Development Tool Startup Manual
R-IN32M3-EC
Industry Ethernet Communication LSI
R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev.4.01
Page 1 of 71
Apr 19, 2019
R18UZ0013EJ0401
Rev.4.01
1.
How to obtain and install the IAR software and license ................................................................................ 3
1.1
Download the IAR Embedded Workbench software .......................................................................................... 3
1.2
Install IAR Embedded Workbench ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.
TwinCAT Installation .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1
TwinCAT2 installation ..................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1
How to install ........................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2
Add TwinCAT RT-Ethernet network service .......................................................................................... 14
2.1.3
How to add the TwinCAT Ethernet protocol ........................................................................................... 18
2.2
TwinCAT3 installation ..................................................................................................................................... 22
2.2.1
How to install ........................................................................................................................................... 22
2.2.2
How to add the TwinCAT3 Ethernet protocol ......................................................................................... 26
3.
Settings and Connections for R-IN32M3-EC ............................................................................................... 28
3.1
Boot mode settings for R-IN32M3-EC ............................................................................................................. 28
3.2
Boot Procedure for R-IN32M3-EC board ......................................................................................................... 31
4.
Installation of the USB Serial Conversion Driver ......................................................................................... 36
4.1
Obtain the driver ............................................................................................................................................... 36
4.2
Install FT232R USB UART driver ................................................................................................................... 37
4.3
Install USB Serial Port Driver .......................................................................................................................... 39
5.
UART Setting ............................................................................................................................................... 41
6.
Prepare for the EtherCAT Communication Check between TwinCAT and Board ...................................... 43
6.1
Copy ESI (EtherCAT Slave Information) file .................................................................................................. 43
6.2
Board Connection ............................................................................................................................................. 44
6.3
Start EWARM Sample Program for EtherCAT Communication ..................................................................... 46
6.4
Build configuration setting ............................................................................................................................... 47
6.5
Select the Debugger Type ................................................................................................................................. 48
6.6
Linker Setting ................................................................................................................................................... 49
6.7
Build and Execute the Program for EtherCAT Communication ....................................................................... 50
7.
Start TwinCAT ............................................................................................................................................. 51
7.1
In the case of using TwinCAT2 ........................................................................................................................ 51
7.2
In the case of using TwinCAT3 ........................................................................................................................ 52
Page 1: ...hernet protocol 26 3 Settings and Connections for R IN32M3 EC 28 3 1 Boot mode settings for R IN32M3 EC 28 3 2 Boot Procedure for R IN32M3 EC board 31 4 Installation of the USB Serial Conversion Driver 36 4 1 Obtain the driver 36 4 2 Install FT232R USB UART driver 37 4 3 Install USB Serial Port Driver 39 5 UART Setting 41 6 Prepare for the EtherCAT Communication Check between TwinCAT and Board 43 ...
Page 2: ...6 7 5 Checking the link to TwinCAT 60 7 6 Write data to R IN32M3 EC Board from TwinCAT 61 8 KEIL MDK ARM Setup 63 8 1 Board and emulator preparation 63 8 2 Download MDK ARM 64 8 3 Install MDK ARM 66 8 3 1 Install tools 66 8 3 2 Install Device Family Pack DFP 66 8 3 3 Copy sample program 67 8 4 How to operate MDK ARM 68 8 4 1 μVision5 settings 68 8 4 2 μVision5 operation 70 ...
Page 3: ...edded Workbench software from http www iar com Important notes To use the R IN32 sample code you must install IAR Embedded Workbench version 6 60 or higher If you want to use one of the SEGGER J Link debuggers J Link Plus or J Link Lite CortexM 19 as shown in chapter 3 you must install the IAR Embedded Workbench version 6 70 or higher This will include the J Link driver software required for R IN3...
Page 4: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 4 of 71 Apr 19 2019 ...
Page 5: ...ick the downloaded file the following window will appear as the software is uncompressed The window shown above will be opened automatically and the necessary files will be uncompressed to a temporary folder under the C Users directory After uncompressing the window shown below will open automatically 2 Click Install IAR Embedded Workbench ...
Page 6: ...icense Note There are two types of evaluation licenses from IAR Time limited 30 days and Code size limited It is possible to use the 32KB code size limited evaluation license for an operation check of R IN32 sample code Since some sample code such as TCP IP stack exceeds 32 KB size operation check can not be performed ...
Page 7: ...email address entered into the form above Generally both license types time limited and code size limited will work for R IN32M3 EtherCAT sample software 32KB code memory size Please refer to the IAR website for more details on the evaluation license limitations Please click Submit Registration after entering data into the required fields ...
