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OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide

March 2011

Part No. 060320-10, Rev. B

March 2011

OmniSwitch AOS Release 7

Advanced Routing

Configuration Guide

www.alcatel-lucent.com

Содержание 060320-10, Rev. B

Страница 1: ...OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011 i Part No 060320 10 Rev B March 2011 OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide www alcatel lucent com...

Страница 2: ...OmniVista are registered trademarks of Alcatel Lucent OmniAccess Omni Switch Router PolicyView RouterView SwitchManager VoiceView WebView X Cell X Vision and the Xylan logo are trademarks of Alcatel L...

Страница 3: ...lts Table 1 3 OSPF Quick Steps 1 4 OSPF Overview 1 7 OSPF Areas 1 8 Classification of Routers 1 9 Virtual Links 1 9 Stub Areas 1 10 Not So Stubby Areas 1 11 Totally Stubby Areas 1 11 Equal Cost Multi...

Страница 4: ...2 8 OSPFv3 Areas 2 9 Classification of Routers 2 10 Virtual Links 2 10 Stub Areas 2 11 Equal Cost Multi Path ECMP Routing 2 12 Configuring OSPFv3 2 13 Preparing the Network for OSPFv3 2 14 Activating...

Страница 5: ...arting a Peer 3 29 Setting the Peer Auto Restart 3 29 Changing the Local Router Address for a Peer Session 3 30 Clearing Statistics for a Peer 3 30 Setting Peer Authentication 3 31 Setting the Peer Ro...

Страница 6: ...ter Address for an IPv6 Peer Session 3 71 Optional IPv6 BGP Peer Parameters 3 72 Configuring IPv6 BGP Networks 3 72 Adding a Network 3 73 Enabling a Network 3 73 Configuring Network Parameters 3 73 Vi...

Страница 7: ...ticast Source Location Route Report Messages and Metrics 5 6 Dependent Downstream Routers and Poison Reverse 5 6 Pruning Multicast Traffic Delivery 5 7 Grafting Branches Back onto the Multicast Delive...

Страница 8: ...icast Group to a PIM Mode 6 22 Mapping an IP Multicast Group to PIM DM 6 22 Mapping an IP Multicast Group to PIM SSM 6 22 Verifying Group Mapping 6 23 Automatic Loading and Enabling of PIM after a Sys...

Страница 9: ...and RP Discovery 6 38 Configuring a C RP for IPv6 PIM 6 38 Configuring Candidate Bootstrap Routers C BSRs for IPv6 PIM 6 39 Bootstrap Routers BSRs 6 40 Configuring Static RP Groups for IPv6 PIM 6 40...

Страница 10: ...Contents x OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011...

Страница 11: ...es will benefit from the material in this configuration guide When Should I Read this Manual Read this guide as soon as you are ready to integrate your OmniSwitch into your network and you are ready t...

Страница 12: ...of each chapter include protocol or feature names e g OSPF PIM with which most network professionals are familiar Each software feature chapter includes sections that will satisfy the information requ...

Страница 13: ...inent Documentation OmniSwitch 10K Hardware Users Guide OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Switch Management Guide Once you have your switch up and running you will want to begin investigating basic aspects of...

Страница 14: ...ntains comprehensive information on all CLI commands supported by the switch This guide includes syntax default usage example related CLI command and CLI to MIB variable mapping information for all CL...

Страница 15: ...ch files system configuration using SNMP and using web management software WebView OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Network Configuration Guide Includes network configuration procedures and descriptive inform...

Страница 16: ...and functionality and on site hardware replacement through our global network of highly qualified service delivery partners With 24 hour access to Alcatel Lucent s Service and Support web page you ll...

Страница 17: ...n be forwarded on one or more interfaces simultaneously In This Chapter This chapter describes the basic components of OSPF and how to configure them through the Command Line Interface CLI CLI command...

Страница 18: ...OSPF Version 2 2370 The OSPF Opaque LSA Option 3101 The OSPF Not So Stubby Area NSSA Option 3623 Graceful OSPF Restart Maximum number of Areas 10 Maximum number of Interfaces 128 Maximum number of Li...

Страница 19: ...t metric ToS 0 Type OSPF Cost 1 Configures OSPF interface dead interval ip ospf interface dead interval 40 seconds broadcast and point to point 120 seconds NBMA and point to multipoint Configures OSPF...

Страница 20: ...cally assigned to VLANs using VLAN rules See the chapter titled Defining VLAN Rules in the OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Network Configuration Guide 4 Assign a router ID to the router using the ip router r...

Страница 21: ...Admin Status Enabled Area Border Router No AS Border Router Status Enabled Route Tag 0 SPF Hold Time in seconds 10 SPF Delay Time in seconds 5 MTU Checking Disabled of Routes 197 of AS External LSAs...

Страница 22: ...aces attached 1 Attached Interfaces intf101 Area ID As set in Step 6 show ip ospf interface vlan 5 Interface IP Name vlan 3 VLAN Id 5 Interface IP Address 120 1 4 1 Interface IP Mask 255 0 0 0 Admin S...

Страница 23: ...int networks some configuration information is necessary in order to configure neighbors On all networks broadcast or non broadcast the Hello Protocol also elects a desig nated router for the network...

Страница 24: ...tiple areas are called area border routers Two routers belonging to the same area have identical area topological databases Different areas communicate with each other through a backbone The backbone...

Страница 25: ...path to each AS boundary router is known by every router in the AS This classifi cation is completely independent of the previous classifications i e internal area border and backbone routers AS boun...

Страница 26: ...t is not explicitly reachable by an intra area or inter area path i e AS external destinations OSPF Stub Area Area 1 and Area 3 could be configured as stub areas Stub areas are configured using the OS...

Страница 27: ...information learned for example through RIP into this area All routers in an NSSA must have their OSPF area defined as an NSSA To configure otherwise will ensure that the router will be unsuccessful...

Страница 28: ...F to decide two paths have an equal cost even though one may contain faster links than another Non Broadcast OSPF Routing OSPF can operate in two modes on non broadcast networks NBMA and point to mult...

Страница 29: ...restarting router Router X had remained in continuous OSPF operation i e Router Y s LSAs continue to list an adjacency to Router X over network segment S regardless of the adjacency s current synchron...

