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©

 1996 PASCO scientific

$5.00

012-06263A

10/96

LOW VOLTAGE AC/DC

POWER SUPPLY

Instruction Manual
for the PASCO scientific
Model SF-9584A

better

teach science

ways to

Phone (916) 786-3800 • FAX (916) 786-8905 • email: techsupp@PASCO.com

10101 Foothills Blvd. • P.O. Box 619011 • Roseville, CA 95678-9011 USA

¨

LOW VOLTAGE AC/DC POWER SUPPLY

¨

6 A

10 A

12 V

24 V

0 – 24 V

DC

AC

2

4

6

V

A

2-24 V

6 A MAX

RESET

ON

VOLTAGE ADJUST

SF-9584A

–

OFF

8

10

12 14

16

18

20

22

24

CURRENT ADJUST

+

MAX DC CURRRENT

Summary of Contents for SF-9584A

Page 1: ...A better teach science ways to Phone 916 786 3800 FAX 916 786 8905 email techsupp PASCO com 10101 Foothills Blvd P O Box 619011 Roseville CA 95678 9011 USA LOW VOLTAGE AC DC POWER SUPPLY 6 A 10 A 12 V 24 V 0 24 V DC AC 2 4 6 V A 2 24 V 6 A MAX RESET ON VOLTAGEADJUST SF 9584A OFF 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 CURRENTADJUST MAX DC CURRRENT ...

Page 2: ... of electric shock to persons The exclamation point within an equilat eral triangle is intended to alert the user of the presence of important operating and maintenance servicing instruc tions in the literature accompanying the appliance CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN CAUTION TO PREVENT THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT REMOVE COVER ON UNIT NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE REFER SERVIC...

Page 3: ...Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply Table of Contents Section Page Copyright Warranty andEquipmentReturn ii Introduction 1 Operation 1 2 EquipmentSpecifications 3 SchematicsandPartsLists 5 12 TechnicalSupport Back Cover ...

Page 4: ...is granted to non profit educational institutions for reproduction of any part of the Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply manual providing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit Reproduction under any other circumstances without the written consent of PASCO scientific is prohibited LimitedWarranty PASCO scientific warrants the product to be free from defects ...

Page 5: ...age as indicated on the meter The output cur rent is displayed on the current meter Constant Current Mode Turn the DC VOLTAGE ADJUST knob fully clockwise Adjust the DC CUR RENT ADJUST knob to obtain the desired output current as indicated on the meter The output voltage is displayed on the voltage meter Figure 1 Maximum DC Current 6 A 10 A 12 V 24 V MAX DC CURRRENT The Low Voltage AC DC Power Supp...

Page 6: ...er supply to the circuit Connecting wires are not provided with the power supply Rotate the AC VOLTAGE ADJUST knob to the 2 V position Flip the power ON OFF switch to ON The switch will light to show that the power supply is on Set the AC VOLTAGE ADJUST knob to the desired setting AC Output Limitations The AC output is unregulated and is adjustable in 2 V increments from 2 to 24 V AC with a maximu...

Page 7: ...tput terminals can be con nected to either one of the AC output terminals to form a composite signal without damage to the unit Equipment Specifications Line Regulation Less than 1 change in DC output voltage or cur rent for full range change in line voltage AC out put not regulated Load Regulations Better than 1 no load to full load on the DC out put voltage or current AC output not regulated Rip...

Page 8: ...4 Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply 012 06263A Notes ...

Page 9: ...012 06263A Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply 5 Schematics and Parts Lists ä Caution If repairs are needed they should be performed only by experienced personnel Figure 2 Schematic Overview ...

Page 10: ...6 Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply 012 06263A Figure 3 Main Board ...

Page 11: ...0 C237 238 C240 241 22 C224 227 STACK FOIL CAP 100nF 400V 4 613170 23 C214 C216 223 STACK FOIL CAP 100nF 63V 11 613450 C228 C239 24 C211 212 STACK FOIL CAP 470nF 63V 2 613530 25 C207 210 C236 ELECTROLYT CAP 4 7UF 25V 5 615643 26 C201 205 ELECTROLYT CAP 100UF 63V 5 615785 27 C206 ELECTROLYT CAP 1000UF 35V 1 616003 28 D203 DIODE BYV27 200 200V 2A 1 623267 29 D205 209 DIODE lN4148 75V 0 2A 5 623300 3...

Page 12: ...8 Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply 012 06263A Figure 4 Display Unit ...

