﬂ...

Страница 84: ...n and hand ﬂying the aircraft adjusting pitch angle to establish a newVertical Speed Reference then releasing the CWS Button Figure 6 30 Departure Selected Altitude of 12 000 MSL 1 2 3 4 HDG Mode VS Mode ALT Mode KMKC c Press the AP Key to engage the autopilot in a climb using Vertical Speed Mode 3 Use the HDG Knob to set the Selected Heading complying with ATC vectors to intercept Airway V4 Press...

Страница 85: ...the CDI Softkey to set the navigation source to VOR c Use the CRS Knob to set the Selected Course to 255 Note that at this point the ﬂight director is still in Heading Select Mode and the autopilot continues to ﬂy 290 0 3 6 9 1 2 1 5 18 2 1 2 4 27 3 0 33 HDG M ode VOR Arm ed VOR NAV Mode V 4 Salina VOR SLN 1 2 3 Hdg 290 o 255 o Figure 6 31 Intercepting a VOR Radial d Press the NAV Key This arms VO...

Страница 86: ...R to GPS Navigation Mode a Press the CDI Softkey until GPS is the selected navigation source b Press the NAV Key to activate GPS Navigation Mode The autopilot guides the aircraft along the active ﬂight plan leg Figure 6 32 Transition to GPS Flight Plan 0 3 6 9 1 2 1 5 18 2 1 2 4 27 3 0 33 VOR NAV Mode GPS NAV Mode V 244 Hays VOR HYS 1 2 3 Salina VOR SLN V 4 076 o 075 o 260 o 0 3 6 9 1 2 1 5 18 2 1...

Страница 87: ...e VNV Target Altitude prior to reaching the planned TOD Flight Level Change Mode is used in the example Flight Level Change descent 1 Select Flight Level Change Mode a Using the ALT Knob set the Selected Altitude to 10 000 feet Figure 6 33 FLC Descent Cruise Altitude of 12 000 MSL Selected Altitude of 10 000 MSL ALT Mode FLC Mode ALT Mode 1 2 3 b Press the FLC Key to activate Flight Level Change M...

Страница 88: ...rom Altitude Hold to Vertical Path Tracking Mode To proceed with descent path capture if the white VPTH annunciation begins ﬂashing do one of the following Figure 6 34 VPTH Descent 3 nm Cruise Altitude of 12 000 MSL VNAV Target Altitude of 10 000 MSL ALT Mode VPTH Mode Selected Altitude set below VNAV Target Altitude 1 2 3 TOD BOD ALT Mode Along track Offset 3 nm before OPSHN Turn the ALT Knob to ...

Страница 89: ...Capture Mode indicated by the green ALTS annunciation ﬂashing for up to 10 seconds Figure 6 35 Non path Descent HABUK VNAV Target Altitude of 10 000 MSL VNAV Target Altitude of 9 000 MSL ALT Mode Planned Descent Path Selected Altitude of 9 400 MSL ALT Mode VPTH M ode 1 2 3 FLC M ode 4 VPTH Mode ALT Mode Selected Altitude 5 TOD Planned TOD BOD BOD OPSHN 3 nm The green ALT annunciation ﬂashes for up...

Страница 90: ...and Glideslope modes a Ensure the appropriate localizer frequency is tuned b Press the APR Key when cleared for approach to armApproach and Glideslope modes LOC and GS appear in white as armed mode annuncia tions c The navigation source automatically switches to LOC After this switch occurs the localizer signal can be captured and the ﬂight director determines when to begin the turn to intercept t...

Страница 91: ... into the ﬂight plan 2 Press the APR Key once clearance for approach has been acquired GPS Approach Mode is activated and Glidepath Mode is armed 3 Once the glidepath is captured Glidepath Mode becomes active The ﬂight director now provides guidance to the Missed Approach Point 4 There are two options available at this point as the autopilot ﬂies the approach Push the AP DISC Switch at the Decisio...

Страница 92: ...ld Point c Press the NAV Key to have the autopilot ﬂy to the hold 3 Use the ALT Knob to set a Selected Altitude to hold To hold the current airspeed during the climb press the FLC Key As the aircraft nears the Selected Altitude the ﬂight director transitions to Selected Altitude Capture Mode indicated by the green ALTS annunciation ﬂashing for up to 10 seconds The green ALT annunciation ﬂashes for...

Страница 93: ...on Elevator Mistrim Up Pitch Trim Failure or stuck MEPT Switch If AP engaged take control of the aircraft and disengage AP If AP disengaged move MEPT switches separately to unstick Roll Failure Roll axis control failure AP inoperative Pitch Failure Pitch axis control failure AP inoperative System Failure AP and MEPT are unavailable FD may still be available Preﬂight Test Performing preﬂight system...

Страница 94: ...eed protection is provided in situations where the ﬂight director cannot acquire and maintain the mode reference for the selected vertical mode without exceeding the certiﬁed maximum autopilot airspeed When an autopilot overspeed condition occurs the Airspeed Reference appears in a box above the Airspeed Indicator ﬂashing a yellow MAXSPD annunciation Engine power should be reduced and or the pitch...