Page 8: ...4 01 Page 8 of 71 Apr 19 2019 5 A link of the form https register iar com confirm key XXXX will be sent to your email address please click this link to confirm registration and obtain your evaluation license key The specified email address key XXXX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX ...
Page 9: ... 19 2019 The 14 digit license key will be shown as below This license key is bound to the PC you used for the registration so different licenses are required for different PCs 6 After the above procedure installation and registration of IAR Embedded Workbench is complete XXXX XXXX XXXX ...
Page 10: ...m Note that TwinCAT3 is required for 64 bit operating systems Caution 1 The Beckhoff website and TwinCAT installation procedure may differ from the images shown in this document if and when Beckhoff updates their website or releases a new version of the software Please treat the following instructions as an example and modify as needed Caution 2 One of the features of TwinCAT3 is support for multi...
Page 11: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 11 of 71 Apr 19 2019 ...
Page 12: ...al R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 12 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Navigate to the location of the file you downloaded or the CD ROM and double click the file to install TwinCAT Please fill in User Name and Company Name It is OK to keep Serial Number empty ...
Page 13: ...ool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 13 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Please install the software in the C TwinCAT directory on your PC It may not work correctly if TwinCAT is installed in a different directory than the default ...
Page 14: ...g website for the latest information about the installation procedure for the driver http infosys beckhoff com content 1033 tcsystemmanager fieldbus rtethernet tci8255xinstal htm 1 Click Control Panel Network and Joint Ownership Center Change Adapter Settings 2 Choose Local Area Connection click the right mouse button and choose Properties as shown in the window below ...
Page 15: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 15 of 71 Apr 19 2019 3 Set up the driver as shown in the following images a b ...
Page 16: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 16 of 71 Apr 19 2019 c d ...
Page 17: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 17 of 71 Apr 19 2019 e ...
Page 18: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 18 of 71 Apr 19 2019 2 1 3 How to add the TwinCAT Ethernet protocol a b ...
Page 19: ...19 2019 c d Depending on the installed network configuration it might not be possible to connect to TwinCAT correctly If so please only setup TwinCAT RT Ethernet Inter mediate Driver and TwinCAT Ethernet protocol for All Network Adapters in network properties It is OK not to setup TCP IP ...
Page 20: ...nt Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 20 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Now the TwinCAT installation is completed Note You should disable both Internet Protocol Version 6 TCP IPv6 and Internet Protocol Version 4 TCP IPv4 ...
Page 21: ...evices Please select the compatible port which you want to use with TwinCAT and click Install After the installation the related port appears in the list Installed and ready to use devices above There might be more than one port in the compatible devices list above depending upon the PC you are using Please also note that the Beckhoff RT Ethernet driver generally supports Intel chipsets Certain PC...
Page 22: ...Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 22 of 71 Apr 19 2019 2 2 TwinCAT3 installation 2 2 1 How to install Note Please download the Full Setup installation version rather than the XAR version ...
Page 23: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 23 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Please input the required fields and select Register ...
Page 24: ...artup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 24 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Beckhoff will send an email including the link to download the software Please access the link and download the software After downloading please execute the setup file ...
Page 25: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 25 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Please complete the installation wizard Important Note be sure to select Complete installation ...
Page 26: ...protocol Please add the protocol in the TwinCAT XAE program as described below Please activate the TwinCAT XAE program using one of the following methods 1 Task tray TwinCAT Config Mode TwinCAT XAE VS2010 2 Start menu Beckhoff TwinCAT3 TwinCAT XAE VS2010 Please select the TwinCAT tab and click Show Realtime Ethernet Compatible Devices ...
Page 27: ...ng the PC s Ethernet adapter s will not be able to work with TwinCAT3 Please refer to the list of compatible Ethernet adapters at Beckoff s website http infosys beckhoff com content 1033 tcsystemmanager reference ethercat html ethercat_supnetworkcontroller htm id 18955 Please select an adapter under the compatible devices heading and click Install If the installation is successful the selected ada...
Page 28: ... BOOT0 and BOOT1 The boot mode is selected depending on status of these terminals The boot mode of the R IN32M3 EC is selected by DIP SW SW1 Set the MODE SW before connecting the 5V 3A DC adapter Table 3 1 Boot mode selection DIP SW SW1 Boot mode selection 1 2 ON High ON High Instruction RAM boot test OFF Low ON High External MPU boot ON High OFF Low External serial flash ROM boot OFF Low OFF Low ...