Страница 30: ...l run with the default interface parameters but different networks may benefit from modifying the parameters Also it is possible to set authentication on an interface Setting interface authentication...

Страница 31: ...ber optional The routers participating in the OSPF network must be assigned a router identification number This number can be any number as long as it is in standard dotted decimal format e g 1 1 1 1...

Страница 32: ...eas be handled on a single router Areas are named using 32 bit dotted decimal format e g 1 1 1 1 Area 0 0 0 0 is reserved for the back bone Creating an Area To create an area and associate it with a r...

Страница 33: ...e following ip ospf area 1 1 1 1 summary enable To disable summarization for the same area enter the following ip ospf area 1 1 1 1 summary disable Note By default an area has summarization enabled Di...

Страница 34: ...an area boundary Ranges are advertised as summaries or NSSAs Ranges also act as filters that either allow the summary to be advertised or not Ranges are created using the ip ospf area range command A...

Страница 35: ...th an interface name as shown ip ospf interface vlan 213 Note The interface name cannot have spaces The interface can be deleted the by using the no keyword as shown no ip ospf interface vlan 213 Assi...

Страница 36: ...mand with the interface name as shown ip ospf interface vlan 213 auth type simple Once simple authentication is enabled the password must be set with the ip ospf interface auth key command as shown ip...

Страница 37: ...following ip ospf interface vlan 213 hello interval 5000 To reset any parameter to its default value enter the keyword with no parameter value as shown ip ospf interface vlan 213 dead interval Note A...

Страница 38: ...mand on Router A as shown ip ospf virtual link 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 Next enter the following command on Router B ip ospf virtual link 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Now there is a virtual link across Area 0 0 0 1 linki...

Страница 39: ...ce number of 10 to the route map and specifies a permit action To optionally filter routes before redistribution use the ip route map command with a match parameter to configure match criteria for inc...

Страница 40: ...statement within a route map enter no ip route map followed by the route map name then sequence number followed by the sequence number for the statement then either match or set and the match or set...

Страница 41: ...g route map sequence will redistribute a route if the route has a tag of 8 or 5 and the route was learned on the IPv4 interface to finance ip route map rm_1 sequence number 10 action permit ip route m...

Страница 42: ...gures the redistribution of OSPF routes into the BGP network using the ospf to bgp route map ip redist ospf into bgp route map ospf to bgp OSPF routes received by the router interface are processed ba...

Страница 43: ...Configuring OSPF Configuring OSPF OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011 page 1 27 ip redist ospf into bgp route map ospf to bgp admin state enable...

Страница 44: ...number 20 action permit ip route map ospf to bgp sequence number 20 match ipv4 interface intf_ospf ip route map ospf to bgp sequence number 20 set metric 255 ip route map ospf to bgp sequence number 3...

Страница 45: ...ip ospf spf timer delay 3 hold 6 To return a parameter to its default setting enter the command with no parameter value as shown ip ospf spf timer ip ospf exit overflow interval Sets the overflow inte...

Страница 46: ...g it to an area enabling the status etc 2 The OSPF interface type for this interface should be set to non broadcast using the CLI ip ospf interface type command For example to set interface vlan 213 t...

Страница 47: ...nd by entering no ip ospf restart support Optionally you can configure graceful restart parameters with the following CLI commands For more information about graceful restart commands see the OSPF Com...

Страница 48: ...n will demonstrate how to set it up by explaining the necessary commands for each router The following diagram is a simple OSPF network It will be created by the steps listed on the following pages Th...

Страница 49: ...2 3 5 for end devices vlan 31 ip interface vlan 31 vlan 31 address 31 0 0 1 mask 255 0 0 0 vlan 31 members port 2 1 untagged vlan 12 ip interface vlan 12 vlan 12 address 12 0 0 1 mask 255 0 0 0 vlan...

Страница 50: ...n 31 address 31 0 0 3 mask 255 0 0 0 vlan 31 members port 2 2 untagged vlan 30 ip interface vlan 30 vlan 30 address 30 0 0 3 mask 255 0 0 0 vlan 30 members port 2 3 5 untagged ip router router id 3 3...

Страница 51: ...assigned to the areas The OSPF interfaces should have the same interface name as the IP router ports created above in Step 1 Prepare the Routers on page 1 33 Router 1 ip ospf interface vlan 31 ip ospf...

Страница 52: ...n 23 admin state enable ip ospf interface vlan 31 ip ospf interface vlan 31 area 0 0 0 0 ip ospf interface vlan 31 admin state enable ip ospf interface vlan 30 ip ospf interface vlan 30 area 0 0 0 3 i...

Страница 53: ...ext lsdb Displays external Link State Advertisements from the areas to which the router is attached show ip ospf host Displays information on directly attached hosts show ip ospf lsdb Displays LSAs in...

Страница 54: ...Verifying OSPF Configuration Configuring OSPF page 1 38 OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011...

Страница 55: ...commands are used in the configuration examples for more details about the syntax of commands see the OmniSwitch CLI Reference Guide Configuration procedures described in this chapter include Loading...

Страница 56: ...2373 IPv6 Addressing Architecture RFC 2374 An IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format RFC 2460 IPv6 base specification RFC 2470 OSPF for IPv6 Maximum number of Areas 5 Maximum number of Inter...

Страница 57: ...tribution ipv6 redist disabled Configures timers for Shortest Path First SPF calculation ipv6 ospf spf timer delay 5 hold 10 Creates or deletes an area default metric ipv6 ospf area 0 Configures OSPFv...

Страница 58: ...r the router port to function However the router could be set up in such a way that mobile ports are dynamically assigned to VLANs using VLAN rules See the chapter titled Defining VLAN Rules in the Om...

Страница 59: ...Enabled Router ID 5 5 5 5 Areas 2 Interfaces 4 Area Border Router Yes AS Border Router No External Route Tag 0 SPF Hold seconds 10 SPF Delay seconds 5 MTU checking Enabled SPF calculations performed...

Страница 60: ...ospf interface test Name test Type BROADCAST Admin Status Enabled IPv6 Interface Status Up Oper Status Up State DR Area 0 0 0 0 Priority 100 Cost 1 Designated Router 3 3 3 3 Backup Designated Router...