Страница 95: ... Enroute 7 2 DIRECT TO NAVIGATION Direct to Navigation from the MFD Identiﬁer Facility Name City Map of the Selected Waypoint Bearing Distance Direct to Course Geographic Region VNV Target Altitude Offset Before Selected Direct to Map Orientation Map Range VNV Target Altitude Activate Field Figure 7 2 MFD Direct to Window Enter a Direct to Destination 1 Press the Direct to Key 2 Enter the destinat...

Страница 96: ...the large FMS Knob to select the desired waypoint 4 Press the ENT Key The cursor is now displayed on ACTIVATE 5 Press ENT again to activate a Direct to Select a Direct to Destination to a Nearest Airport 1 Press the Direct to Key 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to the left Initially a ﬂight plan waypoint list is displayed as in Figure 7 3 The list is populated only when navigating a ﬂight plan Figure 7 ...

Страница 97: ...o select MSL or AGL is now displayed 5 Turn the small FMS Knob to select MSL or AGL 6 Press the ENT Key The cursor now highlights the VNV offset ﬁeld 7 Enter the desired the offset distance 8 Press the ENT Key 9 Turn the large FMS Knob to place the cursor in the COURSE ﬁeld 10 Enter the desired course 11 Press the ENT Key The cursor now highlights ACTIVATE 12 Press the ENT Key again to begin navig...

Страница 98: ...ll FMS Knob to enter the desired target altitude offset from the selected Direct to 12 Press the ENT Key to highlight Activate or turn the large FMS Knob to highlight the COURSE ﬁeld 13 Turn the small FMS Knob to enter the desired course to the waypoint 14 Press the ENT Key to highlight ACTIVATE 15 Press the ENT again to activate the Direct to Select a Direct to Destination to a Flight Plan Waypoi...

Страница 99: ...l be ﬂashing on Cancel Direct to NAV 3 Press the ENT Key to cancel the direct to 7 3 NAVIGATING AN EXAMPLE FLIGHT PLAN The following discussion is an example of navigating a ﬂight plan with the WAAS capable GPS system while the G1000 provides vertical guidance through descents A lateral ﬂight plan LNAV would be navigated in much the same way but would not include vertical guidance when the ﬁnal ap...

Страница 100: ...ting 1 0 nm CDI scaling Figure 7 11 Assigned Heading of 240º 3 ATC now assigns routing to join V4 A heading of 290º is assigned to intercept V4 The aircraft turns to heading 290 as seen in Figure 7 12 Note the current CDI ﬂight phase is now ENR Enroute When the aircraft reached 30 nautical miles from the departure point the ﬂight phase changed from TERM to ENR on the HSI and CDI scaling changed to...

Страница 101: ...Figure 7 13 Begin Adding V4 to the Flight Plan c Turn the small FMS Knob to display theWaypoint InformationWindow Enter the desired beginning point for V4 leg in this example Topeka VOR TOP will be used as shown in Figure 7 14 Figure 7 14 Entering V4 Entry Point d Press the ENT Key TOP is now inserted into the ﬂight plan as in Figure 7 15 Figure 7 15 TOP Inserted into the Flight Plan e With SLN st...

Страница 102: ...t as seen in Figure 7 16 h Press the ENT Key The list of V4 airway exit points is now displayed as in Figure 7 17 Figure 7 17 List of Available Exits for V4 i If necessary turn either FMS Knob to select the desired exit In this case Salina VOR SLN is selected as seen in Figure 7 17 j Press the ENT Key The selected airway and exit are displayed the prompt LOAD highlighted as in Figure 7 18 Figure 7...

Страница 103: ...highlight SLN The TO waypoint of the leg is selected in order to activate the leg c Press the ACT LEG Softkey The conﬁrmation window is now displayed as in Figure 7 20 Note the TOP to SLN leg is actually part of V4 Figure 7 20 Conﬁrm Active Leg d Verify the displayed leg is the desired leg and press the ENT Key Note in Figure 7 21 the magenta arrow in the ﬂight plan window and magenta line on the ...

Страница 104: ... dot indicating a 2 0 nm distance from the centerline of the next course 7 As the CDI approaches center the aircraft turns onto the active leg as seen in Figure 7 22 Figure 7 22 Turn on to Active Leg 8 At SLN VictorAirway 244 V244 will be intercepted TurnpromptswillbedisplayedinthePFDNavigation Status Box as seen in Figure 7 23 Figure 7 23 Turn to Intercept V244 9 As seen in Figure 7 24 V244 is no...

Страница 105: ...procedure and issues a crossing altitude restriction of 10 000 feet at OPSHN a Press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor b Turn the large FMS Knob to select OPSHN in the ﬂight plan list c Press the Direct to Key The Direct to Window is now displayed as shown in Figure 7 26 Figure 7 26 Direct To OPSHN d Turn the large FMS Knob to place the cursor in the VNV altitude ﬁeld as shown in Figure 7 27 Fig...

Страница 106: ...l procedure have no database speciﬁed altitudes therefore dashes are displayed Keep the CDI centered and maintain a track along the magenta line to OPSHN NOTE If the loaded arrival procedure has waypoints with altitude constraints retrieved from the database those altitudes will be displayed as white numerals This indicates the altitudes will not be used by the system for vertical guidance until m...