Page 13: ...0 9 C109 110 CERAMIC CAP 10nF 63V 4 612010 C129 130 10 C102 C104 STACK FOILCAP 100nF 63V 12 613450 C106 10 C111 C122 C124 C126 128 C131 11 C105 C125 STACK FOIL CAP 470nF 63V 2 613530 12 C101 C121 ELECTROLYT CAP 100UF 25V 2 616440 13 D101 102 LED HLMP 1719 2V 2mA 2 622000 14 DS101 108 DISPLAY HDSP 5301 2V 20mA 8 622940 15 D103 104 DIODE 1N4148 75V 0 2A 2 623300 16 D105 106 DIODE 1N4007 700V 1A 2 62...

Page 14: ...10 Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply 012 06263A Figure 5 Switch Mode Regulator ...

Page 15: ...C CAP 1 0nF 63V 3 611890 13 Cll CERAMIC CAP 4 7nF 63V 1 611970 14 C7 8 C13 CERAMIC CAP 10nF 63V 3 612010 15 C17 18 STACK FOIL CAP 100nF 400V 2 613170 16 C2 4 C15 STACK FOIL CAP 470nF 63V 4 613530 17 C9 10 ELECTROLYT CAP 2 2UF 63V 2 615622 18 C5 6 C16 ELECTROLYT CAP 100UF 63V 3 615785 19 Cl ELECTROLYT CAP 6800UF 63V 1 616102 20 Dl DIODE BYV27 200 200V 2A 1 623267 21 D2 ULTRA FAST DIODE BYV79 100 10...

Page 16: ...12 Low Voltage AC DC Power Supply 012 06263A Figure 6 Filter Board Parts List Filter Board Item Reference Part Name Value Qty Stock No 1 H1 4 4 2 C301 303 STACK FOIL CAP 100NF 400V 3 613170 ...

Page 17: ...nical Support staff it would be helpful to prepare the following information If your problem is computer software related note Title and revision date of software Type of computer make model speed Type of external cables peripherals If your problem is with the PASCO apparatus note Title and model number usually listed on the label Approximate age of apparatus A detailed description of the problem ...

Page 18: ......

Page 19: ...ower Amplifier for DOS Power Amplifier for APPLE II or Science Workshop can be used to generate the following types of waves up to 10V peak at 1A up to 5 000 Hz sine square triangle and sawtooth This means the computer can now be used as an AC sig nal generator to power external circuits while it monitors its own output current as well as other inputs The Science Workshop software can also generat...

Page 20: ...manship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the customer PASCO will repair or replace at its option any part of the product which is deemed to be defective in material or workman ship This warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by the customer ...

Page 21: ... for the PASCO scientific Model ES 9054B 012 03175E 3 93 1987 PASCO scientific 7 50 ELECTROMETER scientific OUTPUT GND INPUT Model ES 9054B ELECTROMETER PUSH TO ZERO POWER OFF ON FUNCTION 3 10 30 100 B1 B2 ZERO ADJUST D C V O L T S ZERO LOCK ...

Page 22: ... Warranty ii Equipment Return ii Introduction 1 Operation 1 Setup 2 Measuring Charge 3 Measuring Voltage 4 Measuring Current 4 Using a Projection Meter 5 Maintenace 5 Battery Installation 6 MOS FET Replacement 6 Schematic 7 Parts List 8 Technical Support Inside Back Cover ...

Page 23: ...im proper packing of the equipment for return shipment will not be covered by the warranty Shipping costs for returning the equipment after repair will be paid by PASCO scientific Copyright Warranty andEquipmentReturn Please Feel free to duplicate this manual subject to the copyright restrictions below ii Equipment Return Should the product have to be returned to PASCO scientific for any reason no...

Page 24: ... two 9 volt batteries and comes complete with the batteries and a shielded test lead Instructions for inserting the batteries are at the end of this manual Introduction The controls on the front panel of the electrometer are explained in Figure 1 Whether you re using the electrometer to measure voltage current or charge the following procedure should be followed each time you turn on the electrome...

Page 25: ...ry re placement section at the end of this manual Zero the meter a Turn the FUNCTION switch to 3 b Turn the Zero Switch to the ZERO LOCK set ting c Adjust the ZERO ADJUST knob so the meter reads zero volts Turn the Zero Switch to the PUSH TO ZERO set ting Connect the test lead to the INPUT connector of the electrometer Connect the GND post of the electrometer to an earth ground You re now ready to...

Page 26: ...ductive cylinder around it as a shield Connect the test lead of the electrometer probe to the inside cylin der and connect the ground lead to the outside cylinder see Figure 4 Volt meter V Q Q C Internal Capacitance of Electrometer 30 35 pf without Test Probe approximately 150 pf with Test Probe Q CV V Q Q Q Q Cext C Volt meter Capacitance of object connected to the Electrometer Figure 3 Change in...

