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8.1.3 Exposure Time

On exposure of the sensor, the inclination of photons produces a charge separation on

the semiconductors of the pixels. This results in a voltage difference, which is used for

signal extraction.

The signal strength is influenced by the incoming amount of photons. It can be increased

by increasing the exposure time (t

exposure

).

On Baumer HXC cameras, the exposure time can be set within the following ranges (step

size 1μsec):

Camera Type

t

exposure

min

t

exposure

max

HXC20 / HXC20c

4 μsec

1 sec

HXC40 / HXC40c

4 μsec

1 sec

PRNU / DSNU Correction (FPN - Fixed Pattern Noise)

8.1.4

CMOS sensors exhibit nonuniformities that are often called fixed pattern noise (FPN).

However it is no noise but a fixed variation from pixel to pixel that can be corrected. The

advantage of using this correction is a more homogeneous picture which may simplify the

image analysis. Variations from pixel to pixel of the dark signal are called dark signal non

-

uniformity (DSNU) whereas photo response nonuniformity (PRNU) describes variations

of the sensitivity. DNSU is corrected via an offset while PRNU is corrected by a factor.

The correction is based on columns. It is important that the correction values are comput

-

ed for the used sensor readout configuration. During camera production this is derived for

the factory defaults. If other settings are used (e.g. different number of readout channels)

using this correction with the default data set may degrade the image quality. In this case

the user may derive a specific data set for the used setup.

PRNU / DSNU Correction Off

PRNU / DSNU Correction On

Figure 15 ►

Incidence of light causes
charge separation on
the semiconductors of

the sensor.

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Содержание Camera Link HXC Series

Страница 1: ...User s Guide HXC cameras Release 2 Camera Link Document Version v1 8 Release 13 06 2014 Document Number 11080602 ...

Страница 2: ...Interface 16 6 5 2 Pin Assignment Power Supply and Digital IOs 17 6 5 3 LED Signaling 17 6 6 Environmental Requirements 18 6 6 1 Temperature and Humidity Range 18 6 6 2 Heat Transmission 18 6 6 3 Mechanical Tests 19 20 20 21 21 8 1 1 Image Format 21 8 1 2 Pixel Format 22 8 1 3 Exposure Time 24 8 1 4 PRNU DSNU Correction FPN Fixed Pattern Noise 24 8 1 5 High Dynamic Range HDR 25 8 1 6 Look Up Table...

Страница 3: ... Delay 37 8 6 3 Trigger Source 38 8 6 4 Debouncer 39 8 6 5 Flash Signal 39 8 6 6 Timer 40 8 7 User Sets 41 8 8 Factory Settings 41 9 Camera Link Interface 42 9 1 Channel Link and LVDS Technology 42 9 2 Camera Signals 42 9 2 1 Serial Communication 42 9 2 2 Camera Control 43 9 2 3 Video Data 43 9 3 CameraLink Taps 44 9 3 1 Tap Configuration 44 9 3 2 Tap Geometry 48 10 Lens install 50 11 Cleaning 51 ...

Страница 4: ...ser s Guide This User s Guide is aimed at experienced business users which want to integrate camera s into a vision system Copyright Any duplication or reprinting of this documentation in whole or in part and the reproduc tion of the illustrations even in modified form is permitted only with the written approval of Baumer This document is subject to change without notice Classification of the safe...

Страница 5: ...the camera and avoid contact over a longer period Caution When fixing the Camera Link cable with too much force the screws might get damaged The maximum torque is 2 5 inch lbf 0 3 Nm Intended Use 3 The camera is used to capture images that can be transferred over two Camera Link interfaces to a PC Notice Use the camera only for its intended purpose For any use that is not described in the technica...

Страница 6: ... HXC20 2 3 2048x1088 337 HXC40 1 2048x2048 180 HXC20c 2 3 2048x1088 337 HXC40c 1 2048x2048 180 Dimensions 52 52 26 26 36 36 UNC1 4 20 16 x M3 depth 6 26 36 36 36 4 x M3 depth 6 37 4 Figure 1 Front and rear view of a Baumer HXC camera with C Mount Figure 2 Dimensions of a Baumer HXC camera with C Mount ...