Страница 107: ...tion airport will be displayed as in Figure 7 31 Figure 7 31 List of Available Approaches d Turn either FMS Knob to select the LPV approach for 35R as shown in Figure 7 31 e Press the ENT Key A list of available transitions for the selected approach is displayed as shown on Figure 7 32 Figure 7 32 List of Available Transitions f Turn either FMS Knob to select the desired transition In this case th...

Страница 108: ...ob to highlight the desired altitude c Press the CLR Key d Press the FMS Knob to deactivate the cursor After making the altitude non designated it is displayed as white text Altitude constraint values associated with the Final Approach Fix FAF and waypoints beyond the FAF cannot be designated for vertical guidance These altitude values will always be displayed as white text as in Figure 7 34 Verti...

Страница 109: ... now displayed on the map The gray circle marks theTop of Descent TOD In this example after passing the TOD point vertical guidance will be provided that will result in a 3 0 degree FPA descent to an altitude of 10 000 feet at the offset waypoint Figure 7 35 Adjusting the Descent c Press the ENT Key 15 As seen in Figure 7 36 the aircraft is approaching TOD Note the target vertical speed required t...

Страница 110: ... the aircraft is one minute from the bottom of descent BOD this will be annunciated as shown in Figure 7 39 Upon reaching the OPSHN offset waypoint three miles before OPSHN the aircraft will be at 10 000 feet Figure 7 39 Approaching Bottom of Descent BOD at OPSHN 18 The aircraft is approaching OPSHN The upcoming turn and next heading will be annunciated at the top left of the PFD as seen in Figure...

Страница 111: ...gure 7 41 Tracking the OPSHN to FSHER Leg 20 The ﬂight continues through the arrival procedure to PYNON see Figure 7 42 At a point 31 nautical miles from the destination airport the phase of ﬂight scaling for the CDI will change to Terminal Mode and is annunciated by displaying TERM on the HSI There will be a descent to HABUK in the next leg Note the TOD point on the map Annunciations for the upco...

Страница 112: ...IAF as the active leg activating the approach procedure see Figure 7 43 Figure 7 43 Approach Leg is Now Active To manually activate the approach procedure perform the following steps a Press the PROC Key b Turn the large FMS Knob to highlight ACTIVATE APPROACH as shown in Figure 7 44 Figure 7 44 Activate Missed Approach c Press the ENT Key to activate the approach 22 The IAF is the next waypoint A...

Страница 113: ...es to the Glidepath Indicator as shown in Figure 7 46 when the ﬁnal approach course becomes active Figure 7 46 Descending to the FAF The descent continues through the FAF CEGIX using the Glidepath Indicator as one would use a glideslope indicator to obtain an altitude AT 7 800 feet at the FAF Note the altitude restriction lines over and under At the altitude in the ALT ﬁeld in Figure 7 46 24 After...

Страница 114: ...n the missed approach procedure The altitude constraint value defaults to 400 feet AGL when the ﬁx is not part of the published procedure In some missed approach procedures this altitude ﬁx may be part of the published procedure For example the procedure dictates a climb to 5 500 feet then turn left and proceed to the Missed Approach Hold Point MAHP In this case the altitude ﬁx would be labeled 55...

Страница 115: ... Airport Information Page Select the Airport Information Page 1 Turn the large FMS Knob to select the WPT page group 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to select the first rectangular page icon Initially information for the airport closest to the aircraft s present position is displayed Select an Airport from the Database 1 With theAirport Information Page displayed press the FMS Knob to activate the curso...

Страница 116: ...o select the desired airport 5 Press the ENT Key Select a Recently Entered Airport Identiﬁer 1 With theAirport Information Page displayed press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to the left Initially a ﬂight plan waypoint list is displayed as in Figure 7 54 The list is populated only when navigating a ﬂight plan 3 Turn the small FMS Knob to the right to display the RECE...

Страница 117: ...b to scroll through the list placing the cursor on the desired frequency If a listed frequency has sector or altitude restrictions thefrequencyisprecededbyaninfo i designation Press the ENT Key to view the information The following may be displayed with the frequency TX transmit only RX receive only PT part time frequency 4 Press the ENT Key to place the selected frequency in the standby ﬁeld of t...

Страница 118: ... duplicate identiﬁers in the database a list is displayed from which to choose the desired location 4 Press the FMS Knob to remove the flashing cursor 7 7 VOR INFORMATION Figure 7 59 VOR Information Page Select the VOR Information Page 1 Turn the large FMS Knob to select the WPT page group 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to select the fourth rectangular page icon Access Information on a VOR 1 With the V...

Страница 119: ...RPORTS ﬁeld The ﬁrst airport in the nearest airports list is highlighted 2 Press the FMS Knob then turn the large FMS Knob to highlight the desired airport 3 Press the FMS Knob to remove the flashing cursor Access Runway Information for the Selected Airport 1 With the NearestAirports Page displayed press the RNWY Softkey to place the cursor in the RUNWAYS ﬁeld 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to select t...