Page 27: ... inside cylinder of the ice pail the Electrometer reading will generally remain relatively unchanged This is because the total capacitance is only negligibly affected by the proof plane This may not always be the case however In general contact measurements can be carried out in much the same way as inductive measurements using the ice pail Touch the object with the test probe record the voltage V...

Page 28: ...tion Meter reads the same as the Electrometer Turn the ZERO ADJUST knob until the Electrom eter and the Projection Meter read zero Checking Out Your Electrometer Follow the setup instructions on pages 2 3 of this manual to check the batteries and zero the Elec trometer If the batteries are low see Battery In stallation If the meter cannot be zeroed see MOS FET Replacement Calibration Test Set the ...

Page 29: ...ur screws that fasten the front panel to the case then gently lift the front panel out of the case Turn the POWER switch to ON Set the FUNCTION switch to 3 Flip the Zero Switch to ZERO LOCK With the zero adjust knob midway between its extreme cw and ccw positions adjust the Zero Calibration Po tentiometer to zero the meter Set the Function Switch to 30 zero the meter using the zero adjust knob on ...

Page 30: ...012 03175E 7 SCHEMATIC Model ES 9054B Electrometer Drawing 956 02859 ...

Page 31: ...ý 1 8 W 1 MF 124 005 R16 Resistor 2 ký 1 8 W 1 MF 124 006 R17 Resistor 6 98 ký 6 81 ký 1 8 W 1 124 008 R18 Potentiometer 5 ký 10 142 018 R22 Resistor 100 ý 1 4 W 5 113 101 R23 Resistor 100 Mý 1 2 W 20 150 007 C1 3 Capacitor 1 0 µf 10 35 V Axial 220 004 C2 5 Capacitor 0 1 µf 25 V Monolithic 210 018 C4 Capacitor 100 pf 210 014 C6 Capacitor 0 001µf 5 600 V 216 013 C7 Capacitor 24 pf 5 600 V 216 003 Q...

Page 32: ...co com Contacting Technical Support Before you call the PASCO Technical Support staff it would be helpful to prepare the following information If your problem is with the PASCO apparatus note Title and model number usually listed on the label Approximate age of apparatus A detailed description of the problem sequence of events in case you can t call PASCO right away you won t lose valuable data If...

Page 33: ...se the black and green binding posts When the green binding post is used there is a 100 MΩ resistor in series with the output This elimi nates the hazard of shock if the green terminal is acciden tally touched However if one attempts to measure the output of this terminal with a meter having less than sev eral hundred MΩ of input impedance the meter on the ES 9049A and the measuring meter will not...

Page 34: ...s not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by the customer shall be made solely by PASCO scientific Responsibility for the return of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage and shipped postage or freight prepaid ...

Page 35: ...0PIV 1A Silicon Rect 410 002 CR1 CR4 1N4753A 36V 1W 5 Zener 412 004 CR5 LED Red 527 001 CR6 Power Transistor RCA40412 NPN 420 005 Q1 Switch Slide 4Pole 3Position 512 016 S1 Fuse Meter 2A SLO BLO 110 130VDC 530 001 F1 1A SLO BLO 220 240VDC 530 006 F1 Meter 525 00804 M1 Mechanical Bakelite Case Black 650 01462 Front Panel 648 00803 Control Knob 620 002 Binding Post Red 517 013 Binding Post Black 517...

Page 36: ...4 Power Supply 012 01568C SCHEMATIC ...

Page 37: ...10 383 2040 10101 Foothills Blvd P O Box 619011 Roseville CA 95678 9011 USA better teach physics ways to BASIC ELECTRICITY Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model EM 8622 Includes Teacher s Notes and Typical Experiment Results A B C C D E C W MODEL EM 8622 ...

Page 38: ...riment 1 Circuits Experiment Board 5 Experiment 2 Lights in Circuits 7 Experiment 3 Ohm s Law 9 Experiment 4 Resistances in Circuits 11 Experiment 5 Voltages in Circuits 15 Experiment 6 Currents in Circuits 19 Experiment 7 Kirchhoff s Rules 21 Experiment 8 Capacitors in Circuits 23 Experiment 9 Diodes 25 Experiment 10 Transistors 27 Appendix Tips and Troubleshooting 29 Replacement Parts List 31 Te...

Page 39: ...tional institu tions for reproduction of any part of this manual provid ing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit Reproduction under any other circumstances without the written consent of PASCO scientific is prohibited Limited Warranty PASCO scientific warrants this product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year fr...