Page 29: ...of 71 Apr 19 2019 Instruction RAM Boot setting S R IN32M3 EC board TS R IN32M3 CEC board R IN32M3 EC Board Lite DIP SW MODE_SW SW1 1 8 TS R IN32 EC_001 OFF ON TS R IN32 EC_002 ON OFF MODE_SW SW1 1 8 DIP SW TS R IN32 CEC_001 ON OFF DIP SW MODE_SW SW 1 2 R IN32M3 Board Lite ON OFF ...
Page 30: ... 1 2 ON ON External parallel flash ROM boot When using the I jet debugger and executing on the External parallel flash ROM of R IN32M3 set the MODE SW as shown below When writing to Parallel FlashROM use the same setting When you use TS R IN32M3 EC board MODE SW SW1 1 8 OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF External serial flash ROM boot In the case of using I jet debugger and executing on the External ...
Page 31: ...ctor included with the IAR to the header 3 The No 1 terminal of the cable is red on the left side Please connect the debugger to a USB port of the PC using the USB cable included with the IAR debugger If you use both R IN32M3 EC Board Lite and I jet from IAR systems power can be supplied via debugger cable 4 Please connect the board to another USB port of the PC with the enclosed USB mini B cable ...
Page 32: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 32 of 71 Apr 19 2019 TS R IN32M3 CEC board TS R IN32M3 EC board Lite 4 1 3 2 5 1 4 3 2 ...
Page 33: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 33 of 71 Apr 19 2019 TS R IN32M3 EC board TS R IN32M3 CEC board ...
Page 34: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 34 of 71 Apr 19 2019 R IN32M3 EC board Lite ...
Page 35: ...t Options dialog and select the category Debugger Please click in the drop down menu select the debugger you want to use and click OK One example alternate debugger is the SEGGER J Link Lite CortexM 19 http www segger com jlink lite cortexm html At Renesas Electronics Europe you can optionally order a R IN32M3 EC Starter Kit with the Segger J Link Lite debugger included The J Link debugger include...
Page 36: ...he PC to the R IN32M3 EC board using the provided USB cable the FT232R USB UART driver may be requested by the operating system Note For Windows7 OS there is no need to install driver the driver will be installed automatically Please install the driver after obtaining it from the address below http www ftdichip com Drivers VCP htm Download the file named CDM 2 08 30 WHQL Certified zip ...
Page 37: ... Rev 4 01 Page 37 of 71 Apr 19 2019 4 2 Install FT232R USB UART driver After uncompressing the file into local folder select It installs from a list or a specific place recommendation and click Next N Please choose folder CDM 2 08 30 WHQL Certified and click OK ...
Page 38: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 38 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Click Close ...
Page 39: ...9 of 71 Apr 19 2019 4 3 Install USB Serial Port Driver Install USB Serial Port driver After uncompressing the file into local folder select It installs from a list or a specific place recommendation and click Next N Please choose folder CDM 2 08 30 WHQL Certified and click OK ...
Page 40: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 40 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Click Close ...
Page 41: ... Page 41 of 71 Apr 19 2019 5 UART Setting Install serial terminal software such as TeraTerm on your PC and set it up as shown below Please set the port according to your PC configuration Set the baud rate to 115200 data to 8 bit no parity 1 stop bit and no flow control ...
Page 42: ...ent Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 42 of 71 Apr 19 2019 Please set the terminal software to transmit CR LF for new lines In TeraTerm the option is Transmit under New line in Terminal setup as shown above ...
Page 43: ...on Check between TwinCAT and Board 6 1 Copy ESI EtherCAT Slave Information file Copy the Renesas R IN32M3 xml ESI file from the SampleSoft installation in folder Device Renesas RIN32M3 Source Project EtherCAT ESI to the folder TwinCAT Io EtherCAT for TwinCAT2 or TwinCAT 3 x Config IO EtherCAT for TwinCAT3 as shown in the figure below ...
Page 44: ... OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF boot from internal memory 3 Please connect the 20 pin half pitch connector from the debugger Please notice that the terminal 1 of the cable is marked red and must be placed on the left side of connector 3 4 Connect the enclosed USB mini B cable to the PC s USB host connector to establish a serial terminal 5 Set J1 switch 1 2 Short 3 4 Short 5 6 Open 7 8 Open only for TS R ...
Page 45: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 45 of 71 Apr 19 2019 TS R IN32M3 CEC board R IN32M3 EC Board Lite 4 1 3 2 5 Skip Go to 6 1 4 3 2 5 6 Skip ...
Page 46: ...13EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 46 of 71 Apr 19 2019 6 3 Start EWARM Sample Program for EtherCAT Communication Double click the file main eww in the Device Renesas RIN32M3 Source Project EtherCAT IAR folder The IAR Embedded Workbench IDE will start automatically ...