Страница 120: ...t COM Frequency into the Active COM 1 With the Nearest Airports Window displayed turn either FMS Knob to place the cursor on the desired airport frequency shown in the window 2 Press the ENT Key and the selected frequency will be placed in the COM standby frequency ﬁeld 3 Press the Frequency Transfer Key to make the frequency the active frequency 7 10 NEAREST INTERSECTIONS Figure 7 62 Nearest Inte...

Страница 121: ... the selected NDB 3 Press the FMS Knob to remove the flashing cursor 7 12 NEAREST VOR Figure 7 64 Nearest VOR Page Select the Nearest VOR Page 1 Turn the large FMS Knob to select the NRST page group 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to select the fourth rectangular page icon View Information on the Nearest VOR 1 With the Nearest VOR Page displayed press the VOR Softkey to place the cursor in the NEAREST V...

Страница 122: ... ﬁrst 2 Turn either FMSKnob to select the desired waypoint The remaining information on the Nearest User Waypoint Page pertains to the selected Nearest User Waypoint 3 Press the FMS Knob to remove the flashing cursor 7 14 NEAREST FREQUENCIES Figure 7 66 Nearest Frequencies Page Select the Nearest Frequencies Page 1 Turn the large FMS Knob to select the NRST page group 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to ...

Страница 123: ...rse will not take the aircraft inside Within 2 nm is displayed If the aircraft has entered an airspace Inside is displayed View Additional Details for a Listed Airspace 1 With the Nearest Airspace Page displayed press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor 2 Turn either FMS Knob to scroll through the list highlighting the desired airspace 3 Press the ALERTS Softkey to place the cursor in the AIRSPACE...

Страница 124: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A SECTION 7 NAVIGATION 7 30 Blank Page ...

Страница 125: ...FERENCEWAYPOINTS ﬁeld If desired the waypoint can be modiﬁed by changing the reference waypoint Turn the FMS Knobs to enter the position coordinates or the radial and distance from the reference waypoint 7 Press the FMS Knob to remove the flashing cursor Modify a User Waypoint 1 With the UserWaypoint Information Page displayed press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor 2 Turn the large FMS Knob to ...

Страница 126: ...e 8 2 Active Flight Plan Window on the PFD Figure 8 3 Active Flight Plan Page on the MFD 8 3 ACTIVATE A STORED FLIGHT PLAN 1 Press the FPL Key and turn the small FMS Knob to display the Flight Plan Catalog Page Figure 8 4 Flight Plan Catalog Page 2 Press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor 3 Turn the large FMS Knob to highlight the desired ﬂight plan and press the ACTIVE Softkey 4 With OK highligh...

Страница 127: ...only the active ﬂight plan Figure 8 7 Delete Flight Plan Conﬁrmation 8 6 INVERT ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN 1 From the Active Flight Plan Page press the MENU Key to display the Page Menu 2 Turn the large FMS Knob to highlight Invert Flight Plan and press the ENT Key The original ﬂight plan remains intact in its ﬂight plan catalog storage location 3 With OK highlighted press the ENT Key to invert the ﬂight ...

Страница 128: ...an is active NOTE After the ﬁrst leg is entered using the PFD only it is immediately activated 1 Press the FPL Key then press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to enter the ﬁrst letter of the departure airport identiﬁer Turn the large FMS Knob to the right to move the cursor to the next character position 3 Repeat step 2 to spell out the rest of the waypoint identiﬁer 4...

Страница 129: ...y Entry Point 5 When the desired entry point is entered press the ENT Key Figure 8 15 Airway Entry Point Loaded 6 Turn the small FMS Knob to display the Waypoint Information Window Figure 8 16 Display Waypoint Information Window 7 Press the LD AIRWY Softkey A list of available airways is now displayed Figure 8 17 Select Desired Airway 8 Turn either FMS Knob to highlight the desired airway 9 Press ...

Страница 130: ...FROM A FLIGHT PLAN 1 With theActive or Stored Flight Plan Page displayed press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor 2 Turn the large FMS Knob to highlight the title for the approach departure arrival or airway to be deleted Titles appear in white directly above the procedure s waypoints 3 Press the CLR Key to display a conﬁrmation window With OK highlighted press the ENT Key to remove the selected ...

Страница 131: ... From the Flight Plan Catalog Page press the FMS Knob to activate the cursor 2 Turn the large FMS Knob to highlight the desired ﬂight plan 3 Press the INVERT Softkey Invert and activate stored ﬂight plan will be displayed 4 With OK highlighted press the ENT Key The selected ﬂight plan is now inverted and activated The original ﬂight plan remains intact in its ﬂight plan catalog storage location 8 ...

Страница 132: ...ect the AUX page group 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to select the first rectangular page icon 3 The current page mode is displayed at the top of the page AUTOMATIC or MANUAL To change the page mode press the AUTO or MANUAL Softkey Figure 8 22 Trip Planning Page Starting WPT Ending WPT 4 For Direct to planning press the WPTS Softkey and verify that the starting waypoint ﬁeld indicates P POS present po...

