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012-06575A

3/98

©

 1998 PASCO scientific

$10.00

EDUCATIONAL SPECTROPHOTOMETER

ACCESSORY KIT AND EDUCATIONAL

SPECTROPHOTOMETER SYSTEM

Instruction Manual and
Experiment Guide for the
PASCO scientific Model
OS-8537 and OS-8539

better

teach science

ways to

Phone (916) 786-3800 • FAX (916) 786-8905 • web: www.pasco.com

10101 Foothills Blvd. • Roseville, CA 95747-7100 USA

®

POLARIZER MOUNT

POLARIZER MOUNT

10

1

10

0

GA

IN

LIGHT

SENSOR

CI

-6

60

4A

10

1

10

0

GA

IN

LIGHT

SENSOR

CI

-6

60

4A

Summary of Contents for OS-8537

Page 1: ...n Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model OS 8537 and OS 8539 better teach science ways to Phone 916 786 3800 FAX 916 786 8905 web www pasco com 10101 Foothills Blvd Roseville CA 95747 7100 USA PO LA RI ZE R M OU NT PO LA RI ZE R M OU NT 10 1 10 0 G A IN LIG HT SENSOR CI 6 60 4A 10 1 10 0 G A IN LIG HT SENSOR CI 6 60 4A ...

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Page 3: ...e on the Optics Bench 8 Rod Stand Mounting Clamps 8 Mounting the Collimating Slits and Lens 9 Positioning the Collimating Slits and Lens 9 Mounting the Grating 10 Mounting and Positioning the Focusing Lens 10 Procedures Turning the Degree Plate 11 Masking the Light Source or the Spectrophotometer 11 Using the ScienceWorkshop Program 11 General Information About the Light Sensor 12 General Informat...

Page 4: ... profit educational institutions for repro duction of any part of this manual providing the reproduc tions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit Reproduction under any other circumstances without the written consent of PASCO scientific is prohibited Limited Warranty PASCO scientific warrants this product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period o...

Page 5: ...ture Disk and Screen Light Sensor threaded post wing nut Focusing Lens Quick Start 4 Degree Plate Light Sensor Arm Grating Mount Focusing Lens Light Sensor Mount and Light Sensor The following pages give an overview of the Spectrophotometer equipment setup Step One Prepare the Rotary Motion Sensor by removing the thumbscrew three step pulley and rod clamp Step Two Prepare the Spectrophotometer Bas...

Page 6: ...sions Rotation 4 Create a calculation for Actual Angular Posi tion based on the Angular Position data from the Rotary Motion Sensor and the ratio of the radius of the Degree Plate to the radius of the small post on the Pinion typically a 60 to 1 ratio 5 Select a Graph display Set the vertical axis to Light Intensity and the horizontal axis to your calculation of Actual Angular Position 6 Set the s...

Page 7: ...e Plate with Light Sensor Arm Grating Mount Grating 600 lines per mm Focusing Lens Collimating Lens Collimating Slits Cuvettes 2 Rod Stand Mounting Brackets 2 The pinion shown in Figure 1a can be mounted on a post on the Spectrophotometer Base when not in use Recommended Equipment for use with the Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit Basic Optics System OS 8515 High Sensitivity Light Sensor CI 6604 Ape...

Page 8: ...rays The Grating disperses the beam of light into a spectrum with different colors at different angles but with all of the light of a given color in a parallel beam The Focusing Lens focuses these parallel beams of color into spectral lines see Fig 2 The narrow slit on the Aperture Disk part of the Aperture Bracket allows light of a single color to enter the High Sen sitivity Light Sensor The High...

Page 9: ... Rotary Motion Sensor has a three step pulley attached to its shaft with a small thumbscrew The sensor also has a rod clamp attached at end end First remove the small thumbscrew and three step pulley from the Rotary Motion Sensor shaft Then remove the rod clamp from the Rotary Motion Sensor see Fig 5 hinge Spectrophotometer Base magnetic pad Pinion index small thumbscrews large thumbscrew Figure 4...

