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Commercial Sound Systems

Figure 76 diagrams a theatre reinforcement system

from the viewpoint of its power amplifier. Note the time
delay device that feeds the P-2200 for the under-

balcony distributed speakers. This P-2200 is connected

for "mono" 70-volt operation; the main P-2200 is
connected for biamplified operation. In a smaller
theatre, a single P-2200 might cover both areas, feeding
speaker systems with passive crossovers.

Fig. 76 - Theatre Reinforcement System

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Summary of Contents for P-2200/2201

Page 1: ...YAMAHA AUTHORIZED PRODUCT MANUAL P 2200 2201 SYSTEM AMPLIFIER ...

Page 2: ...P 2200 2201 OPERATING MANUAL ...

Page 3: ...ed including oscilloscope photos and discussions of the P 2200 s excellent performance specifications The last part of the SPECIFICATIONS section is a discussion of the advantages of professional equipment like the P 2200 compared to hi fi or semi pro equipment The INSTALLATION AND DETAILED OPERATION section which begins on Page SIX 1 includes more complete instructions special considera tions for...

Page 4: ...G 1 CABLING AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING 2 ACTIONS OF THE P 2200 PROTECTION CIRCUITS 13 GROUNDING AND SHIELDING 13 AC POWER FUSES ACCESSORY OUTLETS WIRING SAFETY 16 MONO OPERATION 17 APPLICATIONS BIAMPLIFICATION AND TRIAMPLIFICATION SECTION SEVEN 1 ECHO REVERB AND DELAY 3 COMPRESSION AND LIMITING 3 EQUALIZATION HIGH AND LOW PASS FILTERS 4 SPEAKER PROTECTION SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 6 7 APPENDIX SECTION EIG...

Page 5: ... into 8 ohms C Thermal Warning Indicator Warns of overheating before thermal protection circuit turns off the AC power D Power Indicator Glows when the power switch is on E On Off Switch Controls AC power to the P 2200 or P2201 NOTE The P2201 is identical to the P 2200 except there are no Peak Reading Meters Both are made to be mounted in a standard 19 wide electronic equipment rack Each of them t...

Page 6: ...ired connections NOTES 1 Maximum power output into 8 ohms is 230 watts power output rises at lower impedances 2 Protection circuitry towers power output when load impedance falls below 2 5 ohms D AC Power Cord For the U S and Canadian models the P 2200 2201 require 117 VAC 50 or 60 Hz line 105 V min 135 V max 8 amps max at 120 volts For the Australian model 240V AC 50 or 60 Hz For other territorie...

Page 7: ...the speaker load bridged across the hot terminals of both channels In this mode the P 2200 is suitable for driving almost any load including highly reactive 70 volt commercial speaker lines With a full 400 watts into 16 ohms the P 2200 in mono mode eliminates the need for several smaller 70 volt amplifiers PERFORMANCE The P 2200 s performance is as impressive as its features At a sustained output ...

Page 8: ... impedance sources See the APPENDIX beginning on Page EIGHT 1 for a further discussion of dB PhaseShift Referto Figure 1 1 20Hz to 20kHz 10 degrees OffsetVoltage Less than 10mV DC Unit Step Function Response Refer to Figure 27 See scope photo Page FOUR 4 and discussion Page FOUR 6 Thermal Specifications Massive black anodized heat sinks are thermally joined with the chassis thereby utilizing the e...

Page 9: ...e wave power into 16 ohms with less than 0 05 THD 20Hz to 20kHz Frequency Response Refer to Figure 16 0dB 1dB 20Hz to 50kHz Total Harmonic Distortion Refer to Figures 17 and 18 Less than 0 01 300 Watts into 16 ohms at 1kHz Intermodulation Distortion Less than 0 05 using frequencies of 70Hz and 7kHz mixed in a ratio of 4 1 at a power output of 200 Watts into 16 ohms Input Sensitivity An input of 0d...

Page 10: ...icated Normal Stereo Graphs Fig 3 Power Bandwidth vs Load Impedance Fig 4 Load Impedance vs Output Power Fig 5 Frequency Response vs Load Fig 6A T H D vs Output Power at 8 Load Impedance both channels driven Fig 6B T H D vs Output Power at 16 Load Impedance both channels driven Fig 7 Intermodulation Distortion vs Power Output at 8 and 16 Load Impedance Fig 8 Damping Factor vs Frequency at 8 Load I...