Страница 133: ...nob to highlight the departure time DEP TIME ﬁeld NOTE The departure time on the Trip Planning Page is used for preﬂight planning Refer to the Utility Page for the actual ﬂight departure time 6 Turn the FMS Knobs to enter the departure time Press the ENT Key when ﬁnished Departure time may be entered in local or UTC time depending upon system settings 7 Turn the FMS Knobs to enter the fuel ﬂow Pre...

Страница 134: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A 8 10 SECTION 8 FLIGHT PLANNING Blank Page ...

Страница 135: ...nway and press the ENT Key 8 A list of available transitions is displayed for the departure Turn either FMS Knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the ENT Key Figure 9 2 Select Departure Transition 9 With LOAD highlighted press the ENT Key The departure will be active when the ﬂight plan is active Load and Activate An Arrival Procedure NOTE If any portion of an arrival procedu...

Страница 136: ...yed in the list of available approaches NotallapproachesinthedatabaseareapprovedforGPS use When selecting an approach a GPS designation to the right of the procedure name indicates the procedure can be ﬂown using the GPS receiver Some procedures will not have this designation meaning the GPS receiver can be used for supplemental navigation guidance only If the GPS receiver cannot be used for prima...

Страница 137: ...e 6 Turn either FMS Knob to highlight the desired approach Press the ENT Key 7 The cursor will move to the TRANSITIONS ﬁeld Turn the large FMS Knob to highlight the desired transition waypoint and press the ENT Key The Vectors option assumes vectors will be received to the ﬁnal course segment of the approach and will provide navigation guidance relative to the ﬁnal approach course Figure 9 7 Selec...

Страница 138: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A 9 4 SECTION 9 PROCEDURES Blank Page ...

Страница 139: ...age Figure 10 1 Page Menu Figure 10 2 Map Setup Menu Figure 10 3 Map Setup Group List 10 2 STORMSCOPE OPTIONAL 350ONLY WARNING The Stormscope system is not intended to be used for hazardous thunderstorm penetration Weather information on the G1000 MFD is approved for weather avoidance only Refer to the WX 500 Pilot s Guide for detailed operation Displaying Stormscope Lightning Data on the Navigati...

Страница 140: ...to select Cell or Strike Press the ENT Key 6 Push the FMS Knob to return to the Navigation Map Page Clear Stormscope lightning data from the Navigation Map Page 1 Press the MENU Key with the Navigation Map Page displayed 2 Turn either FMS Knob to highlight the Clear Lightning Data ﬁeld and press the ENT Key Stormscope Page 1 Turn the large FMS Knob until the Map Page group is selected 2 Turn the s...

Страница 141: ...XM Radio Service is approved only for weather avoidance not penetration 1 Select the MAP Softkey 2 Select the NEXRAD or XM LTNG Softkey to display the desired weather Select the applicable softkey again to remove weather data from the Navigation Map Page Figure 10 7 Navigation Map Page Displaying NEXRAD Weather Displaying METAR and TAF information on the Airport Information Page Display METAR and ...

Страница 142: ... An individual NEXRAD site cannot depict high altitude storms at close ranges and has no information about storms directly over the site The resolution of displayed NEXRAD data is 4 square kilometers Therefore when zoomed in on the display each square block is 2 kilometers on each side The intensity level reﬂected by the square will be the highest level sampled within the square area ECHO TOP Sele...

Страница 143: ...oftkey select the softkey corresponding to the desired winds aloft altitude The display is updated every 12 minutes COUNTY Selecting the COUNTYSoftkey provides speciﬁc public awareness and protection weather warnings for Tornado Severe Thunderstorm and Flood conditions provided by the National Weather Service NWS The display is updated every 5 minutes CYCLONE Selecting the CYCLONE Softkey showsthe...

Страница 144: ... the GDL 69 A and it should have no adverse effects if inadvertently selected during ﬂight Refer to the GDL 69 69A XM Satellite RadioActivation Instructions 190 00355 04 Rev E or later for further information Weather Product Age The age for each of the enabled products is displayed on the right side of the display Times are based on Zulu time when the data was assembled on the ground not the time ...

Страница 145: ...smaller area Ifdataisnotreceivedforaperiodlongerthan6seconds the age of the present data will be displayed in the lower left of of the screen along with the annuciation that the system has entered Coast mode The system will maintain the trafﬁc display up to 60 seconds until the next data reception If no data is received after 60 seconds trafﬁc will be removed from the display Trafﬁc out of range T...

Страница 146: ... the Altitude Mode ﬁeld 4 Select the MUTE Softkey to mute aural alerts for currently displayed Trafﬁc Advisories Aural alerts will again be heard when a new Trafﬁc Advisory is issued Selecting the MUTE Softkey twice will replay the aural alerts for any currently displayed Trafﬁc Advisories 5 Rotate the Joystick clockwise to display a larger area or rotate counter clockwise to display a smaller are...

Страница 147: ...r page icon 3 If desired select the VIEW Softkey to access the ARC and 360 Softkeys When the ARC Softkey is selected a radar like 120 view is displayed Select the 360 Softkey to return to the 360 default display 4 Rotate the Joystick clockwise to display a larger area or rotate counter clockwise to display a smaller area Figure 10 14 Terrain Proximity Page Color Indication RED Terrain Obstacle abo...