Страница 61: ...0 0 Inter AP 3 172 28 4 28 80000032 67 0 0 0 0 Inter AP 3 172 28 4 29 80000033 100 0 0 0 0 Inter AP 4 172 28 4 29 80000032 73 0 0 0 0 Link 6 172 28 4 28 80000032 67 0 0 0 0 Link 7 172 28 4 29 80000033...

Страница 62: ...neighbors and in turn receives their Hello packets OSPFv3 Hello Protocol The router will attempt to form full adjacencies with all of its newly acquired neighbors Only some pairs however will be succe...

Страница 63: ...for each area to which the router belongs LSAs are flooded throughout an area to ensure that all participating routers have an identical LSDB for that area A router connected to multiple areas is ide...

Страница 64: ...hroughout the Autonomous System The path to each AS boundary router is known by every router in the AS This classification is completely independent of the previous classifications i e internal and ar...

Страница 65: ...ot explicitly reachable by an intra area or inter area path i e AS external destinations OSPFv3 Stub Area Area 1 and Area 3 could be configured as stub areas Stub areas are configured using the OSPFv3...

Страница 66: ...ion router B One path traverses two hops at routers X and Y and the second path traverses two hops at M and N If the total cost through X and Y to B is the same as the cost via M and N to B then these...

Страница 67: ...ying area parameters is described in Configuring Stub Area Default Metrics on page 2 16 Create OSPFv3 interfaces OSPFv3 interfaces are created and assigned to areas Creating interfaces is described in...

Страница 68: ...a router identification number This number is specified using the standard dotted decimal format e g 1 1 1 1 but may not consist of all zeros 0 0 0 0 Router identification number assignment is discuss...

Страница 69: ...ipate in more than one area Areas are named using 32 bit dotted decimal format e g 1 1 1 1 Area 0 0 0 0 is reserved for the back bone Creating an Area To create an area and associate it with a router...

Страница 70: ...bed in Creating an Area on page 2 15 above To create an interface and assign it to an area enter the ipv6 ospf interface area command with an inter face name and an area identification number as shown...

Страница 71: ...should point to the other end of the link and both routers must have a common area When entering the ipv6 ospf virtual link command it is necessary to enter the Router ID of the far end of the link a...

Страница 72: ...cal in function to their counterparts in the section Modifying Interface Parameters on page 2 17 Configuring Redistribution It is possible to learn and advertise IPv6 routes between different protocol...

Страница 73: ...applied using the ipv6 redist command See Configuring Route Map Redistribution on page 2 22 for more information Creating a Route Map When a route map is created it is given a name up to 20 character...

Страница 74: ...e map Route Maps configured 1 max 200 Route Map ospf to rip Sequence Number 10 Action permit match tag 8 set tag 5 Deleting a Route Map Use the no form of the ip route map command to delete an entire...

Страница 75: ...rm_1 Sequence Number 20 Action permit match ip6 interface to finance set metric 5 Sequence 10 and sequence 20 are both linked to route map rm_1 and are processed in ascending order according to their...

Страница 76: ...ess 16 24 2 1 16 action deny redist control all subnets ipv6 access list ip6addr address 2001 1 64 action permit redist control no subnets For more information about configuring access list commands s...

Страница 77: ...ipv6 redist ospf into rip route map ospf to rip admin state enable Route Map Redistribution Example The following example configures the redistribution of OSPFv3 routes into a RIPng network using a r...

Страница 78: ...o 5 enter ipv6 ospf route tag 5 To set the SPF timer delay to 3 and the hold time to 6 enter ipv6 ospf spf timer delay 3 hold 6 To return a parameter to its default setting enter the command with no p...

Страница 79: ...three VLANs A backbone connects all the routers This section will demonstrate how to set it up by explaining the necessary commands for each router The following diagram is a simple OSPFv3 network It...

Страница 80: ...g ports 2 1 and 2 2 for the backbone and ports 2 3 5 for end devices vlan 31 ipv6 interface vlan 31 vlan 31 ipv6 address 2001 1 1 64 vlan 31 vlan 31 members port 2 1 untagged vlan 12 ipv6 interface vl...

Страница 81: ...3 5 for end devices vlan 23 ipv6 interface vlan 23 vlan 23 ipv6 address 2001 5 2 64 vlan 23 vlan 23 members port 2 1 untagged vlan 31 ipv6 interface vlan 31 vlan 31 ipv6 address 2001 1 2 64 vlan 31 vl...

Страница 82: ...me interface name as the IPv6 router interfaces created above in Step 1 Prepare the Routers on page 2 26 Router 1 ipv6 ospf interface vlan 31 area 0 0 0 0 ipv6 ospf interface vlan 12 area 0 0 0 0 ipv6...

Страница 83: ...terface vlan 31 enabled and assigned to the backbone IPv6 router interface vlan 30 which connects to end stations and attached network devices was associated with OSPFv3 interface vlan 30 enabled and...

Страница 84: ...tion OSPFv3 Quick Steps on page 2 4 show ipv6 ospf Displays the OSPFv3 status and general configuration parameters show ipv6 redist Displays the route map redistribution configuration show ipv6 ospf b...

Страница 85: ...apter The topics and configuration procedures in this chapter include Setting up global BGP parameters such as a router s Autonomous System AS number and default local preference See Setting Global BG...

Страница 86: ...d Routing Configuration Guide March 2011 Configuring an IPv6 BGP Peer See Configuring an IPv6 BGP Peer on page 3 68 Configuring IPv6 BGP Networks See Configuring IPv6 BGP Networks on page 3 72 Configu...

Страница 87: ...ernal BGP IBGP 3065 Autonomous System Confederations for BGP 4273 Definitions of Managed Objects for BGP 4 4486 Subcodes for BGP Cease Notification 4760 Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP 4 2545 Use of...

Страница 88: ...router is booted You must manually load the software into memory by typing the following command ip load bgp 3 Assign an Autonomous System AS number to the local BGP speaker You can change the default...

Страница 89: ...current Internet Protocol address assignment scheme BGP s basic unit of routing information is the BGP path which is a route to a certain set of CIDR prefixes Paths are tagged with various path attri...