Page 10: ... two small thumbscrews The hole in the center of the Degree Plate fits over the short threaded post on the top of the Spectrophotometer Base Hold the Rotary Motion Sensor slightly away from the base so the small diameter post on top of the Pinion is not in the way of the edge of the Degree Plate Position the hole in the plate over the short threaded post on the top of the base Place the Degree Pla...

Page 11: ...Light Sensor Arm on the Degree Plate and fasten it to the plate with the two small thumbscrews Mounting the Aperture Bracket Light Sensor Mount and Light Sensor The Aperture Bracket has two main parts the Light Sensor Mount and the Holder The Holder and thumbscrew are not used and can be put aside An Aperture Disk and Aperture Screen are attached to the front of the Light Sensor Mount The Light Se...

Page 12: ... mount the components of the Spectrophotometer on the 1 2 meter Optics Bench that is part of the OS 8515 Basic Optics System or the 0 6 meter 60 cm Optics Bench that is included with the OS 8539 Spectrophotometer System The Spectrophotom eter Base mounts into the T slots on the sides of the Optics Bench and the Collimating Slits and Collimating Lens snap into the center of the Optics Bench To moun...

Page 13: ...p on one side of the holder Fig 16 Slide the holder along the center section of the bench while squeezing the clip Release the clip to lock the holder firmly in position Snap the Collimating Lens Holder into the Optics Bench between the Collimat ing Slits Holder and the Spectrophotometer Base Position the Collimating Lens Holder about 10 cm from the Collimating Slits Holder Positioning the Collima...

Page 14: ...in which to place the Focusing Lens The Focusing Lens has two small magnets in its base that hold it in place on top of the Light Sensor Arm Place the Focus ing Lens on the Light Sensor Arm between the Grating Mount and the High Sensitivity Light Sensor The Focusing Lens focal length is about 10 cm so the lens should be positioned on the Light Sensor Arm about 10 cm from the front of the Aperture ...

Page 15: ...htening the screws Masking the Light Source or the Spectrophotometer When using a bright spectral light source such as the PASCO Mercury Vapor Light Source or the Low Pressure Sodium Light Source cover the source with an opaque cloth hood to block out ambient light Cover the light source opening with a mask that has a 0 5 to 1 0 cm wide rectangular slot in it to reduce ghost images Use clothespins...

Page 16: ...the Light Sensor before you increase the Sensitivity setting in the ScienceWorkshop program General Information About Slit Widths There are five slits on the Collimating Slits slide and six slits on the Aperture Disk You can select wider slits in order to increase the amount of light that passes through the Grating and into the Light Sensor but this will make a wider spectral pattern and decrease ...

Page 17: ...is translates to a Grating line spacing of d 1666 nm 1 666 x10 6 m To find the exact Grating line spacing use a sodium lamp to calibrate the Grating The average wavelength λ of the yellow sodium doublet is 589 3 nm Solving mλ d sin θ for the line spacing d assuming m 1 for the first order gives d λ sin θ where λ is the known wavelength of the sodium doublet To determine the angle θ find the differ...

Page 18: ...y cuvette in front of the opening to the Light Sensor between the sensor and the backside of the Aperture Disk Make sure that the cuvette is turned so that the smooth sides are in line with the Light Sensor Fig 25 4 Scan the spectrum from an incandescent light source such as a bulb powered by a regulated DC power supply 5 Fill the cuvette with the liquid to be tested and then rescan the spectrum o...

Page 19: ... on which has been ruled a large number of equally spaced parallel lines The distance between the lines is called the grating line spacing d Light that strikes the transparent material is diffracted by the parallel lines The diffracted light passes through the grating at all angles relative to the original light path If diffracted light rays from adjacent lines on the grat ing interfere and are in...