Страница 148: ... is greater than 75 degrees north or 60 degrees south NOTE TAWS operation is only available when the G1000 is conﬁgured for a TAWS B installation Displaying Terrain on the TAWS Page 1 Turn the large FMS Knob to select the Map Page Group 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to select the TAWS Page 3 If desired select the VIEW Softkey to access the ARC and 360 Softkeys When the ARC Softkey is selected a radar ...

Страница 149: ...d Enable Disable Aviation Data 1 While theTAWS Page is displayed press the MENU Key 2 Turn the small FMS Knob to select Show or Hide Aviation Data 3 Press the ENT Key Figure 10 18 TAWS Page Menu TAWS Inhibit Flying VFR into an area where unique terrain exists could cause the system to annunciate a nuisance alert When TAWS is inhibited only FLTA and PDA alerts are disabled Inhibit TAWS While theTAW...

Страница 150: ...alerts when the aircraft is below the elevation of terrain in the aircraft s projected path ITI and IOI alerts are accompanied by a potential impact point displayed on the TAWS Page as a yellow or red X The alert is given when the projected vertical ﬂight path is calculated to come within minimum clearance altitudes in the following table Phase of Flight Level Flight Descending Enroute 700 ft 500 ...

Страница 151: ...he Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff alert is to provide suitable alerts to the pilot when the system determines that the aircraft is losing altitude closing upon terrain after takeoff The aural message Don t Sink is given for NCR alerts accompanied by an annunciation and a pop up terrain alert on the display 1000 800 600 400 200 Height Above Terrain Feet Altitude Loss Feet 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1...

Страница 152: ...isplaying Terrain and Obstacles on the Navigation Map 1 With the Navigation Map displayed select the MAP Softkey 2 Select the TERRAIN Softkey Terrain and obstacle proximity will now be displayed on the map Unlighted Obstacle Height is less than 1000 AGL Lighted Obstacle Height is less than 1000 AGL Unlighted Obstacle Height is greater than 1000 AGL Lighted Obstacle Height is greater than 1000 AGL ...

Страница 153: ... ROC or Obstacle Obstacle Pull Up Pull Up or ObstacleAhead Pull Up ObstacleAhead Pull Up Imminent Obstacle ImpactWarning IOI or ObstacleAhead Pull Up ObstacleAhead Pull Up or Obstacle Obstacle Pull Up Pull Up Reduced RequiredTerrain Clearance Caution RTC or Caution Terrain Caution Terrain or TerrainAhead TerrainAhead ImminentTerrain Impact Caution ITI or TerrainAhead TerrainAhead or Caution Terrai...

Страница 154: ... Alert Type PFD MFD TAWS Page Annunciation MFD Pop Up Alert Aural Message TAWS SystemTest Fail None TAWS System Failure TAWSAlerting is disabled None None No GPS position or excessively degraded GPS signal None TAWS NotAvailable TAWSAvailble will be heard when sufﬁcient GPS signal is re established SystemTest in progress None None SystemTest pass None None TAWS SystemTest OK ...

Страница 155: ...y Figure 11 1 G1000 Reversionary Mode Failed PFD The DISPLAY BACKUP Button Activates Deactivates Reversionary Mode on Both Displays NAV1 and COM1 provided by the failed PFD Flagged Invalid Normal PFD Display Normal MFD Display Reversionary display mode can also be manually activated by the pilot if the system fails to detect a display problem The reversionary mode is activated manually by pressing...

Страница 156: ...tuations Red extreme pitch warning chevrons pointing toward the horizon are displayed starting at 50 degrees above and 30 degrees below the horizon line Figure 11 2 Extreme Pitch Indication 11 4 STORMSCOPE OPERATION WITH LOSS OF HEADING INPUT If heading is lost strikes and or cells must be cleared manually after the execution of each turn This is to ensure that the strike and or cell positions are...

Страница 157: ...t messages Up to 64 prioritized alerts can be displayed in the Alerts Window Selecting the ALERTS Softkey displays the Alerts Window Selecting the ALERTS Softkey again removes the Alerts Window from the display When the Alerts Window is displayed the pilot may use the large FMS Knob to scroll through the alert list Higher priority alerts are displayed at the top of the window Lower priority alerts...

Страница 158: ...ne if applicable CAUTION This level of alert indicates the existence of abnormal conditions on the aircraft that may require pilot intervention A caution alert is accompanied by an annunciation in the Annunciation Window Caution text appearing in the Annunciation Window is YELLOW A caution alert is also accompanied by a ﬂashing CAUTION Softkey annunciation as shown in Figure 12 3 Selecting the CAU...

Страница 159: ...noxide OIL PRES LOW Low oil pressure Chime Oil Pressure Low CAUTION Alerts Annunciation Window Text Alerts Window Message Audio Alert Voice Message L ALT OFF Left Alternator ofﬂine Single Chime Left Alternator Out R ALT OFF Right Alternator ofﬂine Single Chime Right Alternator Out FUEL PUMP Fuel pump is operating Single Chime Fuel Pump L LOW FUEL Low fuel in the left tank Single Chime None R LOW F...