Page 40: ...TRICITY Phone 916 786 3800 FAX 916 786 8905 TWX 910 383 2040 10101 Foothills Blvd P O Box 619011 Roseville CA 95678 9011 USA better teach physics ways to The PASCO Model EM 8622 Circuits Experiment Kit includes the following materials 2 Circuits Experiment Boards 1 Resistor 3 3 Ω 2W 5 1 Potentiometer 25 Ω 2W 1 Transistor Socket 32 Springs 1 Battery Holder 3 Light Sockets 3 14 Light Bulbs 2 5 V 0 3...

Page 41: ... using a permanent marker are two alternatives The experiments written up in this manual are develop mental starting from an introduction to the Circuits Experiment Board and complete circuits through series and parallel circuits ultimately resulting in diode and transistor characteristics These experiments can be used in combination with existing labs that the teacher em ploys or may be used as a...

Page 42: ... of an alkaline battery in a DMM is quite long The battery is used on all scales and func tions Most DMM s give the maximum reading on the selector i e under voltage 2 means 2 volt maximum actually 1 99 volt maximum This may be confusing to some students VTVM The Vacuum Tube Voltmeter or VTVM is a multiple scale multiple function meter typically measuring voltage and resistance They do not usually...

Page 43: ...ened back up The components primarily resistors and small wires can be stored in the plastic container at the top of the board Encourage students to keep careful track of the compo nents and return them to the container each day following the lab period Notes on the Circuits Experiment Board When connecting a circuit to a D cell note the polarity or which is printed on the board In some cases the ...

Page 44: ...springs are soldered to the board to serve as convenient places for connecting wires resistors and other components Some of the springs are connected electrically to devices like the potentiometer and the D cells b If a spring is too loose press the coils together firmly to enable it to hold a wire more tightly If a spring gets pushed over light pressure will get it straightened back up If you fin...

Page 45: ...d wire Use additional wires as needed to connect a second light into the circuit in such a way that it is also lighted Use a switch to turn the power on and off once the complete wiring has been achieved Discuss your plans with your lab partner before you begin Once you have achieved success sketch the connections that you made in the form of a circuit diagram Annotate your circuit diagram by maki...

Page 46: ...with that particular circuit NOTE Is your original light the same brightness or was it brighter or dimmer than it was during step 1 Can you explain any differences in the brightness or why it is the same If one of the light bulbs is unscrewed does the other bulb go out or does it stay on Why or why not Design a circuit that will allow you to light all three lights with each one being equally brigh...

Page 47: ...tween the D cells you made in steps 8 10 Which of these was most useful in making the light brighter Which was least useful Can you determine a reason why each behaved as it did PART C 11 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2 2 What is the effect of rotating the knob on the device that is identified as a Potentiometer Discussion Answer the questions which appear during the experiment procedure Pay...

Page 48: ...ough the resistor Record this value in the second column of Table 3 1 Remove the resistor and choose another Record its resistance value in Table 3 1 then measure and record the current as in steps 2 and 3 Continue this process until you have completed all of the resistors you have been given As you have more than one resistor with the same value keep them in order as you will use them again in th...

Page 49: ... vertical axis vs Resistance For each of your sets of data calculate the ratio of Voltage Resistance Compare the values you calculate with the measured values of the current Discussion From your graph what is the mathematical relationship between Current and Resistance Ohm s Law states that current is given by the ratio of voltage resistance Does your data concur with this What were possible sourc...

Page 50: ...meter to measure the resistance of each of your three resistors Enter these values in Table 4 1 Determine the percentage experimental error of each resistance value and enter it in the appropri ate column Experimental Error Measured Coded Coded x 100 Now connect the three resistors into the SERIES CIRCUIT figure 4 1 using the spring clips on the Circuits Experiment Board to hold the leads of the r...

Page 51: ...TION CIRCUIT below and measure the various combinations of resistance Do these follow the rules as you discovered them before R1 R2 3 R123 R3 R1 R23 R123 R2 Figure 4 3 R1 R2 R3 R23 R12 R123 Figure 4 1 R23 R12 R123 R12 Figure 4 2 R12 R123 R23 R2 R3 R1 R1 Combination Choose three resistors having different values Repeat steps 1 through 7 as above recording your data in the spaces on the next page No...

Page 52: ...lectricity Colors 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Resistance Measured Resistance Coded Error Tolerance B A C RA RB RAB RC RABC RBC RABC RBC RAB Series Parallel NOTE Include also RAC RC RA RAB RB RAB RBC RABC Figure 4 5 Figure 4 4 Table 4 2 ...

Page 53: ...for the total resistance when resistors are added up in series In parallel Cite evidence from your data to support your conclusions Extension Using the same resistance values as you used before plus any wires needed to help build the circuit design and test the resistance values for another combination of three resistors As instructed build circuits with four and five resistors testing the basic c...

