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6-14 Measurement references
Stroke Volume (Doppler) in ml
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual . 3rd ed., Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins,
(2007), p.69-71.
SV = (CSA * VTI)
where:
CSA = Cross Sectional Area of the orifice (LVOT area)
VTI = Velocity Time Integral of the orifice
Stroke Volume (2D and M Mode) in ml
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual . 2nd ed., Boston: Little, Brown and Company, (1994),
p.44.
SV = (LVEDV – LVESV)
where:
SV = Stroke Volume
LVEDV = End Diastolic Volume
LVEDSV = End Systolic Volume
TAPSE
Rudski, L., W. Lai, et al. “Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a
report from the American Society of Echocardiography.”
Journal of the American Society of
Echocardiograph. (2010), p.685-713.
M Mode distance measurement of systolic excursion of the right ventricle
Tricuspid Valve Area (TVA)
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual . 3rd ed., Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins,
(2007), p.73-74.
TVA = 220 / PHT
Velocity Time Integral (VTI) in cm
Reynolds, Terry. The Echocardiographer’s Pocket Reference . 2nd ed., School of Cardiac Ultrasound,
Arizona Heart Institute, (2000), p.383.
VTI = absolute peak velocities integrated between two points in time, expressed in units of cm.
When using Auto Measure , VTI is always based on the peak trace and represents the distance (cm) that
blood travels in the time interval represented by the delimiters (presumably an ejection period).
Obstetrical references
Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI)
Jeng, C. J. et al. “Amniotic Fluid Index Measurement with the Four Quadrant Technique During
Pregnancy.”
The Journal of Reproductive Medicine ,35:7 (July 1990), p.674-677.