Страница 160: ... fan for the MFD is inoperative None AVIONICS FAN The cooling fan for remote avionics is inoperative None TIMER ZERO Timer has counted down to zero Timer Expired FUEL IMBAL Fuel imbalance is greater than 10 gallons None LOW MAN PRES Manifold pressure is below 15 in None VAPOR SUPPR Turn on Vapor Suppression None Columbia 400 only 12 3 CO GUARDIAN MESSAGES Alerts Window Message Comments CO DET SRVC...

Страница 161: ... If AP engaged take control of the aircraft and disengage AP If AP disengaged move MEPT switches separately to unstick Roll Failure Roll axis control failure AP inoperative Pitch Failure Pitch axis control failure AP inoperative System Failure AP and MEPT are unavailable FD may still be available Preﬂight Test Performing preﬂight system test aural alert sounds at completion Do not press the AP DIS...

Страница 162: ...tacle Obstacle Pull Up Pull Up or ObstacleAhead Pull Up ObstacleAhead Pull Up Imminent Obstacle ImpactWarning IOI or ObstacleAhead Pull Up ObstacleAhead Pull Up or Obstacle Obstacle Pull Up Pull Up Reduced RequiredTerrain Clearance Caution RTC or Caution Terrain Caution Terrain or TerrainAhead TerrainAhead ImminentTerrain Impact Caution ITI or TerrainAhead TerrainAhead or Caution Terrain Caution T...

Страница 163: ...ction fails a large red X is typically displayed on windows associated with the failed data The following section describes various system annunciations RefertotheAFMforadditionalinformation regarding pilot responses to these annunciations System Annunciation Comment Attitude and Heading Reference System is aligning Display system is not receiving attitude information from the AHRS Display is not ...

Страница 164: ...here is an actual failure a red X will soon appear over the Attitude Indicator Display system is not receiving airspeed input from air data computer Display is not receiving altitude input from the air data computer Display is not receiving vertical speed input from the air data computer GPS information is either not present or is invalid for navigation use Note that AHRS utilizes GPS inputs durin...

Страница 165: ... Avionics Units GIA 63 Integrated Avionics Units 12 7 G1000 SYSTEM MESSAGE ADVISORIES This section describes various G1000 system message advisories Certain messages are issued due to an LRU or an LRU function failure Such messages are normally accompanied by a corresponding red X annunciation as shown previously in the G1000 System Annunciation section NOTE This section provides information regar...

Страница 166: ...ervice req d The PFD and or MFD conﬁguration settings do not match backup conﬁguration memory The G1000 system should be serviced MFD1 CONFIG MFD1 conﬁg error Conﬁg service req d SW MISMATCH GDU software version mismatch Xtalk is off The MFD and PFD have different software versions installed The G1000 system should be serviced PFD1 COOLING PFD1 has poor cooling Reducing power usage The PFD and or ...

Страница 167: ... inserted Replace data card If problem persists the G1000 system should be serviced PFD1 DB ERR PFD1 obstacle database error exists MFD1 DB ERR MFD1 airport terrain database error exists The MFD and or PFD detected a failure in the airport terrain database Ensure that the data card is properly inserted Replace data card If problem persists the G1000 system should be serviced PFD1 DB ERR PFD1 airpo...

Страница 168: ...in both displays DB MISMATCH Obstacle database version mismatch The PFD and MFD have different obstacle database versions installed Install correct obstacle database version in both displays DB MISMATCH Airport Terrain database mismatch The PFD and MFD have different airport terrain databases installed Install correct airport terrain database in both displays GMA 1347 Message Advisories Message Co...

Страница 169: ...ng temperature GIA2 COOLING GIA2 temperature too low GIA1 COOLING GIA1 over temperature The GIA1 and or GIA2 temperature is too high If problem persists the G1000 system should be serviced GIA2 COOLING GIA2 over temperature GIA1 SERVICE GIA1 needs service Return the unit for repair The GIA1 and or GIA2 self test has detected a problem in the unit The G1000 system should be serviced GIA2 SERVICE GI...

Страница 170: ...m persists the G1000 system should be serviced COM2 RMT XFR COM2 remote transfer key is stuck RAIM UNAVAIL RAIM is not available from FAF to MAP waypoints GPS satellite coverage is insufﬁcient to perform Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RAIM from the FAF to the MAP waypoints LOI GPS integrity lost Crosscheck with other NAVS Loss of GPS integrity monitoring GPS NAV LOST Loss of GPS naviga t...

Страница 171: ...serviced NAV2 SERVICE NAV2 needs service Return unit for repair NAV1 RMT XFR NAV1 remote transfer key is stuck The remote NAV1 and or NAV2 transfer switch is stuck in the enabled or pressed state Press the transfer switch again to cycle its operation If the problem persists the G1000 system should be serviced NAV2 RMT XFR NAV2 remote transfer key is stuck G S1 FAIL G S1 is inoperative A failure ha...