Страница 90: ...rs that has a single routing policy runs under a single technical administration that commonly utilizes a single IGP though there could be several different IGPs inter meshed to provide internal routi...

Страница 91: ...an be used to transit traffic by other ASs Routers running IBGP are called transit routers when they carry the transit traffic through an AS For example the following diagram illustrates the use of IB...

Страница 92: ...Communities are not limited by physical boundaries and routers in a community can belong to different ASs For example a community attribute of no export could be added to a route preventing it from be...

Страница 93: ...ed via one IBGP speaker cannot be adver tised to another IBGP speaker route reflection allows the router reflector servers to reflect routes thereby relaxing the IBGP standards Note This feature which...

Страница 94: ...ents in this scenario only peer with the router reflector the session load per router is significantly reduced Route Reflectors are discussed further in Setting Up Route Reflection on page 3 40 BGP Re...

Страница 95: ...AS Inside each sub AS all the rules of IBGP apply Since each sub AS has its own AS number EBGP must be used to communicate between sub ASs The following example demonstrates a simple confederation se...

Страница 96: ...0 that prevents routes that originate in AS 300 from being propagated through out AS 100 There are four main policy types AS Path This policy filters routes based on AS path lists An AS path list note...

Страница 97: ...red in the router are compared against an incoming AS path list one at a time until a match is found or until all patterns have been unsuccessfully matched Unlike some imple mentations which use a cha...

Страница 98: ...ng Any route which passes through AS number 100 Matches 100 200 300 300 100 100 Doesn t Match 200 300 100 Meaning Any routes for which the next hop is AS number 100 Matches 100 200 100 Doesn t Match 5...

Страница 99: ...range 1 to 65535 64 512 Possibly an error if the user meant the number 64512 The comma gets interpreted as a separator thus the pattern is equivalent to the two AS numbers 64 and 512 100 200 300 Alter...

Страница 100: ...lity Route suppression is based on the number of times a route flaps over a period of time Note This mechanism does not apply to IPv6 prefixes The following diagram illustrates this concept Routes 1 2...

Страница 101: ...the BGP protocol See Setting Global BGP Parameters on page 3 20 4 Configure peers on the router These peers may be in the same AS as the router or in a different AS See Configuring a BGP Peer on page...

Страница 102: ...mory by issuing the following command ip load bgp 4 Administratively enable BGP by issuing the following command ip bgp admin state enable Disabling BGP You can administratively disable BGP by issuing...

Страница 103: ...ting BGP OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011 page 3 19 Enable logging of peer changes ip bgp log neighbor changes Tag routes from OSPF ip bgp confederation identif...

Страница 104: ...uter ip bgp graceful restart Enabled Configure the grace period in seconds for a graceful BGP restart ip bgp graceful restart restart interval 90 Configures the time interval for advertising local AS...

Страница 105: ...Preference A route s local preference is an important attribute in the path selection process In many cases it will be the most important criteria in determining the selection of one route over anothe...

Страница 106: ...ed in BGP route updates however you can control whether BGP uses this attribute when comparing routes The length of the AS path may not always indicate the effectiveness for a given route For example...

Страница 107: ...ways Compare MED values for external ASs Insert a MED value in routes that do not contain MEDs The following two sections describe these MED control features Enabling MED Comparison for External Peer...

Страница 108: ...utes from BGP into the IGP results in major overhead on the internal routers and IGPs are really not designed to handle that many routes The ip bgp synchronization command enables or disables BGP inte...

Страница 109: ...istics such as number of peers active prefixes and paths show ip bgp aggregate address Displays aggregate configuration information show ip bgp dampening Displays the current route dampening configura...

Страница 110: ...he default values for many of the peer commands Parameter Description Command Default Value Comments Enables or disables BGP peer ip bgp neighbor admin state disabled Assigns an AS number to the BGP p...

Страница 111: ...use its own peering address as the next hop in UPDATE messages ip bgp neighbor next hop self disabled Configures the local BGP speaker to wait for this peer to establish a connection ip bgp neighbor...

Страница 112: ...ptional attributes for the peer You can configure many attributes for a peer these attributes are listed in the table below along with the commands used to configure them Optional BGP Peer Parameters...

Страница 113: ...end or receive update or notification messages while it is restarting Use the ip bgp neighbor clear soft command to reset peer policy parameters Setting the Peer Auto Restart When the auto restart is...

Страница 114: ...er BGP tracks the number of messages sent to and received from other peers It also breaks down messages into UPDATE NOTIFICATION and TRANSITION categories You can reset or clear the statistics for a p...

Страница 115: ...0 The interval is now set to 50 seconds Configuring a BGP Peer with the Loopback0 Interface Loopback0 is the name assigned to an IP interface to identify a consistent address for network manage ment p...

Страница 116: ...cludes the ASs traversed for all routes in the aggregate To specify that the AS path also be aggregated use the ip bgp aggregate address as set command For example ip bgp aggregate address 172 22 2 0...

Страница 117: ...example network 172 20 2 0 with a mask of 255 255 255 0 is the local network for this BGP speaker To remove the same network from the speaker enter the same command with the no keyword as shown no ip...

Страница 118: ...are some common property Adding the local network to a specific community indicates that the network shares a common set of properties with the rest of the community To add a network to a community en...

Страница 119: ...wing appears Network Mask Admin state Oper state 155 132 40 0 255 255 255 0 disabled not_active 155 132 1 3 255 255 255 255 disabled not_active To display a specific network enter the same command wit...

Страница 120: ...ed route does not flap for a given half life duration then its instability metric will be cut in half As long as the route continues to be stable its instability metric will be reduced until it reache...

Страница 121: ...lue on page 3 38 for instructions on how this is done Setting the Suppress Value The suppress value is the number of route withdrawals required before the route is suppressed See Setting the Suppress...

Страница 122: ...01 times it will be suppressed To change one variable to a number different than its default value you must enter all of the variables with the ip bgp dampening command in the correct order For exampl...

Страница 123: ...on as the command is entered and the statistics are cleared To clear the dampening history enter the following command ip bgp dampening clear Displaying Dampening Settings and Statistics To display th...