Page 20: ...t source Collimating Slits Collimating Lens and Focusing Lens so clear images of the central ray and the first order spectral lines appear on the Aperture Disk and Aperture Screen in front of the High Sensitivity Light Sensor Turn the Aperture Disk so the smallest slit on the disk is in line with the central ray 4 Connect the ScienceWorkshop interface to the computer turn on the interface Start Sc...

Page 21: ...on the Spectrophotometer to turn the Degree Plate until the light sensor is beyond the last line in the brightest first order spectral pattern Record Data 1 Set the GAIN select switch on top of the High Sensitivity Light Sensor to 1 2 Start recording data 3 Push on the threaded post under the light sensor to slowly and continuously scan the spectrum in one direction Scan all the way through the fi...

Page 22: ...r side of the central ray 3 Determine the difference in angle between the two lines and use one half of the difference as the angle θ to determine the wavelength λ of that color If you did not calibrate the Diffraction Grating assume d 1666 nm 4 Repeat the process for the other colors in the first order spectral pattern 5 Examine the plot of Light Intensity versus Actual Angular Position for your ...

Page 23: ...appear as gaps or dark lines in the otherwise continuous spectrum Fig 2 1 Procedure In this activity the High Sensitivity Light Sensor measures the relative intensity of colors of light in an continuous spectrum produced by an incandescent light Then the sensor measures the relative intensity of colors of light in an absorption spectrum produced when light from the incandescent source passes throu...

Page 24: ...er s Guide for your version of ScienceWorkshop for detailed information on selecting sensors changing the sample rate and sensitivity and creating a calculation 1 In the ScienceWorkshop program select the Rotary Motion Sensor and connect it to Digital Channels 1 and 2 and select the Light Sensor and connect it to Analog Channel A 2 In the program set up the Rotary Motion Sensor for high resolution...

Page 25: ... sensor to slowly and continuously scan the spectrum in one direction Scan all the way through the first order spectral pattern on one side of the central ray through the central ray itself and all the way through the first order spectral pattern on the other side of the central ray 4 Stop recording data Analyze the Data Refer to the User s Guide for your version of ScienceWorkshop for detailed in...

Page 26: ...t color corresponds to the wavelength for each dark line in your absorption spectrum 2 How does the color or colors that are absorbed out of the continuous spectrum compare to the naked eye color of your liquid sample Extensions Repeat the process for a different liquid sample such as chlorophyll extracted from a spinach leaf ...

Page 27: ... of the sensor s cable Sample Data Five of the seven lines of color for mercury vapor are shown in the example The blue green line is more promi nent on both sides of the central ray when the GAIN select switch on the High Sensitivity Sensor is set to 100 Data Table Color θ1 θ2 θ θ θ 2 λ dsinθ yellow 0 7808 0 0692 0 7116 0 3558 580 0 nm green 0 7613 0 0887 0 6726 0 3363 549 0 nm blue green 0 3016 ...

Page 28: ...012 06575A Mercury spectrum Figure TG 1 Example of Mercury Spectrum central ray yellow green blue green blue violet Hydrogen Spectrum Figure TG 2 Example of Hydrogen Spectrum with Approximate Wavelengths on Horizontal Axis central ray ...

Page 29: ...egative direction rather than the positive direction along the horizontal axis of the Graph display If this occurs switch the two plugs on the end of the sensor s cable Questions 1 What color corresponds to the wavelength for each dark line in your absorption spectrum Answers will vary 2 How does the color or colors that are absorbed out of the continuous spectrum compare to the naked eye color of...

Page 30: ...per Sulfate Absorbtion continuous spectrum absorption spectrum Figure TG 5 Example of Absorption Spectrum for a Copper Sulfate Solution Cologne Absorption absorption spectrum continuous spectrum Figure TG 6 Example of Absorption Spectrum for Cologne ...

Page 31: ...you call the PASCO Technical Support staff it would be helpful to prepare the following information If your problem is with the PASCO apparatus note Name and model number usually listed on the label Approximate age of apparatus A detailed description of the problem sequence of events in case you can t call PASCO right away you won t lose valuable data If possible have the apparatus within reach wh...

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