Page 54: ...nto the series circuit shown below using the springs to hold the leads of the resistors together without bending them Con nect two wires to the D cell carefully noting which wire is connected to the negative and which is connected to the positive Now use the voltage function on the Multimeter to measure the voltages across the individual resistors and then across the combinations of resistors Be c...

Page 55: ...indicated below Parallel Now connect the circuit below and measure the voltages You can use the resistance read ings you took in Experiment 4 for this step Combination Use the three unequal resistors that you used in Experiment 4 to construct the circuits shown below Make the same voltage measurements that you were asked to make before in steps 1 to 4 Use the same resistors for A B and C that you ...

Page 56: ...17 012 04367E Basic Electricity RA RB RC VAB VABC VA VBC Figure 5 4 Series RABC VA VB VABC VC RC RB RA VA RC RA RB Parallel Figure 5 5 RA VA RB VB RC VC RAB VAB RBC VBC RABC VABC ...

Page 57: ...the resulting voltage Utilizing the data from Figure 5 2 what is the pattern for how voltage distributes itself in a parallel circuit for equal resistances Based on the data from Figure 5 5 what is the pattern for how voltage distributes itself in a parallel circuit for unequal resistances Is there any relationship between the size of the resistance and the size of the resulting voltage Do the vol...

Page 58: ... DMM so that they can be used to measure current You should be using the scale which goes to a maximum of 200 mA Be careful to observe the polarity of the leads red is black is In order to measure current the circuit must be interrupted and the current allowed to flow through the meter Disconnect the lead wire from the positive terminal of the battery and connect it to the red lead of the meter Co...

Page 59: ...n the basis of your first set of data what is the pattern for how current behaves in a series circuit At this point you should be able to summarize the behavior of all three quantities resistance voltage and current in series circuits On the basis of your second set of data are there any patterns to the way that currents behave in a parallel circuit At this time you should be able to write the gen...

Page 60: ... sure the total resistance of the circuit between points A and B With the circuit connected to the battery and the current flowing measure the voltage across each of the resistors and record the values in the table below On the circuit diagram in Figure 7 1b indicate which side of each of the resistors is positive relative to the other end by placing a at that end Now measure the current through e...

Page 61: ...cussion Use your experimental results to analyze the circuit you built in terms of Kirchhoff s Rules Be specific and state the evidence for your conclusions Extension Build the circuit below and apply the same procedure you used previously Analyze it in terms of Kirchhoff s Rules If possible try to analyze the circuit ahead of time and compare your measured values with the theoretically computed v...

Page 62: ...uld remain at its present voltage with a very slow drop over time This indicates that the charge you placed on the capacitor has no way to move back to neutralize the excess charges on the two plates Connect a wire between points A and C in the circuit allowing the charge to drain back through the resistor Observe the voltage readings on the VTVM as the charge flows back How would you describe the...

Page 63: ...xists between your times and the capacitance What is the effect on charging and discharging times if the resistance of the circuit is increased What mathematical relationship exists between your times and the resistance Return to the original 100 K Ω resistor but use the 100 µF capacitor in series with the 330 µF capacitor Repeat step 7 recording your results in Table 8 2 11 Now repeat step 7 but ...

Page 64: ...oints B and C VBC Measure the voltage across the diode VAB Record your values in the left hand side of Table 9 1under Forward Bias Adjust the potentiometer to attain the following values for VBC 0 1 0 2 0 3 2 0 volts Record the two volt ages for each case Remove the 1000 Ω resistor and replace it with a 330 Ω resistor Repeat steps 3 4 going from a voltage of 0 3 0 4 2 0 volts Record the two voltag...

Page 65: ...ur data what do you think these terms mean What use might we have for diodes Sample Data Table Diode Type ____________ Forward Bias Reverse Bias Extensions If your instructor has a zener diode carry out the same investigations that you did above What differences are there in basic diodes and zener diodes Use an LED light emitting diode to carry out the same investigations What differences are ther...

Page 66: ...cket in the drawing Adjust the potentiometer carefully until the reading between points A and B is approximately 0 002 volt 2 0 mv Now read the voltage between points C and D Record these readings in your data table Note that VAB divided by R1 gives the current flowing to the base of the transis tor while VCD divided by R2 gives the current flowing in the collector part of the circuit Adjust the p...

Page 67: ...of the straight line region of the graph This ratio I C I B is referred to as the current amplification of the transistor It describes how many times greater changes in the collector current are than the changes in the base current Report the current amplifica tion of your transistor Discussion Discuss the graph and the calculations you did in the Analysis section Sample Data Table Transistor Type...