Страница 124: ...ers route reflectors handle intra AS communication among all BGP speakers In a fully meshed BGP configuration a BGP speaker that receives an external route must re advertise the route to all internal...

Страница 125: ...route reflector sits between these two groups and reflects routes between them The route reflector its clients and non clients are all in the same autonomous system The route reflector and its client...

Страница 126: ...he local BGP route reflector then you would spec ify the following command ip bgp neighbor 190 17 20 16 route reflector client 4 Repeat Step 3 for all internal peers that are to be clients of the rout...

Страница 127: ...ed by using the numbering convention of the AS and the community number separated by a colon for example 200 500 There are a few well known communities defined in RFC 1997 that do not require the numb...

Страница 128: ...the local BGP router This value is used to identify the confed eration affiliation of routes in advertisements This value is essentially an AS number To assign a confed eration number to the router us...

Страница 129: ...s filter routes based on a specific network address or a range of network addresses Route Map Route map policies filter routes by amalgamating other policies into one policy Then you must assign these...

Страница 130: ...name and community number to the policy using the ip bgp policy community list command as shown ip bgp policy community list commfilter 600 1 The policy name is commfilter and it looks for routes in...

Страница 131: ...ith a mask of 255 0 0 0 3 Optionally you can set a lower prefix limit on the addresses specified in the policy using the ip bgp policy prefix list ge command For example ip bgp policy prefix list pref...

Страница 132: ...munity Assigns a community matching list to the route map ip bgp policy route map community list Configures the action to be taken for a community string when a match is found ip bgp policy route map...

Страница 133: ...ded to a route map policy must have already been created using their respective policy commands If you attempt to add non existent policies to a route map policy an error message is returned Each comp...

Страница 134: ...list command as shown ip bgp neighbor 172 22 2 0 in aspathlist aspathfilter The AS path policy aspathfilter must be previously created using the ip bgp policy aspath list command To attach the same po...

Страница 135: ...ining routing criteria such as AS path community etc To filter routes learned from a peer by the route map enter the peer s IP address with the ip bgp neighbor route map command as shown ip bgp neighb...

Страница 136: ...dress with the ip bgp neighbor clear soft command as shown ip bgp neighbor 172 22 2 0 clear soft in To reconfigure a peer s out policies enter the peer IP address with the ip bgp neighbor clear soft c...

Страница 137: ...criteria that are used to control redistribution of routes between protocols Such criteria is defined by configuring route map statements There are three different types of statements Action An action...

Страница 138: ...ith a tag value of eight are redistrib uted into the BGP network All other routes with a different tag value are dropped Note Configuring match statements is not required However if a route map does n...

Страница 139: ...y the match tag 8 statement from route map redistipv4 sequence 10 no ip route map redistipv4 sequence number 10 match tag 8 Configuring Route Map Sequences A route map may consist of one or more seque...

Страница 140: ...rm_1 sequence number 10 match tag 8 ip route map rm_1 sequence number 10 match ipv4 interface to finance Configuring Access Lists An IP access list provides a convenient way to add multiple IPv4 or I...

Страница 141: ...f the ospf to bgp route map Routes that match criteria specified in this route map are either allowed or denied redistribution into the BGP network The route map may also specify the modification of r...

Страница 142: ...sequence number 20 action permit ip route map ospf to bgp sequence number 20 match ipv4 interface intf_ospf ip route map ospf to bgp sequence number 20 set metric 255 ip route map ospf to bgp sequence...

Страница 143: ...ul restart support on OmniSwitch switches use the ip bgp graceful restart command by entering ip bgp graceful restart For example to support BGP graceful restart enter ip bgp graceful restart To confi...

Страница 144: ...her speakers in AS 100 for internal BGP and to create a fully meshed BGP network ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 2 ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 2 remote as 100 ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 2 admin state enable ip bgp neig...

Страница 145: ...dmin state enable Peer with the external speaker in AS 300 for external BGP ip bgp neighbor 50 0 0 2 ip bgp neighbor 50 0 0 2 remote as 300 ip bgp neighbor 50 0 0 2 admin state enable Administratively...

Страница 146: ...0 0 0 1 remote as 100 ip bgp neighbor 40 0 0 1 admin state enable Administratively enable BGP ip bgp admin state enable AS 300 BGP Speaker 5 Assign the speaker to AS 300 ip bgp autonomous system 300 P...

Страница 147: ...r BGP attributes for every path in the BGP routing table show ip bgp neighbors Displays characteristics for BGP peers show ip bgp neighbors policy Displays current inbound and outbound policies for al...

Страница 148: ...d for IPv4 prefixes can be applied for IPv6 prefixes as well and the exchange of IPv4 prefixes will not be affected by this new feature However there are some attributes that are specific to IPv4 such...

Страница 149: ...onfiguring BGP BGP for IPv6 Overview OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011 page 3 65 EBGP Multihop Other multiprotocol capabilities for VPNs MPLS label exchanges etc...

Страница 150: ...d For example ip bgp neighbor 23 23 23 23 5 Assign an AS number to the IPv4 BGP peer you just created All peers require an AS number The AS number does not have to be the same as the AS number for the...

Страница 151: ...he same as the AS number for the local BGP speaker For example ipv6 bgp neighbor 2001 100 3 4 1 remote as 10 4 To enable the exchange of IPv6 unicast prefixes between IPv6 BGP peers use the following...

Страница 152: ...routing protocols BGP speakers do not automatically discover each other and begin exchanging information Instead each BGP speaker must be explicitly configured with a set of BGP neighbors to exchange...

Страница 153: ...d as shown ip bgp neighbor 190 17 20 16 2 Assign an AS number to the IPv4 peer using the ip bgp neighbor remote as command For example to assign the peer created in Step 1 to AS number 200 you would e...

Страница 154: ...interface name from which the BGP peer is connected you would enter ipv6 bgp neighbor fe80 2d0 95ff fee2 6ed0 update source Vlan2 4 Enable IPv6 unicast capability to the IPv6 BGP peer using the ip bg...

Страница 155: ...e IPv4 prefixes follow the steps mentioned below 1 Create an IPv6 BGP peer with which the BGP speaker will establish peering using its IPv6 address with the ipv6 bgp neighbor command as shown ipv6 bgp...