Page 11: ...Fig 9 Actual Output Impedance vs Frequency Fig 10 Crosstalk Channel Separation Fig 1 1 Phase Response vs Frequency Fig 12 Power Consumption Fig 13 Peak Program Meter Accuracy P 2200 only ...

Page 12: ...Mono Mode at 0 1 T H D 1kHz Fig 16 Frequency Response Mono Mode at 16 Load Impedance Fig 17 T H D vs Power Output Mono Mode at 16 Load Impedance Fig 18 T H D vs Frequency Mono Mode at 16 Load Impedance Fig 19 Damping Factor vs Frequency Mono Mode at 16 Load Impedance Fig 20 Actual Output Impedance Mono Mode vs Frequency ...

Page 13: ...bility to accurately reproduce musical waveforms and harmonics well beyond the range of human hearing Fig 24 1 000Hz Sine Wave shown with Highly Magnified Noise and Distortion Components Even at full 230 watt output 8 ohms the P 2200 s distortion is so low that it is almost burried in the noise which is at least 110dB below the sine wave output The sine wave is clean and symmetrical Fig 25 20 000H...

Page 14: ...rops below 2 5 ohms the P 2200 s protection circuits begin to limit the power resulting in the curve shown in Figure 4 normal operation and Figure 15 mono operation DISTORTION Refer to Figures 6A B 7 17 18 The P 2200 is designed to have the lowest possible distortion There are many different forms of distortion however and comprehensive distortion ratings offer a means to compare the performance o...

Page 15: ...s or DC offset appearing at the input to the P 2200 are unlikely to damage a speaker load Other amplifiers which are DC coupled throughout may have a flatter sub audio frequency response but this makes them capable of amplifying dangerous DC input voltage or sub audio transients and delivering them at high power to a speaker OFFSET VOLTAGE This specification indicates the amount of DC voltage natu...

Page 16: ...h most semi pro devices or to be used as a bridging load for a 600 ohm source Page SIX 2 details input impedance and level matching for the P 2200 INPUT SENSITIVITY The P 2200 s input sensitivity indicates the input drive voltage needed for the P 2200 to produce its rated output of 230 watts into 8 ohms input attenua tors are adjusted to maximum clockwise rotation for minimum attenuation PROTECTIO...

Page 17: ...s in the voice coil This current causes the voice coil to act like an electro magnet the electro magnet voice coil interacts with the magnetic assembly of the loudspeaker and the unwanted overshoot is reduced a magnetic braking action Fig 31 Current produced by Back EMF follows path through Amplifier s Output Impedance to speaker coil If the amplifier s output impedance is low con siderably less t...

Page 18: ...um impedance ratio for a given situation increasing the P 2200 s adaptability Either the matching transformer box or step up transformer box described on Pages SIX 3 and SIX 4 are suitable so long as they are kept several inches away from the P 2200 Hi fi and semi pro equipment generally is designed to be driven from a 5 000 ohm or lower impedance source and its output will drive 10 000 ohm or hig...

Page 19: ...simply drop the output level by a few dB depending on the circuitry The P 2200 s input sensitivity and input impedance are high enough to allow its use with some hi fi or semi pro equipment however it s a good idea to check the specifications for each situation The point of this discussion is that impedance and level are extremely important considerations when connecting audio equipment DYNAMIC RA...

Page 20: ...aximum signal to noise ratio of 110dB which is its dynamic range The SYSTEM S Dynamic Range is limited by acoustic noise at the mic input for the system shown and by the maximum signal to noise ratio of the PM 700 Mixer 93dB a very respectable figure for a high gain device ...

Page 21: ...rs may be rated like this input sensitivity 4dB for rated output This later rating is typical of many power amplifiers including the P 2200 The difference between these ratings is subtle but very important The first device has a nominal input sensitivity of 4dB 1 23 volts and may be capable of peak levels far above 4dB 1 23 volts the actual headroom may be stated in another specification The secon...