Страница 7: ...mes max fps HXC20 F 2 3 2048x1088 337 HXC40 F 1 2048x2048 180 HXC20c F 2 3 2048x1088 337 HXC40c F 1 2048x2048 180 Dimensions 52 52 26 26 36 36 UNC1 4 20 16 xM3 depth 6 26 36 37 Figure 3 Front view of a Baumer HXC camera with F Mount Figure 4 Dimensions of a Baumer HXC F camera ...

Страница 8: ...f monochrome also in NIR and color matrix sen sors for Baumer HXC cameras are displayed in the following graphs The characteristic curves for the sensors do not take the characteristics of lenses and light sources without filters into consideration but are measured with an AR coated cover glass Values relating to the respective technical data sheets of the sensors manufacturer 350 450 550 650 750 ...

Страница 9: ... pixels are equipped with microlenses which focus the light on the pixel Digitization Taps 6 2 4 The Truesense sensors employed in Baumer HXC cameras can be read out up to 16 channels in parallel Notice More channels increase the speed framerate but the use of more channels produces a higher heat generation Use only the maximum required number of channels Notice Due to sensor characteristics in 12...

Страница 10: ...are long enough to process exposure and readout succes sively In this operation the exposure of a frame n 1 takes place during the readout of frame n Exposure Readout Exposure Readout 6 3 1 Free Running Mode In the Free Running mode the camera records images permanently and sends them to the PC In order to achieve an optimal with regard to the adjusted exposure time texposure and image format the ...

Страница 11: ...e camera is unable to process occuring trigger signals tnotready This interval is situated between two exposures When this process time tnotready has elapsed the camera is able to react to external events again After tnotready has elapsed the timing of E depends on the readout time of the current im age treadout n and exposure time of the next image texposure n 1 It can be determined by the formul...

Страница 12: ...imulated with the formulas mentioned above no 2 or 4 as is the case Exposure Readout texposure n treadout n 1 treadout n texposure n 1 texposure n 2 ttriggerdelay tmin Trigger Flash tflash n tflashdelay tflash n 1 TriggerReady tnotready Image parameters Offset Gain Mode Partial Scan Timings A exposure time frame n effective B image parameters frame n effective C exposure time frame n 1 effective D...

Страница 13: ...he trigger will be skipped Exposure Readout texposure n treadout n 1 treadout n texposure n 1 texposure n 2 ttriggerdelay tmin Trigger Flash tflash n tflashdelay tflash n 1 TriggerReady tnotready Notice From a certain frequency of the trigger signal skipping triggers is unavoidable In gen eral this frequency depends on the combination of exposure and readout times and shutter mode Image parameters...

Страница 14: ...the shutter mode set to non overlapped Exposure Readout texposure n treadout n 1 treadout n texposure n 1 ttriggerdelay tmin Trigger Flash tflash n tflashdelay tflash n 1 TriggerReady tnotready Image parameters Offset Gain Mode Partial Scan Timings A exposure time frame n effective B image parameters frame n effective C exposure time frame n 1 effective D image parameters frame n 1 effective E ear...

Страница 15: ...lue is displayed in the figures and the table below Z Photosensitive surface of the sensor Y X ß M M R R X Y Camera Type xM typ mm yM typ mm xR typ mm yR typ mm βtyp ztyp mm HXC20 0 18 0 18 0 14 0 14 1 2 0 025 HXC40 0 18 0 18 0 14 0 14 1 2 0 025 Figure 8 Sensor accuracy of Baumer HXC cameras ...