Страница 156: ...that can be configured such as local preference community metric etc Note that the network specified must be known to the router whether it is connected static or dynam ically learned This is not the...

Страница 157: ...speaker Configuring Network Parameters Once a local IPv6 network is added to a speaker you can configure three parameters that are attached to routes generated by the ipv6 bgp network command These th...

Страница 158: ...lower value indicates a more preferred exit point For example a route with a MED of 10 is more likely to be used than a route with an MED of 100 To change from the default network metric value and se...

Страница 159: ...created in the same way Refer to Using Route Maps on page 3 53 for more information Configuring IPv6 Route Map Redistribution Once a route map is created it is then applied using the ipv6 redist comma...

Страница 160: ...e following example configures the redistribution of OSPFv3 routes into an IPv6 BGP network using a route map ospf to bgp to filter specific routes ip route map ospf to bgp sequence number 10 action d...

Страница 161: ...er with the other speakers in AS 100 for internal BGP and to create a fully meshed BGP network ip interface Link_To_Speaker2 vlan 2 ip interface Link_To_Speaker2 address 10 0 0 1 24 ipv6 interface Lin...

Страница 162: ...2001 ABCD B02 1 2 ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 1 admin state enable Administratively enable BGP ip bgp admin state enable BGP Speaker 2 Assign the speaker to AS 100 ip bgp autonomous system 100 Enable IPv6...

Страница 163: ...router primary address 10 0 0 3 Peer with the other speakers in AS 100 for internal BGP and to create a fully meshed BGP network ipv6 interface Link_To_Speaker1 vlan 2 ipv6 address 2001 DB8 C18 1 2 64...

Страница 164: ...0 0 2 ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 2 remote as 100 ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 2 activate ipv6 ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 2 ipv6 nexthop 2001 ABCD B02 1 1 ip bgp neighbor 20 0 0 2 admin state enable Administrativel...

Страница 165: ...show ipv6 bgp network Displays the status of all the IPv6 BGP networks or a specific IPv6 BGP network show ipv6 bgp path Displays the known IPv6 BGP paths for all the routes or a specific route show...

Страница 166: ...Displaying IPv6 BGP Settings and Statistics Configuring BGP page 3 82 OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011...

Страница 167: ...r describes the basic components of scoped multicast boundaries and how to configure them through the Command Line Interface CLI CLI commands are used in the configuration examples for more details ab...

Страница 168: ...11 Multicast Boundary Specifications Note If software routing is used the number of total flows supported is variable depending on the number of flows and the number of routes per flow Platforms Suppo...

Страница 169: ...f the dynamic routing features e g PIM Otherwise you will receive an error stating that the specified application is not loaded To load a dynamic routing feature use the ip load command For example ip...

Страница 170: ...scoped addresses for use in private multicast domains These addresses cannot be used for any other protocol or network function Because they are regulated by the IANA these addresses can theoretically...

Страница 171: ...stination address within the specified boundary will not be forwarded on the interface The figure below provides an example of a multicast address boundary configured on an interface Simple Multicast...

Страница 172: ...239 140 120 255 being used by both Multicast Domain 1 and Multicast Domain 2 Concurrent Multicast Addresses Example Although the same block of multicast addresses 239 140 120 0 through 239 140 120 25...

Страница 173: ...cribes how to use this command Creating a Multicast Address Boundary To create a multicast address boundary on an interface enter the ip mroute boundary command with the interface IP address the bound...

Страница 174: ...set switches The wiring closet switches serve the Human Resources and Training network domains A boundary of 239 188 0 0 16 is created for both the Human Resources and Training domains No multicast tr...

Страница 175: ...ry command show ip mroute boundary Interface Name Interface Address Boundary Address vlan 2 178 10 1 1 239 0 0 0 8 The correct multicast address boundary of 239 0 0 0 is shown on VLAN 2 VLAN 2 is disp...

Страница 176: ...ticast address boundary 239 188 0 0 and the corresponding subnet mask 255 255 0 0 9 Create a VLAN on the separate wiring closet switch used for Training For example vlan 4 VLAN 4 is now used to define...

Страница 177: ...below illustrates all configured multicast address boundaries for this network Network with Multiple Multicast Addresses Boundaries Internet VLAN 2 Router Port 178 10 1 1 239 x x x Multicast Traffic...

Страница 178: ...Application Example for Configuring Multicast Address Boundaries Configuring Multicast Address Boundaries page 4 12 OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011...

Страница 179: ...ork In This Chapter This chapter describes the basic components of DVMRP and how to configure them through the Command Line Interface CLI CLI commands are used in the configuration examples for more d...

Страница 180: ...f Routes 4K Multicast Protocols per Interface 1 PIM and DVMRP cannot be enabled on the same inter face Parameter Description Command Default Value Comments DVMRP load status ip load dvmrp Unloaded DVM...

Страница 181: ...he ip dvmrp interface command For example ip dvmrp interface vlan 2 4 Globally enable the DVMRP protocol by entering the following command ip dvmrp admin state enable 5 Save your changes to the Workin...

Страница 182: ...DVMRP then prunes i e removes branches from the delivery tree where the traffic is unwanted Pruning continues to occur as group membership changes or routers determine that no group members are presen...

Страница 183: ...e Probe Probes effectively serve three main purposes Probes provide a mechanism for DVMRP routers to locate each other as described above Probes provide a way for DVMRP routers to determine each other...

Страница 184: ...boring routers DVMRP requires an interface metric i e a hop count to be configured on all physical and tunnel inter faces When a route is received from a neighboring router via a Route Report message...

Страница 185: ...ove this interface from its downstream interface list If the upstream router is able to remove all of its downstream interfaces in this manner it can then send a DVMRP Prune message to its upstream ro...

Страница 186: ...es IP multicast packets are encapsu lated in unicast IP packets and addressed directly to the routers that do not support native multicast rout ing DVMRP protocol messages such as Route Reports Probes...

Страница 187: ...ust enable the protocol by completing the following steps Loading DVMRP into memory Enabling DVMRP on desired IP interfaces Enabling DVMRP globally on the switch Note Once loaded and enabled DVMRP is...