Page 68: ...rown Silver has the value 330 Ω 10 Appendix Tips and Troubleshooting Correct Circuit Doesn t Work Check to see if the circuit is indeed connected cor rectly and completely Check to see if the battery is giving full voltage Check to see if each wire is making contact with the spring If magnet wire is used the enamel coating on the outside will prevent electrical connection and needs to be removed I...

Page 69: ...remove the insulation from each end The jaws of the wire stripper are placed on the wire 3 8 from the end By squeezing the handles together the jaws will close on the wire and cut only as deep as the insulation Figure 3a Squeeze handles 3 8 Figure 3b Pulling the wire away from the stripper Figure 3c causes the cut end of the insulation to slip off of the wire leaving 3 8 of exposed wire If you do ...

Page 70: ...2W 5 112 101 RES 1K 1 2W 5 112 102 RES 100K 1 2W 5 112 104 RES 220K 1 2W 5 112 224 RES 330 OHM 1 2W 5 112 331 RES 560 OHM 1 2W 5 112 561 CAP ELECT 100mF 16V AXIAL 222 039 CAP ELECT 330MF 16V AXIAL 222 040 DIODE 1N4007 1000PIV 1A 410 002 TRANSISTOR 2N3904 NPN 420 002 NOTE Replacement parts can be purchased from PASCO or at most electronic stores including Radio Shack ...

Page 71: ...Basic Electricity 012 04367E 32 Notes ...

Page 72: ...ent is going through both bulbs at the same time so disconnecting one does not affect the other This is how the Christmas lights you wish you had bought are wired Again the circuit may be series or parallel Series Parallel These circuits have the same characteristics as the ones in part 2 3 There are two ways of doing this as well Parallel in Series Series in Parallel a b c a b c The parallel port...

Page 73: ...cal equation J J J J J 0 0 02 0 04 0 06 0 08 0 1 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Current Resistance The greatest source of error is caused by the meter it self Because the ammeter has some internal resis tance the measured current is less than the current when the meter is not there Exp 4 Resistances in Circuits Series R12 198 3Ω R23 199 1Ω R123 298Ω Parallel R12 49 7Ω R23 49 9Ω R123 33 3Ω R...

Page 74: ...buted according to the size of the resistors Notice that the graph above of the data from the second series circuit shows this direct relationship In any parallel circuit the voltage is the same across all elements In the combination circuit the voltage acts as if the parallel resistors were actually one resistor which is then in series with the first The rules are the same Discussion The actual v...

Page 75: ...sistance are related by Ohm s Law V IR This pattern and conclusion should be apparent in student data NOTE The product of the resistances and currents obtained experimentally will generally be lower than the measured voltage This is due to the non zero resistance of the ammeter When the meter is in the circuit its own resistance lessens the current through that circuit With most meters this error ...

Page 76: ...into or out of any junction is approxi mately zero and the sum of the voltages around any loop is approximately zero Exp 8 Capacitors in Circuits Procedure The rate at which the capacitor loses its charge de pends on the impedance of the meter used to measure the voltage as well as on the size of the capacitor For this reason most analog meters are not sufficient for this lab Voltage Time Voltage ...

Page 77: ...ire to turn on Similar to the effect in lab 9 Beyond the saturation point the transistor is acting like a short circuit It offers no resistance to the cur rent so beyond that point there is no amplification The current is limited only by the battery and resistor The current amplification of the transistor tested was 249 This value will vary from transistor to transistor it s usually between 150 an...

Page 78: ...on t lose valuable data If possible have the apparatus within reach when call ing This makes descriptions of individual parts much easier If your problem relates to the instruction manual note Part number and Revision listed by month and year on the front cover Have the manual at hand to discuss your questions Feed Back If you have any comments about this product or this manual please let us know ...

Page 79: ...tors in series Two combinations of capacitors in series Two combinations of capacitors in parallel Three slide switches determine the component selection and circuit configuration charging discharging or open cir cuit The positions of these slide switches on the front panel diagram indicate the exact component values being used 1 0 x 10 ohms 8 47 x 10 farads 6 B A Figure 1 Switch Positions Equival...

Page 80: ...teady state reading Why is this possible R C Figure 2 Plot time versus capacitor voltage for several values of R and C What is the shape of the curve Let us define T as the time required for the capacitor to charge from 10 to 90 of its final value What is the relation between R C and T Hint Convert R to ohms C to farads and T to seconds Repeat the same experiment as in 1 but measure the voltage ac...

Page 81: ...sibility for the return of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage and shipped postage or freight prepaid Damage caused by improper packing of the equipment for return ship ment will not be covered by the warranty Shipping costs for returning the equipment after repair will be paid by PASCO scientific Specifications Resistance Three...