Page 47: ...rom the following 3 types RAM Debug Serial Flash Boot or NOR Boot 1 When using the I jet debugger and executing on Instruction RAM of R IN32M3 select RAM debug 2 When using the I jet debugger and executing on External serial flash ROM of R IN32M3 select Serial Flash Boot 3 When using the I jet debugger and executing on External parallel flash ROM of R IN32M3 select NOR Boot ...
Page 48: ...l window the picture below shows the main iRAM selection In the modification window click Options Choose the Debugger in the Category on the left choose the I jet JTAGjet from the Driver drop down list in the Setup tab and then click OK Alternatively you can choose the J Link J Trace option in case you have ordered the R IN32M3 EC Starter Kit together with the SEGGER J Link Lite CortexM 19 debugge...
Page 49: ...ter in the IAR environment In the Linker Category on the left side of the Project Options menu use the Config tab in the right window and modify icf file as shown below For execution on the R IN32 internal RAM iRAM iram icf For booting from parallel NOR flash boot_norflash icf For booting from serial flash boot_serialflash icf The icf files can be found in the sub directories at the following path...
Page 50: ...0 of 71 Apr 19 2019 6 7 Build and Execute the Program for EtherCAT Communication Execute Build by clicking Project Rebuild All After completion of the build process you can execute the generated program Click 1 to download the code to the target Click 2 to run the program 1 2 ...
Page 51: ...T 7 1 In the case of using TwinCAT2 In the case of TwinCAT2 installed in the PC the TwinCAT2 icon will be set as the startup item in the task tray bottom right of PC display Please click this icon and choose TwinCAT System Manager then the TwinCAT application window will be shown Please proceed to section 7 3 ...
Page 52: ...nCAT3 Please activate the TwinCAT XAE program using one of the following methods 1 Task tray TwinCAT Config Mode TwinCAT XAE VS2010 2 Start menu Beckhoff TwinCAT3 TwinCAT XAE VS2010 After activating the program please select File New Project and make a new project as a TwinCAT XAE Project type Please proceed to section 7 3 ...
Page 53: ... similar for both TwinCAT2 and TwinCAT3 The image below is an example of the TwinCAT2 operation Right click on I O Device and select Scan Devices The window below will open showing the Ethernet ports on your PC Select the Ethernet port which will run the EtherCAT communication and uncheck all other items marked with RT Ethernet then click OK ...
Page 54: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 54 of 71 Apr 19 2019 ...
Page 55: ... to search for the R IN32M3 EC board automatically Until the evaluation board EEPROM has been updated as shown in the next section it will show up as a device named Box 1 PFFFFFFFF RFFFFFFFF in the TwinCAT left hand panel After flashing the EEPROM which only needs to be done once the evaluation board will show up properly as Box 1 R IN32M3 ...
Page 56: ...At the first launch after obtaining the board please execute the procedure in this section because the contents of E2PROM are blank From the second time on as long as E2PROM is not overwritten the procedure in this section is not needed Please go to the next section 1 Double click on Box 1 to show the right hand option panel shown below TwinCAT 2 version is shown 2 Select the EtherCAT tab on the r...
Page 57: ...t contains the data file you wish to write into the EEPROM for EtherCAT communication Please select the file EEPROM bin in the following folder r in32m3_samplesoft Device Renesas RIN32M3 Source Project EtherCAT ESI Note In file type tag please choose EtherCAT Terminal Configuration bin Open the selected write into EEPROM data bin by clicking Open O 1 2 ...
Page 58: ...of 71 Apr 19 2019 The transfer is successful if the data display in Hex Editor is changed from all FF to the data shown above 1 Click Download and check the lower right corner of the window to monitor the download progress Do not close the window until the download completes 1 2 ...
Page 59: ...EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 59 of 71 Apr 19 2019 2 Click OK Now the EEPROM data refresh is completed Right click on Device 2 EtherCAT to refresh the devices list After clicking Yes in the dialog box shown above click Copy All then OK as shown in the figure below ...
Page 60: ...ge 60 of 71 Apr 19 2019 7 5 Checking the link to TwinCAT After executing 7 4 Refresh R IN32M3 EC Board E2PROM data from TwinCAT please execute 7 3 Scan I O devices again If the link to TwinCAT is built successfully R Box 1 R IN32M3 will appear as shown in the window below ...
Page 61: ... EC Board from TwinCAT 1 Open the Output tree of R Box 1 R IN32M3 then choose LED_OUT 2 Choose the Online tab 3 Click Write The window below will appear when 3 Write is clicked in the window above After changing Hex 0x00 to for example 0x55 and clicking OK the board LEDs will light up according to the value set 1 2 3 1 2 ...