Страница 188: ...te Only one multicast routing protocol is supported per interface This means that you cannot enable both PIM and DVMRP on the same interface Disabling DVMRP on a Specific Interface To disable DVMRP on...

Страница 189: ...disable DVMRP on the switch ip dvmrp admin state disable Checking the Current Global DVMRP Status To view current global DVMRP enable disable status as well as additional global DVMRP settings use th...

Страница 190: ...ted For example to configure the Probe interval to ten seconds enter the following command ip dvmrp neighbor interval 10 The ip dvmrp neighbor timeout command enables you to configure the number of se...

Страница 191: ...les you to specify the route expiration timeout value The route expiration timeout value determines the number of seconds before a route to an inactive network is aged out For example the following co...

Страница 192: ...er information on the ip dvmrp prune lifetime command and how it affects the lifetime of prunes sent and in some cases received The ip dvmrp prune timeout command sets the Prune packet retransmission...

Страница 193: ...e prune lifetime value found in the received prune packet The setting of ip dvmrp prune lifetime on the device that received the prune is not normally taken into consideration in this situation Howeve...

Страница 194: ...tworks may use DVMRP tunnels to interconnect two multicast enabled networks across non multicast networks In a DVMRP tunnel IP multicast packets are encapsulated in unicast IP packets so that the mult...

Страница 195: ...ast capable interfaces show ip dvmrp neighbor Displays the DVMRP neighbor table which lists adjacent DVMRP routers show ip dvmrp nexthop Displays the DVMRP next hop entries table The next hop entries...

Страница 196: ...Verifying the DVMRP Configuration Configuring DVMRP page 5 18 OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011...

Страница 197: ...ent PIM in both the IPv4 and the IPv6 environments Note This implementation of PIM includes support for Source Specific Multicast PIM SSM For more information on PIM SSM support refer to PIM SSM Suppo...

Страница 198: ...age 6 37 Configuring Candidate Rendezvous Points C RPs in IPv6 PIM see page 6 38 Configuring Candidate Bootstrap Routers C BSRs in IPv6 PIM see page 6 39 Configuring RP switchover for IPv6 PIM see pag...

Страница 199: ...tstrap Router BSR Mechanism for PIM 5240 Protocol Independent Multicast PIM Bootstrap Router MIB PIM SM Version Supported PIM SMv2 PIM Attributes Supported Shared trees also referred to as RP trees De...

Страница 200: ...ax rps 32 Probe timer ip pim probe time 5 seconds Register checksum value ip pim register checksum header Register suppression timer ip pim register suppress timeout 60 seconds Source group data timeo...

Страница 201: ...ity ipv6 pim dense group Disabled Candidate BSR ipv6 pim cbsr 64 bits Hash mask length ipv6 pim cbsr 126 Static RP configuration ipv6 pim static rp Disabled Priority ipv6 pim candidate rp 192 C RP adv...

Страница 202: ...d must already exist in the switch configuration For example ip pim interface vlan 2 4 Map the PIM Dense Mode DM protocol for a multicast group using the ip pim dense group command For example ip pim...

Страница 203: ...The display for dense mode is similar to the one shown here show ip pim dense Status enabled Source Lifetime 210 State Refresh Interval 60 State Refresh Limit Interval 0 State Refresh TTL 16 additiona...

Страница 204: ...ted only via specific requests referred to as Join messages The following sections provide basic descriptions for key components used when configuring a PIM SM network These components include the fol...

Страница 205: ...nfiguring C BSRs including C BSR priority levels refer to Candidate Bootstrap Routers C BSRs on page 6 25 Designated Routers DRs There is only one Designated Router DR used per LAN When a DR receives...

Страница 206: ...uration multiple routers may exist between the receiver s DR and the RP router In this case the G Join message travels hop by hop toward the RP In each router along the way the multicast tree state fo...

Страница 207: ...nce the distribution tree for group G is learned at the RP the encapsulated data being sent from the source DR are now unencapsulated at the RP and forwarded natively to the Receiver Sender 1 Receiver...

Страница 208: ...ting protocol that defines a multicast routing algorithm for multicast groups densely distributed across a network PIM DM uses the underlying unicast routing information base to flood multicast datagr...

Страница 209: ...n the data rate at the Rendezvous Point RP exceeds the configured RP threshold value the RP will initiate a S G source specific Join message toward the source Note To configure the RP threshold value...

Страница 210: ...e sender to the RP along the source specific tree to the RP and from there along the shared tree to all receivers Because packets are still forwarded along the shared tree from the RP to all of the re...

Страница 211: ...PT status is enabled on the switch Important SPT status must be enabled for SPT switchover to occur If the SPT status is disabled the SPT switchover will not occur The SPT status is configured via the...

Страница 212: ...rriving via the SPT An S G RPT Prune message is sent toward the RP As a result traffic destined for this group from this particular source will no longer be forwarded along the RPT The RP will still r...

Страница 213: ...ge For detailed information on PIM SSM and Source Specific Multicast refer to the IETF Internet Drafts draft ietf pim sm v2 new 05 txt and draft ietf ssm arch 04 txt as well as RFC 3569 An Overview of...

Страница 214: ...ode MONO CMM Current CMM Slot A Running configuration WORKING Certify Restore Status CERTIFY NEEDED SYNCHRONIZATION STATUS Running Configuration SYNCHRONIZED NIs Reload On Takeover NONE additional tab...

Страница 215: ...guring PIM OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011 page 6 19 tional status of the interface is up If you wish to manually enable IPMS on the switch use the ip multicas...

Страница 216: ...on an interface using the ip pim interface command An interface can be any IP router interface that has been assigned to an existing VLAN For information on assigning a router inter face to a VLAN re...

Страница 217: ...the switch use the ip pim dense admin state command Enter the command syntax as shown below ip pim dense admin state enable Disabling PIM Mode on the Switch To globally disable PIM Sparse Mode on the...

Страница 218: ...ip pim dense group 224 0 0 0 4 priority 50 This command entry maps the multicast group 224 0 0 0 4 to PIM DM and specifies the priority value to be used for the entry as 50 This priority specifies the...

Страница 219: ...must be configured manually to support SSM You can also map additional multicast address ranges for the SSM group However the multicast groups in the reserved address range can be mapped only to the S...