Страница 16: ...ion When fixing the Camera Link cable with too much force the screws might get damaged The maximum torque is 2 5 inch lbf 0 3 Nm Date Camera Link Full 1 GND 10 Z2 19 Y3 2 Y0 11 ZCLK 20 100 Ω Term 3 Y1 12 Z3 21 Z0 4 Y2 13 GND 22 Z1 5 YCLK 14 GND 23 Z2 6 Y3 15 Y0 24 ZCLK 7 100 Ω Term 16 Y1 25 Z3 8 Z0 17 Y2 26 GND 9 Z1 18 YCLK Data Control Camera Link Base 1 GND 10 CC2 19 X3 2 X0 11 CC3 20 SERTC 3 X1...

Страница 17: ... brown Line 1 4 black not used 3 green Line 0 4 yellow GND 5 grey Uext 6 pink Line 7 7 blue Line 8 8 red Line 2 Power Supply Power VCC 9 6 VDC 30 VDC I Mono8 Camera Link base dual tap 40 MHz 190 mA 550 mA Mono8 Camera Link full 10 tap 48 MHz 200 mA 620 mA Power consumption approx 5 5 Watt with camera factory settings 6 5 3 LED Signaling 2 1 LED Signal Meaning 1 green Transmitting red yellow in bot...

Страница 18: ...9 F The surface of the camera may be hot during operation and immediately after use Be careful when handling the camera and avoid contact over a longer period It is very important to provide adequate dissipation of heat to ensure that the housing temperature does not reach or exceed 65 C 149 F As there are numerous possibili ties for installation Baumer do not specifiy a specific method for proper...

Страница 19: ... Hz Amplitude under neath crossover frequencies 1 5 mm Acceleration 1 g Test duration 15 min Vibration broad band IEC 60068 2 64 Frequency range 20 1000 Hz Acceleration 10 g Displacement 5 7 mm Test duration 300 min Shock IEC 60068 2 27 Puls time 11 ms 6 ms Acceleration 50 g 100 g Bump IEC60068 2 29 Pulse Time 2 ms Acceleration 80 g ...

Страница 20: ...he NET Framework on Windows as well as Mono on Linux operating systems which offers the use of other languages such as e g C or VB NET The HXC camera features are in general supported by Baumer GAPI v 1 7 2 However to use the new release 2 features e g HDR and Multi ROI Baumer GAPI v 2 1 is re quired Notice There is currently no Baumer GAPI version for Linux available with support for Camera Link ...

Страница 21: ...ral image formats depending on the type of camera Compared with standard cameras the image format on Baumer cameras not only in cludes resolution but a set of predefined parameter These parameters are Resolution horizontal and vertical dimensions in pixels Binning Mode combining of neighboring pixels Subsampling not every pixel is read Camera Type Full frame Binning 2x1 Subsampling 2x2 HXC20 HXC40...

Страница 22: ...ption of pixel formats The table above shows which camera supports which format RAW Raw data format Here the data are stored without processing Bayer Raw data format of color sensors Color filters are placed on these sensors in a checkerboard pattern generally in a 50 green 25 red and 25 blue array Mono Monochrome The color range of mono images consists of shades of a single color In general shade...

Страница 23: ...e components has the same sample rate Therefore there is no subsampling here YUV 4 2 2 The chroma components are sampled at half the sample rate This reduces the necessary bandwidth to two thirds in relation to 4 4 4 and causes no or low visual differences YUV 4 1 1 Here the chroma components are sampled at a quater of the sample rate This decreases the necessary bandwith by half in relation to 4 ...

Страница 24: ...l that can be corrected The advantage of using this correction is a more homogeneous picture which may simplify the image analysis Variations from pixel to pixel of the dark signal are called dark signal non uniformity DSNU whereas photo response nonuniformity PRNU describes variations of the sensitivity DNSU is corrected via an offset while PRNU is corrected by a factor The correction is based on...

Страница 25: ...de the values for tExpo0 tExpo1 Pot0 and Pot1 can be edited The value for tExpo2 will be calculated automatically in the camera tExpo2 texposure tExpo0 tExpo1 HDR Off HDR On Low Illumination H i g h Illumination Pot0 Pot1 Pot2 texpo0 texpo1 texpo2 texposure Sensor Output Look Up Table 8 1 6 The Look Up Table LUT can only be used at monochrome cameras It contains 212 4096 values for the available l...

