Olivetti d-Color 201MF Theory Of Operation Download Page 37

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9. Imaging unit section (IU section)

Theory of Operation Ver. 1.0 Sep. 2008

bizhub C200

Composition/Operation

Imaging unit section (IU section)

9.1

Composition

#(6%##

Imaging unit/Y, M, C, K

Cleaning blade

PC drum/Y, M, C, K

Toner collecting screw

PC drum charge corona/
Y, M, C, K

Developing unit/Y, M, C, K

Theory of Operation Y109670-2

Summary of Contents for d-Color 201MF

Page 1: ...d Color 201MF Color Printer THEORY OF OPERATION Code Y109670 2...

Page 3: ...to the left of the revised section A number within represents the number of times the revision has been made To indicate clearly a section revised show in the lower outside section of the correspond i...

Page 4: ...Drive 15 7 3 Operation 16 7 3 1 When the power is ON 16 7 3 2 When the Start key is pressed 17 7 3 3 Exposure unit 19 7 3 4 Original size detection control 20 8 Write section PH section 21 8 1 Composi...

Page 5: ...omposition 50 13 2 Drive 51 13 3 Operation 52 13 3 1 Toner replenishing mechanism control 52 13 3 2 Toner cartridge detection 53 13 3 3 Toner remainder amount detection 54 13 3 4 Shutter mechanism 55...

Page 6: ...Paper feed section 79 16 1 Tray1 79 16 1 1 Composition 79 16 1 2 Drive 80 16 1 3 Paper Take up control 80 16 1 4 Paper Near Empty Paper Empty detection 81 16 1 5 Paper Interval Control PPM Control 81...

Page 7: ...ity adjustment control 98 20 2 3 LD laser diode intensity adjustment control 98 20 2 4 Gamma correction control 98 20 3 Operation sequence 99 20 4 Operation timing 100 21 Image processing 103 21 1 Sca...

Page 8: ...nal cover OC 508 9 Paper feed cabinet PC 104 3 Automatic document feeder DF 612 10 Paper feed cabinet PC 204 4 Working table WT 503 11 Paper feed cabinet PC 405 5 Automatic duplex unit AD 505 12 Job s...

Page 9: ...ration Ver 1 0 Sep 2008 2 bizhub C200 Outline 2 2 System rear view 1 Main body 4 Fax multi line ML 504 2 Stamp unit SP 503 5 Fax kit FK 507 3 Expanded memory unit EM 310 2 1 4 5 A02FT1E008AA 3 Theory...

Page 10: ...l system Sheet through system when DF 612 is used Registration Rear left edge Paper feeding separation system Tray 1 Small roller separation system with torque limiter Exposure system Four multi array...

Page 11: ...r edge 4 2 mm 3 16 inch Front edge 4 2 mm 3 16 inch First copy time Tray1 A4 or 8 1 2 x 11 full size Monochrome print 10 0 sec or less Color print 13 5 sec or less Processing speed 92 4 mm s Plain pap...

Page 12: ...type Plain paper 60 to 90 g m2 16 to 24 lb 250 sheets 500 sheets 100 sheets Thick paper 1 91 to 150 g m2 24 2 to 40 lb 20 sheets 150 sheets 20 sheets Thick paper 2 151 to 209 g m2 40 2 to 55 6 lb Thic...

Page 13: ...K 5 Power requirements Voltage AC 100 V 120 V 220 240 V Current 100 V 12 A 110 V 12 A 120 V 11 A 127 V 11 A 230 V 6 A Frequency 50 60 Hz r 3 Hz Max power consumption 1 250 W or less Dimensions 2 620...

Page 14: ...lation 3015 Network protocol TCP IP LPD Support OS Server Windows 2000 2003 Windows 2003server x64 Edition Client Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Vista Windows XP x64 Edition Windows Vista x64 Edition...

Page 15: ...ion Fusing section Timing roller section Write section PH section Manual bypass section Option Paper feed section Tray1 Paper feed section Tray2 Option Toner collecting section Imaging unit section IU...

Page 16: ...Theory of operation Ver 1 0 Sep 2008 4 Paper path 9 bizhub C200 Outline 4 Paper path A02FT1C004AA Y109670 2 Theory of Operation d Color MF201...

Page 17: ...tent image 5 PC drum charging Supply DC charge on the PC drum 6 Laser exposure Expose photo conductor to a laser beam to develop electrostatic latent image 7 Developing The toner agitated and negative...

Page 18: ...e 2nd image transfer process is neu tralized so that it can be properly separated from the transfer belt by the paper separator claws 11 Transfer belt cleaning Residual toner on the surface of the tra...

Page 19: ...5 Image creation process Theory of operation Ver 1 0 Sep 2008 12 bizhub C200 Outline Blank Page Theory of Operation Y109670 2 d Color MF201...

Page 20: ...d REYB PH PH unit Y M C K Control line Image path line Scanner motor M201 Printer control board PRCB Mechanical control CPU Finisher option JS 505 Process Fusing Automatic document feeder DF 612 Paper...