Страница 220: ...date rp command For example ip pim candidate rp 50 1 1 1 224 16 1 1 32 priority 100 interval 100 This configures the switch to advertise the address 50 1 1 1 as the C RP for the multicast group 224 16...

Страница 221: ...before chang ing max rps value Verifying Maximum RP Configuration Check the maximum number of RPs using the show ip pim sparse command For example show ip pim sparse Status enabled Keepalive Period 2...

Страница 222: ...ed CBSR Priority 0 Hash Mask Length 30 Elected BSR False Timer 00h 00m 00s For more information about these displays see the PIM Commands chapter in the OmniSwitch CLI Reference Guide Bootstrap Router...

Страница 223: ...P group use the ip pim static rp command Be sure to enter a multicast group address a corresponding group mask and a 32 bit IP address for the static RP in the command line For example ip pim static r...

Страница 224: ...t of matching RPs find the one with the highest priority Eliminate any RPs from the list that have lower priorities 3 If only one RP remains in the list use that RP 4 If multiple RPs are in the list u...

Страница 225: ...loss notification period 10 To set the time that must elapse between PIM invalid register notifications originated by the router enter ip pim invalid register notification period followed by the time...

Страница 226: ...the show ip pim notifications command For example show ip pim notifications Neighbor Loss Notifications Period 0 Count 0 Invalid Register Notifications Period 65535 Msgs Rcvd 0 Origin None Group None...

Страница 227: ...ups for which the local router advertises itself as a Candidate RP show ip pim group map Displays the PIM group mapping table show ip pim interface Displays detailed PIM settings for a specific interf...

Страница 228: ...multicast addresses begin with the prefix ff00 8 Similar to IPv6 unicast addresses IPv6 multicast addresses also have different scopes depending on their prefix though the range of possible scopes is...

Страница 229: ...terface command For example ipv6 pim interface vlan 1 Note The IPv6 interface on which the PIM is enabled must already exist in the switch configuration 4 Map the IPv6 PIM Dense Mode DM protocol for a...

Страница 230: ...Time 5 Register Suppress Timeout 60 RP Switchover enabled SPT Status enabled The display for dense mode is similar to the one shown here show IPv6 pim dense Status enabled Source Lifetime 210 State Re...

Страница 231: ...Guide To enable PIM on a specific IPv6 interface use the ipv6 pim interface command The interface identifier used in the command syntax is the valid interface name of an existing IPv6 VLAN router int...

Страница 232: ...low ipv6 pim sparse admin state disable To globally disable IPv6 PIM Dense Mode on the switch use the ipv6 pim dense admin state command Enter the command syntax as shown below ipv6 pim dense admin st...

Страница 233: ...ration of a dense mode group mapping no ipv6 pim dense group ff0e 1234 128 Mapping an IPv6 Multicast Group to PIM SSM To statically map an IPv6 multicast group s to PIM Source Specific Multicast mode...

Страница 234: ...wo mechanisms are supported for multicast group address mapping Bootstrap Router BSR Mechanism Static RP Configuration The chosen multicast group address mapping mechanism should be used consistently...

Страница 235: ...ss is listed as FF00 8 The C RP is listed as 3000 11 The status is enabled For more information about these displays see the PIM Commands chapter in the OmniSwitch CLI Reference Guide Configuring Cand...

Страница 236: ...dvertisements When a BSR receives one of these advertisements the associated C RP is considered reachable if a valid route to the network exists The BSR then periodically sends an updated list of reac...

Страница 237: ...sible group range to RP mappings Each mapping specifies a range of IPv6 multicast groups expressed as a group and mask as well as the RP to which such groups should be mapped Each mapping may also hav...

Страница 238: ...switchover enable The above command enables the RP to switch to native forwarding ipv6 pim rp switchover disable The above command disables the RP from switching to native forwarding You cannot specif...

Страница 239: ...ich the local router advertises itself as a Candidate RP show ipv6 pim group map Displays the IPv6 PIM group mapping table show ipv6 pim interface Displays detailed IPv6 PIM settings for a specific in...

Страница 240: ...Verifying IPv6 PIM Configuration Configuring PIM page 6 44 OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011...

Страница 241: ...stem Licensee agrees not to assign sublicense transfer pledge lease rent or share their rights under this License Agreement Licensee may retain the program media for backup purposes with retention of...

Страница 242: ...EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES SO THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO LICENSEE THIS WARRANTY GIVES THE LICENSEE SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS LICENSEE MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO ST...

Страница 243: ...he event of any breach hereunder shall not be deemed a waiver by that party as to subsequent enforcement of rights or subsequent actions in the event of future breaches 13 Notes to United States Gover...

Страница 244: ...otices applicable to any software distributed alone or in connection with the product to which this document pertains are contained in files within the software itself located at flash foss Also if ne...

Страница 245: ...nabling path comparison 3 22 flapping 3 36 global parameters 3 20 internal vs external 3 7 MED values 3 23 overview 3 5 policies 3 12 3 45 redistribution 3 75 regular expressions 3 13 restarting a pee...

Страница 246: ...n communitylist command 3 51 ip bgp neighbor in prefixlist command 3 51 ip bgp neighbor md5 key command 3 31 ip bgp neighbor out aspathlist command 3 50 ip bgp neighbor out communitylist command 3 51...

Страница 247: ...mmunity command 3 74 ipv6 bgp network local preference command 3 73 ipv6 bgp network metric command 3 74 ipv6 bgp unicast command 3 68 ipv6 interface command 6 33 IPv6 PIM C BSR 6 39 interface 6 35 ML...

Страница 248: ...9 2 10 routing DVMRP 5 1 multicast address boundaries 4 1 RP router 6 8 S scoped multicast addresses 4 4 show ip bgp aggregate address command 3 63 show ip bgp command 3 63 show ip bgp dampening comm...

Страница 249: ...Index OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011 Index 5 V Verify DVMRP Configuration 5 17 virtual links 1 9 2 10 creating 1 22 deleting 1 22 2 18 modifying 1 22 2 18...

Страница 250: ...Index Index 6 OmniSwitch AOS Release 7 Advanced Routing Configuration Guide March 2011...

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