Arkray AUTION ELEVEN AE-4022, Руководство по эксплуатации

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AE-4022
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 Blood
Hematuria is an abnormal amount of red blood cells in the urine, possibly caused by renal and urinary tract
disease, extrarenal disease, trauma, strenuous exercise, or drugs. Hemoglobinuria indicates the presence
of hemoglobins, which may be caused by intravascular hemolysis, extensive burns, strenuous exercise, or
infections. Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin in the blood, possibly caused by skeletal or cardiac
muscle injury, seizures, toxins, metabolic causes, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, or severe exercise.

Ketones
Detection of ketones in the urine can assist in diagnosis of ketonemia and ketonuria which can signify
diabetes mellitus. Ketones in the urine could also result from a loss of carbohydrates available due to
starvation, diet, severe exercise, cold exposure, vomiting, digestive disturbances or defective renal
reabsorption.
 Nitrites
Urinary nitrite can be an important tool for identification of urinary tract infections. With early intervention,
the spread of infection to the kidneys and possible development of renal failure can be prevented.
Screening does not replace the urine culture for the identification and quantification of bacteria, but it can
rapidly identify patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria for minimal expense.

Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Significant numbers of white blood cells indicate inflammation in the kidneys or urinary tract. Approximately
0-10 white blood cells per microliter of urine is normal.
 Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is a physical property of urine and an expression of concentration. Because solute and
water intake varies, so does the specific gravity of urine. Normal range for urine is 1.002 to 1.035; during
excessive sweating, dehydration, or fluid restriction, urine specific gravity values usually exceed 1.025.
Although 1.010 is a normal specific gravity, patients exhibiting a fixed value of 1.010, regardless of changes
in hydration could have isosthenuria, which implies significant renal tubular dysfunction.
*1: Brunzel, Nancy A. (2004). Fundamentals of Urine & Body Fluid Analysis. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.