Page 22: ...equired when the P 2200 must produce extremely high average power output or when it is located in a high temperature environment such as a closed outdoor building in direct sunlight Rack Mounting for Portable Usage Road cases must be durable enough to survive heavy cartage and airline travel Brace the rear of the P 2200 and if the road case is small and ventilation is con stricted install cooling ...

Page 23: ...re T pads and H pads T pads unbalance true balanced lines and floating lines but work well in unbalanced circuits H pads are best for balanced or floating lines but should not be used in an unbalanced circuit since they will insert a resistance in the return lead ground For a discussion of other types of pads refer to the AUDIO CYCLOPEDIA by Howard M Tremain Pub Howard W Sams Fig 37 Where to Insta...

Page 24: ...atching The following paragraphs detail several applications of audio trans formers at low signal levels Speaker level transformers are discussed on Page SEVEN 6 the Appendix gives further details on transformer operation MatchingTransformerBox Impedance matching transformers can be used to connect a high impedance source to a low impedance load or vice versa see Page SIX 5 for a discussion of mat...

Page 25: ...osed by the loop The two diagrams show circuits using a Triad A 65J transformer and a UTC A 24 transformer Similar 600 ohm to 15K ohm transformers are acceptable The 1 4 watt 10 15K ohm resistors are used to terminate the transformers for lower distortion and improved frequency response Bridging Transformer Box When a single low impedance balanced source which must remain balanced feeds several P ...

Page 26: ...ize the dynamic range of the system minimize the noise and maximize the headroom First choose a headroom figure For maximum fidelity when reproducing music it is desirable to allow 20dB of headroom above the average system output While some extreme musical peaks exceed 20dB the 20dB figure is adequate for most programs A 20dB headroom figure represents a peak level that is one hundred times as pow...

Page 27: ...h adequate headroom Then choose the mixer and other devices that feed the power amplifiers and set up the system according to the above instructions In some cases it may be useful to set up different headroom figures in different parts of a complex system For example background music and paging should be severely compressed in a noisy lobby area but the same program material would sound more natur...

Page 28: ... sleeve which can break if the connector is dropped resulting in a tip to sleeve connection which is a direct speaker line short circuit For this reason phone jacks have not been used for the P 2200 output If you have an amplifier with a phone jack output military grade phone connectors while more expensive and somewhat harder to wire are the best choice for avoiding these problems Phono Connector...

Page 29: ...e connected to terminal strips should be prepared by stripping the ends and installing crimp on or preferably solder type lugs If there is any chance the cable will be strained use a cable that is constructed with internal strain relief cord such as Belden No 8412 Crimp a lug onto the cord and secure the lug to an un used terminal The cord should be drawn slightly tighter than the wire leads in or...

Page 30: ...pin 3 and the white or red with pin 2 see footnote on page 10 of this section Then solder the shield to pin 1 Clean any solder splashes and inspect for burned insulation Slide the insulating collar forward up to the flange of the male insert The outer cable insulation must be flush with or covered by the end of the insert If any of the center conductors are visible the cable clamp may not be able ...

Page 31: ... lead with 2 see footnote on page 10 of this section Then solder the shield to pin 1 Clean off any solder splashes and inspect for burned insulation Insert the locking tab in the female insert as illustrated with small nib facing front of connector Slide insulating collar foward up to rear edge of female insert The outer insulation of the cable must be flush with or covered by the end of the inser...

Page 32: ...ification Slide shell and insulating collar over cable end Strip outer insulation for length equal to length of sleeve con nection Remove any tracer cords and strain relief cords Form lead from shield Hold cable with outer insulation just ahead of cable clamp and strip the red or white conductor just behind the tip connection Then strip the black conductor just behind the ring connection Tin all l...

Page 33: ...quency The Appen dix shows various series and parallel combinations of speakers and the effective loads they present to the P 2200 Formulas for the power delivered to each speaker in a parallel or series combination are included Fig 50A Speakers in Series Fig 50B Equivalent Circuit Speaker Impedances in Series Fig 50C Circuit as seen by One Speaker of Series Pair Note that a series connection of t...