Page 62: ...0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 62 of 71 Apr 19 2019 TS R IN32M3 EC board TS R IN32M3 CEC board R IN32M3 EC board Lite Notes Even after closing the TwinCAT program it may not be possible to use the PCs network adapter normally until the PC has been rebooted ...
Page 63: ...KEIL MDK ARM Setup This section shows how to setup KEIL MDK ARM 8 1 Board and emulator preparation Prepare R IN32M3 EC Board e g TS R IN32M3 EC_002 from Tessera Technology and MDK ARM emulator e g ULINK Please do setting the board by referring section 3 1 Boot mode settings for R IN32M3 EC section ...
Page 64: ...EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 64 of 71 Apr 19 2019 8 2 Download MDK ARM Install MDK ARM from KEIL web page https www keil com The example of MDK ARM V5 11 is showed as follows ...
Page 65: ...R IN32M3 EC Development Tool Startup Manual R18UZ0013EJ0401 Rev 4 01 Page 65 of 71 Apr 19 2019 ...
Page 66: ...tall MDK ARM by executing MDK5xxx EXE xxx is a version 8 3 2 Install Device Family Pack DFP After install tools Pack Installer window is openedNote In this window select R IN32M3 EC in Devices tab and press the install button with Keil R IN32M3_DFP in Packs tab Note The window is also opened by Project Manage Pack Installer from tools bar ...
Page 67: ...ne way is to get from Pack Installer the other way is from Renesas web page 1 The Pack Installer case Select sample program in Examples tab and press the Copy button 2 The Renesas web case Please visit Renesas web page and get Driver Middleware sample software http www renesas com products soc assp fa_lsi multi_protocol_communication r in32m3 peer sample_software jsp ...
Page 68: ...How to operate MDK ARM 8 4 1 μVision5 settings μVision5 is started by double clicking the project file uvprojx After booting μVision5 select the target setting for the device and boot mode By pressing Options for Target button target settings can be customized For example flash loader can be changed ...
Page 69: ...nstruction RAM Instruction RAM Not used R IN32M3 EC extMem External Memory External Memory For S29AL032D R IN32M3 EC extMem RAM External Memory Instruction RAM For S29AL032D R IN32M3 EC extSPI Serial Flash Serial Flash For S25FL032P R IN32M3 EC extSPI RAM Serial Flash Instruction RAM For S25FL032P 2 Sample project from Renesas web Table8 2 μVision5 target setting sample project from Renesas web Ta...
Page 70: ...ing Build button after target settings 8 4 2 2 Download ROM code to flash memory If the internal RAM boot is selected jump to 8 4 2 3 Start debugger section If the other boot mode is selected press Download button to download ROM code to flash memory This operation uses flash loader set by target setting In the case of success Erase Done Programming Done Verify OK messages are showed in the Log ...
Page 71: ... 19 2019 8 4 2 3 Start debugger By pressing Start Stop Debug Session button or Ctrl F5 key debugger starts 8 4 2 4 Start debugging By pressing Run button program run and start debugging 8 4 2 5 Stop debugger By pressing Start Stop Debug Session button or Ctrl F5 key again debugger stops ...
Page 72: ...p23 Added TwinCAT3 installation in the chapter TwinCAT installation p29 Added chapter Setting and Connection P41 Change the description of IAR IAR EWARM p42 Added chapter Build configuration Setting p48 Added the case of TwinCAT3 in the chapter Start TwinCAT Many pages Replace iCE to debugger 3 01 Feb 07 2014 p4 Add important note about IAR SW version 6 70 for SEGGER debuggers 27 29 30 38 Add desc...
Page 73: ...Page Summary 4 00 Dec 25 2014 35 Modify picture for Ethernet connection of R IN32M3 EC board Lite at 3 2 Boot Procedure for R IN32M3 EC board 63 Add new chapter 8 KEIL MDK ARM Setup 4 01 Apr 19 2019 Update broken links etc ...
Page 74: ... in the vicinity of the LSI an associated shoot through current flows internally and malfunctions occur due to the false recognition of the pin state as an input signal become possible 5 Clock signals After applying a reset only release the reset line after the operating clock signal becomes stable When switching the clock signal during program execution wait until the target clock signal is stabi...
Page 75: ...ons failure or accident arising out of the use of Renesas Electronics products outside of such specified ranges 7 Although Renesas Electronics endeavors to improve the quality and reliability of Renesas Electronics products semiconductor products have specific characteristics such as the occurrence of failure at a certain rate and malfunctions under certain use conditions Unless designated as a hi...