Page 82: ...4 R C Network 012 04221C R1 100 MΩ R2 100 MΩ C1 22 µF 5 100 V 200M 50M 22 µF S1 100M OUT S2 C2 47 µF 5 100 V 94µF C3 47 µF 5 100 V 47 µF EXT EXT INPUT S3 OPEN GND GND GND IN GND ES 9053A SCHEMATIC ...

Page 83: ...012 03800A 11 89 Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model SF 8616 and 8617 COILS SET Copyright November 1989 15 00 ...

Page 84: ...r a moving magnet near a coil of wire will induce a voltage and therefore a current Simply move a magnet into the coil as shown in Figure 2 and a galvanometer will show a current flow between the magnet and coil is needed The effect of moving slow versus moving fast can be demonstrated Finally changing the number of coils of wire and repeating the process will complete an initial investigation The...

Page 85: ...200 turn Coil b 2 SF 8610 400 turn Coils c 1 SF 8611 800 turn Coil d 1 SF 8614 U shaped Core e 1 Manual Your SF 8617 Complete Coils Set comes with all of the items in the SF 8616 Basic Coils Set along with the following additional items as shown in Figure 5b f 1 SF 8612 1600 turn Coil g 1 SF 8613 3200 turn Coil h 2 SF 8615 E shaped Core Equipment Supplied ...

Page 86: ...of the coil and extend beyond it on all sides Iron filings are then sprinkled on the cardboard around the end of the current carrying coil The magnetic field pattern can be quickly demonstrated Figure 8a d c power amperes Figure 9 Figure 8b ALTERNATIVE Small magnetic compasses can be used to probe around the coil to show its magnetic field Figure 9 shows a current carrying coil with a magnetic fie...

Page 87: ... Figure 13 TRANSFORMERS Leading directly to the study of transformers the setup in Figure 14 allows students to see how induction can proceed by passing magnetic field between the two coils Using air as the medium between the two coils PASCO s experiments showed a drop off to an output voltage of less than 20 from the input voltage when the two 400 turn coils were used in this manner ac power ac v...

Page 88: ...e left will be referred to as the primary coil and the one to the right will be the secondary coil Note that we are putting in an alternating current to the primary at one voltage level and reading the output at the secondary Iron Core Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary ac power ac volts Primary Secondary Figure 1 2 With the 400 turn coil as the primary and the 400 turn coil as ...

Page 89: ... turns in the secondary What type of mathe matical relationship exists between numbers of turns of wire and the resulting output voltage Is the data ideal Why or why not 3 Consider further improvements to your transformer What additional changes might you make to increase the transfer from one coil to the other Data and Calculations Table 1 1 Number of Turns Primary Coil Secondary Coil Input V Out...

Page 90: ...de an alternating current at the primary at one voltage level and read the output at the secondary at possibly a different value ac power ac amperes ac amperes R Primary Secondary Figure 1 2 With the 400 turn coil as the primary and the 400 turn coil as the secondary adjust the input voltage to 6 0 volts a c With a load resistance of 1000 Ω connected to the secondary measure the input current the ...

Page 91: ...lationship for a given combination of coils Is the effect the same for all combinations Elaborate and make an educated hypothesis on why your experiment behaved the way it did 3 The ideal voltage gain is equal to the number of turns in the secondary divided by the number of turns in the primary How did the actual voltage gain Vout Vin compare to the ideal 4 Ideally transformers convert alternating...

Page 92: ...d output power the voltage gain and power gain for Table 2 2 can quickly and easily be made using the spread sheet Addi tionally the data can be rearranged quickly to make it easy to analyze Data and Calculations Table 2 1 Number of Turns Trial Primary Secondary Load R Input V Input I Output V Output I Trial Input P Output P Voltage Gain Power Gain Table 2 2 ...

Page 93: ...scientific 10 012 03800A Notes ...

Page 94: ...so that it sets up simple harmonic motion Note the reaction of the second magnet Can you arrive at an explanation as to why this is happening 3 PREDICTION 1 What will happen if you reverse the leads in one of the two coils and repeat step 2 Try it to see if your prediction is accurate 4 PREDICTION 2 What will happen if you were to use additional masses on one magnet thereby increasing its period o...

Page 95: ...induction 2 What was the effect of changing the polarity of the leads connecting the two coils Why 3 Why did the behavior change as a result of changing the mass of the magnet and or the spring which was used 4 Try to develop an explanation to cover the observations you made in steps 6 8 You may wish to begin considering energy ...

Page 96: ...lace the 800 turn coil with the two 400 turn coils stacked on the same arm of the E shaped core With the two coils connected as shown in Figure 2 with a load resistance of 1000 ohms measure the input and output currents and voltages Record your results in Table 4 1 4 Reverse the leads to one of the coils and re measure the currents and voltages Record your results How did the results compare with ...