Страница 26: ...tion of these pixels is sent to the PC This functions is turned on when only a region of the field of view is of interest It is coupled to a reduction in resolution and increases the frame rate The ROI is specified by following values Region Selector Region 0 Multi ROI horizontal 1 8 Multi ROI vertical 1 8 Region Mode On Off Offset X x coordinate of the first relevant pixel Offset Y y coordinate o...

Страница 27: ...it is possible to predefine several Region of Interests ROIs It can be specified up to 8 horizontal and vertical stripes total up to 64 ROIs Overlapped Multi ROIs will be merged by the camera The Multi ROI s are sorted by the camera The camera only reads out sensor parts that are within one of the active Multi Regions The readout time is therefore only determined by the Multi Horizontal Regions Th...

Страница 28: ...e software as one single superpixel When subsampling only certain pixels are read out Subsampling 2x2 every second pixel in every second line Binning Illustration Example without 2x1 Subsam pling 2x2 Figure 21 Full frame image no binning of pixels Figure 22 Horizontal binning causes a horizontally compressed image with doubled brightness Figure 23 Subsampling 2x2 causes both a hori zontally and ve...

Страница 29: ...adjustment of the correction factors for each color gain This way the user is able to adjust the amplifica tion of each color channel exactly to his needs The correction factors for the color gains range from 1 0 to 4 0 non adjusted histogramm histogramm after user specific color adjustment One Push 8 2 2 White Balance Notice Due to the internal processing of the camera One Push White Balance refe...

Страница 30: ... unacceptable Due to this fact exposure times are limited However this causes low output signals from the camera and results in dark images To solve this issue the signals can be amplified by a user defined gain factor within the camera This gain factor is adjustable from 1 0 to 4 0 Notice Increasing the gain factor causes an increase of image noise and leads to missing codes at Mono12 if the gain...

Страница 31: ...as follows Possible defect pixels are identified during the production process of the camera The coordinates of these pixels are stored in the factory settings of the camera Once the sensor readout is completed correction takes place Before any other processing the values of the neighboring pixels on the left and the right side of the defect pixel will be read out Then the average value of these 2...

Страница 32: ...determined before The additional frame counter z is used to create a half automated sequencer It is ab solutely independent from the other three counters and used to determine the number of frames per external trigger event The following timeline displays the temporal course of a sequence with n A 5 B 3 C 2 repetitions per set of parameters o 3 sets of parameters A B and C m 1 sequence and z 2 fra...

Страница 33: ...evious example The frame counter z is set to 2 This means the camera records two pictures after an incoming trigger signal Capability Characteristics of 8 5 3 Baumer GAPI Sequencer Module up to 128 sets of parameters up to 4 billion loop passes up to 4 billion repetitions of sets of parameters up to 4 billion images per trigger event free running mode without initial trigger Figure 31 Example for ...

Страница 34: ...xels of the sensor are recepitve again shortly after the first exposure In order to realize the second short exposure time without an overrun of the sensor a second short flash must be employed and any subsequent extraneous light prevented Trigger Prevent Light Exposure Readout Flash On Baumer TXG cameras this feature is realized within the sequencer In order to generate this sequence the sequence...

Страница 35: ...ower VCC RL IOUT IO GND Out Uext Pin Out1 2 3 Out1 or Out2 or Out3 Camera Customer Device IO GND DRV IN1 Pin IN GND Pin User Definable 8 6 1 2 Inputs The wiring of these input connectors is left to the user An exception is the compliance with predetermined high and low levels 0 4 5V low 11 30V high The defined signals will have no direct effect but can be analyzed and processed on the software sid...

Страница 36: ...eated on camera side Signal Name Explanation FrameActive The camera processes a Frame consisting of exposure and readout TriggerReady Camera is able to process an incoming trigger signal TriggerOverlapped The camera operates in overlapped mode TriggerSkipped Camera rejected an incoming trigger signal ExposureActive Sensor exposure in progress TransferActive Image transfer via hardware interface in...