Page 34: ... smoothly limit the power to loads below 2 5 ohms The overload protection circuit action is virtually inaudible even when driving difficult multi speaker loads Figure 4 Page FOUR 1 and Figure 15 Page FOUR 3 graph the power output of the P 2200 for varyingloadimpedances Transients and DC Protection The P 2200 displays virtually no turn off transient and the turn on transient is minimal A DC voltage...

Page 35: ... Quality Shielded Cable Metal equipment racks and metal electrical conduits are also effective shields against RF noise However few shields offer really effective protection against electro magnetic interference EMI Solid iron conduit and possibly to a lesser extent steel conduits and racks do offer some protection Fortunately however most EMI interference can be effectively avoided by keeping sen...

Page 36: ...ypassed does provide a good ground connection It is worth mentioning that systems without ground connections may be capable of interference free operation Portable tape recorders and other battery operated self contained audio equipment are not earth grounded The electronics in airplanes are not grounded to earth at least not when they are flying yet the equipment operates well The purpose of eart...

Page 37: ...ctrical supply stores detail simplified Fig 62A Properly Wired 110VAC Outlet residential wiring We do not suggest that you modify the AC wiring in an auditorium or a club or anywhere else Such work should be reserved for a qualified licensed electrician But if you understand proper AC wiring you will also understand the potential problems of improper wiring some of which are described below CAUTIO...

Page 38: ...voltage at an AC outlet and to establish a direct path to earth ground that does not rely on the AC mains Some commercially available AC plug strips have an AC voltmeter built in or you can install a panel mount meter that reads voltage before equip ment is connected to the AC circuits in an equipment rack Even if the voltage and polarity of the AC outlet are correct the line may be soft that is i...

Page 39: ...ghly reactive loads with complete stability it is suitable for driving 70 volt constant voltage commercial sound speaker lines In all but very small systems the P 2200 can offer cost savings when compared to multiple low power amplifier installations In addition the P 2200 s per formance specifications far exceed most commercial sound amplifiers Figure 76 illustrates a typical 70 volt constant vol...

Page 40: ...Program material music or speech is made up of many different frequencies and their harmonics Most music especially popular music is bass heavy that is the low frequency material contains much more energy than the high frequency material When both high and low frequency material such as a flute and a bass guitar are present in a program the high energy bass fre quencies can use up most of the powe...

Page 41: ...frequency dividing network electronic crossover meets these needs It is an excellent choice for any biamplified or triamplified system Criteria for Biamped Systems Crossover Frequency and Slope There is a freedom of choice available to the designer of the biamplified or triamplified system that is not available to the designer of a non biamplified system The added advantage of being able to choose...

Page 42: ...ING Dynamic range also see Page FIVE 2 is the differ ence in dB between the highest and the lowest volume levels in any audio program A compressor is a device that shrinks that dynamic range The threshold of a compressor is the level above which compression begins The compression ratio is the ratio of output level change to input level change in dB for any program material above the threshold A li...

Page 43: ...cause most have linear slide controls and when they are set they create a visual image that resembles the overall frequency response curve of the unit Some so called graphic equalizers use rotary controls A graphic equalizer may provide attenua tion only band reject or attenuation and boost band pass band reject Usually each speaker feed requires its own channel of professional type graphic equali...

Page 44: ...lizer can be an extremely helpful tool for sound reinforcement or for recording It should be remembered that like a graphic equalizer excessive boost may reduce system headroom create clipping and make extreme power demands on amplifiers and speakers In addition a parametric equalizer may ring at high Q narrow bandwidth settings Ringing is caused when a filter begins to act like an oscillator Whil...

Page 45: ...unts of DC voltage can shorten the life of a loudspeaker and any large amount of DC will cause sudden catastrophic failure Fortunate ly the input of the P 2200 is not DC coupled so any DC voltages from preamplifiers etc are not amplified and cannot reach the speaker The only time DC voltage could appear at the P 2200 s output would be in the event of a severe electronic failure inside the amplifie...

Page 46: ...c frequencies reaching the loud speakers they can help prevent loudspeaker damage SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS The following diagrams illustrate a few of the many possible applications of the P 2200 in all types of sound systems Studio Monitoring The diagram in Figure 72 shows the P 2200 used as a studio monitor amplifier Part of the system is biampli fied Alternately the Yamaha F1030 crossover could be ...

