System Overview
R&S
®
ZVT
71
Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 10
3.3.2.2
Z-Parameters
The Z-parameters describe the impedances of a DUT with open output ports (I = 0).
The analyzer provides the full set of Z-parameters including the transfer impedances
(i.e. the complete nxn Z-matrix for an n port DUT).
This means that Z-parameters can be used as an alternative to S-parameters (or Y-
parameters) in order to completely characterize a linear n-port network.
3.3.2.3
2-Port Z-Parameters
In analogy to S-parameters, Z-parameters are expressed as Z
ij
, where i denotes the
measured and j the stimulated port.
The Z-parameters for a two-port are based on a circuit model that can be expressed
with two linear equations:
2
22
1
21
2
2
12
1
11
1
I
Z
I
Z
V
I
Z
I
Z
V
Meaning of Z-parameters
The four 2-port open-circuit Z-parameters can be interpreted as follows:
●
Z
11
is the input impedance, defined as the ratio of the voltage V
1
to the current I
1
,
measured at port 1 (forward measurement with open output, I
2
= 0).
●
Z
21
is the forward transfer impedance, defined as the ratio of the voltage V
2
to the
current I
1
(forward measurement with open output, I
2
= 0).
●
Z
12
is the reverse transfer impedance, defined as the ratio of the voltage V
1
to the
current I
2
(reverse measurement with open input, I
1
= 0).
●
Z
22
is the output impedance, defined as the ratio of the voltage V
2
to the current I
2
,
measured at port 2 (reverse measurement with open input, I
1
= 0).
Z-parameters can be easily extended to describe circuits with more than two ports or
several modes of propagation.
3.3.2.4
Admittance Parameters
An admittance is the complex ratio between a current and a voltage. The analyzer pro-
vides two independent sets of admittance parameters:
●
Converted admittances (each admittance parameter is obtained from a single S-
parameter)
Measured Quantities