Страница 37: ...rabberLine3 FrameGrabberLine0 SW Trigger There are three types of modes The timing diagrams for the three types you can see below Normal Trigger with adjusted Exposure Trigger valid Exposure Readout Time A B C Pulse Width controlled Exposure Trigger valid Exposure Readout Time B C Edge controlled Exposure Trigger valid Exposure Readout Time B C Figure 36 Trigger signal valid for Baumer cameras hig...

Страница 38: ...l p r o g r a m m able logic c o n t r o l e r others s oftware trigg e r Hardware trigger Each trigger source has to be activated seperately When the trigger mode is activated the hardware trigger is activated by default Figure 37 Examples of possible trigger sources ...

Страница 39: ... as end of the signal The debouncing times tDebounceHigh and tDebounceLow are adjustable from 0 to 5 msec in steps of 1 μsec This feature is disabled by default low high U t 0 4 5V 11V 30V low high U t 0 4 5V 11V 30V t t1 tx high time of the signal tDebounceHigh user defined debouncer delay for state high tDebounceLow user defined debouncer delay for state low tDebounceHigh t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 tDebounc...

Страница 40: ...ion time of the timer is adjustable Different Timer sources can be used Line0 Exposure Start Line1 Exposure End Line2 Frame Start TriggerSkipped Frame End SW Trigger For example the using of a timer allows you to control the flash signal in that way that the illumination does not start synchronized to the sensor exposure but a predefined interval earlier For this example you must set the following...

Страница 41: ...Factor Testpattern Look Up Table Trigger Settings Shutter Mode Fixed Frame rate Color Gains Gamma Speed Mode IO Settings These user sets are stored within the camera and and cannot be saved outside the de vice By employing a so called user set default selector one of the three possible user sets can be selected as default which means the camera starts up with these adjusted pa rameters Factory Set...

Страница 42: ...ace standard The Channel Link technology consists of a transmitter receiver pair with 21 28 or 48 single ended data signals and a single ended clock signal can be wired on transmitter side Within the transmitter the data is serialized with a ratio of 7 1 Afterwards the four re sulting data streams and the clock signal are transferred via five LVDS pairs On receiver side the four LVDS data streams ...

Страница 43: ... and camera inputs The definition of these signals is left to the camera manufacturer Signal Baumer Naming Employment Camera Control 1 CC1 FrameGrabberLine0 On Baumer HXC cameras the wiring of these signals is arbitrary Camera Control 2 CC2 FrameGrabberLine1 Camera Control 3 CC3 FrameGrabberLine2 Camera Control 4 CC4 FrameGrabberLine3 9 2 3 Video Data The standard designates four signals as well a...

Страница 44: ...me Single 9 3 1 1 Tap Transmission 1T8 Port A Tap 1 bit 0 Tap 1 bit 1 Tap 1 bit 2 Tap 1 bit 3 Tap 1 bit 4 Tap 1 bit 5 Tap 1 bit 6 Tap 1 bit 7 Port B Port C CL Base 8 bit Monochrome Dual Tap 9 3 1 2 Transmission 2T8 Port A Tap 1 bit 0 Tap 1 bit 1 Tap 1 bit 2 Tap 1 bit 3 Tap 1 bit 4 Tap 1 bit 5 Tap 1 bit 6 Tap 1 bit 7 Port B Tap 2 bit 0 Tap 2 bit 1 Tap 2 bit 2 Tap 2 bit 3 Tap 2 bit 4 Tap 2 bit 5 Tap...

Страница 45: ... B Tap 1 bit 8 Tap 1 bit 9 Tap 1 bit 10 Tap 1 bit 11 Port C CL Base 12 bit Monochrome Dual Tap Transmission 2T12 9 3 1 7 Port A Tap 1 bit 0 Tap 1 bit 1 Tap 1 bit 2 Tap 1 bit 3 Tap 1 bit 4 Tap 1 bit 5 Tap 1 bit 6 Tap 1 bit 7 Port B Tap 1 bit 8 Tap 1 bit 9 Tap 1 bit 10 Tap 1 bit 11 Tap 2 bit 8 Tap 2 bit 9 Tap 2 bit 10 Tap 2 bit 11 Port C Tap 2 bit 0 Tap 2 bit 1 Tap 2 bit 2 Tap 2 bit 3 Tap 2 bit 4 Ta...