Page 97: ...of the oscilloscope between points A and B as shown in Figure 5 What is the shape of the wave form What is the waveform between points A and C How does the size of the waveform between A and B compare to that between A and C 13 In this step set the triggering of your oscilloscope again to LINE Connect the ground lead often a clip lead from your oscilloscope to point B in Figure 5 With the probe at...

Page 98: ... be better a half wave or full wave rectified signal 4 This experiment has introduced the concept of transformers and power supplies Further reading and experimentation can easily begin from here and lead to profitable new under standing 15 The end result in step 14 is the produc tion of a full wave rectified signal one which is directional in nature although it varyies in amplitude over time We w...

Page 99: ... 8 7 39 164 2 A 1 A 0 5 A 0 25 A 0 125 A SF 8609 SF 8610 SF 8611 SF 8612 SF 8613 PASCO Part No Number of Turns in Coil Wire dia mm Maximum Current rms Amperes DC Resistance ohms Self inductance mH 0 67 3 2 13 5 52 207 0 65 2 5 9 1 40 5 170 0 6 2 2 7 7 35 4 151 200 400 800 1600 3200 Technical Data ...

Page 100: ...se you can t call PASCO right away you won t lose valuable data If possible have the apparatus within reach when calling This makes descriptions of individual parts much easier If your problem relates to the instruction manual note Part number and Revision listed by month and year on the front cover Have the manual at hand to discuss your questions Feed Back If you have any comments about this pro...

Page 101: ...on until the plastic scale is in the vertical plane Theory The dip needle is a magnetized steel needle which rotates around its center of mass When no other magnetic fields are present the dip needle will align itself along the direc tion of the Earth s magnetic field The dip angle or incli nation is the angle between the horizontal plane and the total Earth magnetic field By convention the dip an...

Page 102: ...ials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the customer PASCO will repair or replace at its option any part of the product which is deemed to be defective in material or workman ship This warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by ...

Page 103: ...rounded ice pail without touching it and the electrom eter indicates the potential between the ice pail and ground The greater the charge the greater the potential Thus we can easily measure relative charges by varying the charges in the ice pail and observing the potential in dicated by the electrometer Complete instructions for the operation of PASCO Elec trostatic equipment can be found in the ...

Page 104: ...rting it for example approximately one centimeter below the top of the pail and attempt to explain your results There may be a small charge retained on the exposed plastic between the aluminum disk and the aluminum rod on the charge producers This residual charge does not transfer readily when the disk is touched to the pail Therefore before starting the experiment breathe on the exposed plastic o...

Page 105: ...re a negative charge while the other disk will acquire a positive charge NOTE Any build up on the non conductive neck can affect results Clean with alcohol before using If a zero charge is desirable discharge the charge producers by touching the conductive disk and handle to ground To be sure the disk and handle is fully discharged gently breathe on the non conduc tive neck The moisture from your ...

Page 106: ...y large radius of curvature at the point from which the sample is taken However the proof planes can be used to test for charge polarity on conduc tors of any shape Other The conductive disk material is carbon filled black polycarbonate about 103 Ω The non conductive neck is white polycarbonate about 1014 Ω Limited Warranty PASCO scientific warrants this product to be free from defects in material...

Page 107: ...ter Fan rotates due to T With both legs in same temp water fan won t rotate B Connect 5 V 3 A DC supply to terminals One leg warms one cools 5V 3A 2min MAX A B DO NOT EXCEED 2 MIN OR 8 V T E E T TD 8550A Thermoelectric Converter scientific A Place one leg in icewater one in hot water Fan rotates due to T With both legs in same temp water fan won t rotate B Connect 5 V 3 A DC supply to terminals On...

Page 108: ...el TD 8550A Thermoelectric Con verter is designed to demonstrate this relationship between the First and Second Laws of Thermodynam ics The procedure used directly illustrates Kelvin s statement of the Second Law The Converter is used as illustrated in Figure 2 Put the switch in the up position One leg of the unit is placed in a cup of cold water and one in a cup of hot water Boiling water and ice...

Page 109: ...through the thermo electric heat pump of the Converter causes a tempera ture difference Connect a DC power supply capable of 5 Volts and 3 Amps to the red and black terminals on the Converter Put the switch on the Converter to the E T down position For this demonstration you do not need to immerse the legs of the Converter in water Turn on the power supply In a few mo ments you should be able to f...

Page 110: ... connected in series electrically and in parallel thermally are integrated into the thermoelectric heat pump The heat pump is packaged between metallized ceramic plates Specifications When using the Thermoelectric Converter as a Peltier device the power required to produce a given tempera ture difference depends on the temperature of the hot side The hot side must never exceed 135 degrees C the me...

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