Страница 172: ...ow to operate correctly Allow units to warm up to operating temperature GIA2 COOLING GIA2 temperature too low GIA1 COOLING GIA1 over temperature The GIA1 and or GIA2 temperature is too high If problem persists the G1000 system should be serviced GIA2 COOLING GIA2 over temperature GIA1 SERVICE GIA1 needs service Return the unit for repair The GIA1 and or GIA2 self test has detected a problem in the...

Страница 173: ...sists the G1000 system should be serviced COM2 PTT COM2 push to talk key is stuck COM1 RMT XFR COM1 remote transfer key is stuck The COM1 and or COM2 transfer switch is stuck in the enabled or pressed position Press the transfer switch again to cycle its operation If the problem persists the G1000 system should be serviced COM2 RMT XFR COM2 remote transfer key is stuck LOI GPS integrity lost Cross...

Страница 174: ...led or pressed state Press the transfer switch again to cycle its operation If the problem persists the G1000 system should be serviced NAV2 RMT XFR NAV2 remote transfer key is stuck G S1 FAIL G S1 is inoperative A failure has been detected in glideslope receiver 1 and or receiver 2 The G1000 system should be serviced G S2 FAIL G S2 is inoperative G S1 SERVICE G S1 needs service Return unit for re...

Страница 175: ...p GPS source The 1 AHRS is using the backup GPS path Primary GPS path has failed The G1000 system should be serviced when possible AHRS1 GPS AHRS1 not receiving any GPS information The 1 AHRS is not receiving any or any useful GPS information Check AFMS limitations The G1000 system should be serviced AHRS1 GPS AHRS1 not receiving backup GPS information The 1 AHRS is not receiving backup GPS inform...

Страница 176: ...s unavailable The G1000 system should be serviced MANIFEST GDL software mismatch communication halted The GDL 69 has incorrect software installed The G1000 system should be serviced GDC 74A Message Advisories Message Comments MANIFEST GDC1 software mismatch communication halted The GDC 74A has incorrect software installed The G1000 system should be serviced GCU 476 Message Advisories Message Comme...

Страница 177: ...er an aviation database update Verify that the user modiﬁed procedures in stored ﬂight plans are correct and up to date FPL TRUNC Flight plan has been truncated This occurs when a newly installed aviation database eliminates an obsolete approach or arrival used by a stored ﬂight plan The obsolete procedure is removed from the ﬂight plan Update ﬂight plan with current arrival or approach LOCKED FPL...

Страница 178: ...ported leg type prior to the active vertical waypoint This will prevent vertical guidance to the active vertical waypoint VNV Unavailable Excessive crosstrack error The current crosstrack exceeds the limit causing vertical deviation to go invalid VNV Unavailable Excessive track angle error The current track angle error exceeds the limit causing the vertical deviation to go invalid VNV Unavailable ...

Страница 179: ...or 2 4 Audio alerting system 12 2 Audio panel 4 3 5 1 Audio panel controls COM 1 2 5 2 Auto tuning 4 3 Automatic Flight Control System AFCS Alerts and annunciations 6 33 6 34 Status Annunciations 6 33 Status Box 6 2 Automatic squelch 4 3 Autopilot 6 1 6 21 6 22 Autopilot disconnect 6 16 6 22 B Barometric minimum 2 8 Barometric minimum descent altitude 2 2 Barometric setting Altimeter 2 1 Base reﬂe...

Страница 180: ...y 7 29 Load the nearest ARTCC frequency 7 28 LOI 2 12 LOW ALT 2 6 Low Altitude 2 5 2 6 LPV 2 6 6 23 7 5 7 20 M Manual Electric Trim 6 1 Manual Electric Trim MET 6 21 MAP 7 1 Map panning 10 5 Marker beacon 2 7 Marker Beacon Annunciations 2 2 messages 12 1 Message advisories 12 2 12 10 12 12 12 14 12 15 12 17 12 22 MET 6 1 METAR 10 3 10 5 MFD 1 1 4 3 Minimum descent altitude 2 2 Missed approach 6 32...

Страница 181: ...4 11 2 12 12 Terrain proximity 10 9 TIT 3 5 TOD 7 15 7 18 Top of Descent 7 15 Tornado 10 5 Trafﬁc advisory 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 14 Trafﬁc Annunciation 2 2 Trafﬁc map page 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 14 Transponder 4 4 Transponder standby mode 4 4 Transponder Status bar 4 5 Transponder Status Box 2 1 Trim 3 2 6 1 Trim Manual Electric 6 21 Tropical storms 10 5 True airspeed 2 1 Turn Rate Indicator 2 1 TX 4 3 U U...

Страница 182: ...Garmin G1000 Cockpit Reference Guide for the Columbia 350 400 190 00567 01 Rev A Index 4 INDEX Blank Page ...

Страница 183: ......

Страница 184: ...d SE Salem OR 97302 U S A p 503 391 3411 f 503 364 2138 Garmin Europe Ltd Liberty House Bulls Copse Road Hounsdown Business Park Southampton SO40 9RB U K p 44 0870 8501241 f 44 0870 8501251 Garmin Corporation No 68 Jangshu 2nd Road Shijr Taipei County Taiwan p 886 2 2642 9199 f 886 2 2642 9099 www garmin com 2006 2007 Garmin Ltd or its subsidiaries ...

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