Page 47: ...ated attenuators on all other parts of the system When check out is finished it s easy to bring back the levels to previous settings Due to its high power output capability the P 2200 is less likely to damage speaker systems as a result of peak clipping At the same time the P 2200 s AC coupled input will not pass dangerous DC signals further protecting speakers Besides having exceptional specifica...

Page 48: ...er on a speaker system than a low power amplifier In addition the P 2200 is sensitive enough and its input is high impedance that it can be driven by the output of many hi fi or semi pro type preamps Its peak reading meters help the musician avoid overdriving a speaker system and the calibrated attenuators allow the instrument amplifier system to be turned down during a break without modifying any...

Page 49: ...ot get even a short rest during many hours of operation each night With its massive heat sinks and high average power output capabilities the P 2200 is an ideal ampli fier for disco use In addition to reliability the P 2200 s low distortion will produce clean sound the kind of sound that avoids listening fatigue an important consideration for high sound level operation Fig 75 Combination Disco Liv...

Page 50: ...e delay device that feeds the P 2200 for the under balcony distributed speakers This P 2200 is connected for mono 70 volt operation the main P 2200 is connected for biamplified operation In a smaller theatre a single P 2200 might cover both areas feeding speaker systems with passive crossovers Fig 76 Theatre Reinforcement System ...

Page 51: ...s and in larger systems the P 2200 s dB calibrated attenuators and peak reading meters help the installer and operator achieve optimum system performance In fact the P 2200 can improve just about any commercial sound system design from auditoriums and other reinforcement systems to electronic church organs to shopping center or airport paging Other Uses The P 2200 is a basic tool for all types of ...

Page 52: ...between 10dBm and 4dBm is 6dB The difference between 20dBV and 10dBV is 10dB dBV and dBm are not numerically equal when dealing with 600 ohm circuits although they are close OdBV is 2 2dBm at 600 ohms As the impedance is changed to other than 600 ohms given a constant voltage the value of dBV remains constant while the value of dBm changes For example consider a 4dBm output ter minated by 600 ohms...

Page 53: ...rcuit By this method 0dB 0 775 volts is exactly the same as 0dBm for a 600 ohm circuit Since it is a voltage rating however dB volts is accurate regardless of the mixer s load impedance so long as the mixer is not overloaded Also since the actual output level expressed in volts always follows the dB rating it is unlikely that the rating will be mis interpreted By this convention we have not create...

Page 54: ...r or some combination of the two The value in ohms of the magnititude of an impedance changes with frequency making it more challenging to manipulate mathematically Pure circuit components a perfect voltage source perfect current source or pure resistance do not exist in the real world and audio circuits seldom deal with DC sources except for occasional batteries and DC power supplies However the ...

Page 55: ...rce is a current source series connected impedances all receive the same current Parallel connected impedances share the current from a current source according to the following formula For two impedances For any number N of impedances Once voltage or current is known power can be calculated from the formulas on Page EIGHT 2 In audio most sources can be treated as voltage sources whether they are ...

Page 56: ... or may not have a shield If it does have a shield the shield is usually at the same potential voltage as the common or ground wire Since the phase cancellation of noise currents in a balanced line is never perfect in the real world most low level balanced circuits mic or line are shielded Twisting the two internal wires also helps cancel noise A floating line is also a two wire circuit which is u...

Page 57: ...dB to 30dB 24 6mV Fig 84 Typical Audio Transformer OTHER CONSIDERATIONS A transformer actually doesn t have any impedance of its own It merely transforms an impedance at its primary according to Equation 3 to a corresponding impedance at its secondary Thus the transformer in the above example has an impedance ratio of 15 000 to 600 25 to 1 If a 150K ohm circuit is connected to its primary the impe...

Page 58: ...SINCE 1887 YAMAHA ...

Page 59: ...YAMAHA Yamaha Corporation of America P2200 2201 OM 6600 Orangethorpe Avenue P O Box 6600 Buena Park CA 90622 6600 11 17 98 98109 ...

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