Страница 46: ...Quad Tap Transmission 4T10 9 3 1 11 Port A Tap 1 bit 0 Tap 1 bit 1 Tap 1 bit 2 Tap 1 bit 3 Tap 1 bit 4 Tap 1 bit 5 Tap 1 bit 6 Tap 1 bit 7 Port B Tap 1 bit 8 Tap 1 bit 9 Tap 2 bit 8 Tap 2 bit 9 Port C Tap 2 bit 0 Tap 2 bit 1 Tap 2 bit 2 Tap 2 bit 3 Tap 2 bit 4 Tap 2 bit 5 Tap 2 bit 6 Tap 2 bit 7 Port D Tap 4 bit 0 Tap 4 bit 1 Tap 4 bit 2 Tap 4 bit 3 Tap 4 bit 4 Tap 4 bit 5 Tap 4 bit 6 Tap 4 bit 7 ...

Страница 47: ...eca 8 bit Monochrome Ten Tap Transmission 10T8 9 3 1 14 Port A Tap 1 bit 0 Tap 1 bit 1 Tap 1 bit 2 Tap 1 bit 3 Tap 1 bit 4 Tap 1 bit 5 Tap 1 bit 6 Tap 1 bit 7 Port B Tap 2 bit 0 Tap 2 bit 1 Tap 2 bit 2 Tap 2 bit 3 Tap 2 bit 4 Tap 2 bit 5 Tap 2 bit 6 Tap 2 bit 7 Port C Tap 3 bit 0 Tap 3 bit 1 Tap 3 bit 2 Tap 3 bit 3 Tap 3 bit 4 Tap 3 bit 5 Tap 3 bit 6 Tap 3 bit 7 Port D Tap 4 bit 0 Tap 4 bit 1 Tap ...

Страница 48: ... For single tap transmission the cameras of the Baumer HXC series employ the 1X 1Y tap geometry Dual 9 3 2 2 Tap Geometry For dual tap transmission the cameras of the Baumer HXC series employ the 1X2 1Y tap geometry Triple 9 3 2 3 Tap Geometry For triple tap transmission the cameras of the Baumer HXC series employ the 1X3 1Y tap geometry Figure 41 Tap geometry 1X 1Y The pixel information is transm...

Страница 49: ...49 Quad Eight and Ten 9 3 2 4 Tap Geometry For Quad Eight and Ten tap transmission the cameras of the Baumer HXC series use the same system Figure 44 Tap geometry 1X4 10 1Y ...

Страница 50: ...ossible Keep the dust covers on camera and lens as long as possible Hold the camera downwards with unprotected sensor or filter cover glass Avoid contact with any optical surface of the camera or lens At the example on the figures below the installation of C mount objective is shown At a camera with F Mount it is principle the same 1 Turn the camera with the lens mount to the bottom 2 Unscrew the ...

Страница 51: ...le solvents Volatile solvents for cleaning Volatile solvents damage the surface of the camera Never use volatile solvents benzine thinner for cleaning To clean the surface of the camera housing use a soft dry cloth To remove persistent stains use a soft cloth dampened with a small quantity of neutral detergent then wipe dry Transport Storage 12 Notice Transport the camera only in the original pack...

Страница 52: ...s conserve raw mate rials an reduces the production of waste When no longer required dispose of the packaging materials in accordance with the local regulations in force Keep the original packaging during the warranty period in order to be able to pack the device properly in the event of a warranty claim Warranty Information 14 Notice There are no adjustable parts inside the camera In order to avo...

Страница 53: ...adio frequency energy and if not in stalled and used in accordance with the instructios may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occure in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off an on the user is encouraged...

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