Page 21: ...AA 18 degree sensor PS202 Scanner motor M201 Original size detection sensor 1 PS203 Lens CCDU board CCDUB Original cover sensor PS205 Home position sensor PS201 Inverter board INVB A02FT2C060AA Speake...

Page 22: ...IR section 15 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 7 2 Drive A02FT2C062AA Scanner drive wire R Exposure unit Scanner motor M201 Scanner drive wire F Home position sensor PS201 Front Pulley shaft Rear Pul...

Page 23: ...mp ON posi tion 3 After the exposure lamp has been turned ON the exposure unit moves up to the shading position under the shading correction sheet 4 The shading correction is made while the exposure u...

Page 24: ...re unit moves from the scan start position toward the image trailing edge direction Reading of the image of the original is started with the image leading edge posi tion Reading of the image of the or...

Page 25: ...read position and the exposure unit reads the image of the document 5 After the image of the document has been read the exposure lamp turns OFF 6 The exposure unit moves from the document read positi...

Page 26: ...ion Operation 7 3 3 Exposure unit This model has the exposure lamp lens CCD and inverter board mounted in the expo sure unit A02FT2C064AB Exposure unit Original glass Exposure Lamp Lens CCD 1st mirror...

Page 27: ...l size detection sensor 2 PS204 option Small size original 0 to 135 OFF Unset OFF 5 1 2 x 8 1 2S 135 to 144 OFF Unset OFF A5S 144 to 163 OFF Unset OFF B5S 163 to 188 OFF Unset OFF 16KS 1 188 to 199 OF...

Page 28: ...2008 8 Write section PH section 21 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 8 Write section PH section 8 1 Composition 4038T2C034AA SOS mirror Laser diode Polygon motor SOS sensor A02ET2C591AB Y109670 2 The...

Page 29: ...hereby formed The polygon mirror which has only four faces The laser light emitted from the laser diode scans one line for each face of the polygon mirror Y M C K Transfer belt 2nd image transfer roll...

Page 30: ...to the G2 lens 5 G2 lens reflects the laser beam collected by the return mirror 1 on the return mirror 2 6 The return mirror 2 irradiates the laser beam came from G2 lens to the PC drum 2 Laser emiss...

Page 31: ...Sub scan direction FD The writing area is determined by the paper size When the copy mode writing area except for a 4 2 mm band at the leading edge and a 3 0 mm band at the trailing edge When the PC p...

Page 32: ...hift in the sub scan direction and save the data A color shift detection pattern in the main scan direction is created at the front and rear sides on the transfer belt The IDC registration sensor YC a...

Page 33: ...The color shift in the main scan direction If the image of each color Y M C is misaligned with respect to the image of black K in the main scan direction changing the write start timing in the main s...

Page 34: ...d with respect to the image of black K in the sub scan direction changing the write start timing in the sub scan direction can cor rect the color shift Color shift correction needs to be performed sep...

Page 35: ...ent is made is when the printer head is replaced with a new one or a skewed image occurs B Skew control mechanism When the printer head is mounted on the main body installation plate image distortion...

Page 36: ...ilization sequence is executed The image skew is corrected when the printer head is replaced with a new one or a skewed image occurs 8 2 5 Protection shutter mechanism There is a shutter mechanism pro...

Page 37: ...2008 30 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 9 Imaging unit section IU section 9 1 Composition 6 Imaging unit Y M C K Cleaning blade PC drum Y M C K Toner collecting screw PC drum charge corona Y M C K D...

Page 38: ...08 9 Imaging unit section IU section 31 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 9 2 Drive A02FT2C054AA Developing clutch K CL4 Color PC motor M3 Color dev unit engaged motor M4 Transport motor M1 Y109670 2...

Page 39: ...eached The IU life counter is used to keep track of IU life When the life value is reached a warning screen appears to prompt the user to replace the imaging unit After the life value is reached when...

Page 40: ...llowing conditions the number of pages that can be printed by one imaging unit can be increased in some cases by setting IU life to long Page Job value is low PV M value is low Color print ratio is lo...

Page 41: ...eration 10 Photo conductor section 10 1 Composition 10 2 Drive 6 4036ma2338c0 Charge transport layer CTL Charge generating layer CGL Aluminum cylinder PC drum A02ET2C512AA PC drum K PC drum C PC drum...

Page 42: ...lor registration and uneven pitch A PC drum K drive mechanism The transport motor drives the PC drum K The transport motor is the common source that provides drive to manual feed paper tray feed timin...

Page 43: ...C drive mechanism The PC drums Y M C are driven by the Color PC motor Drive is transmitted to each of the PC drums when the triangular prism shaped shaft is engaged with the mating coupling part A02ET...

Page 44: ...the PC drums may happen By synchroniz ing the eccentric rotation of the PC drum drive gears Y M C with that of the PC drum drive gear K rotational speed variations between the PC drums Y M C and the...

Page 45: ...at the PC drum is turned at regular intervals to keep the surface sensitivity uniform as temperature and humidity change A PC drum small amount rotation timing This operation is performed during the s...

Page 46: ...harge corona section 39 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 11 Charge corona section A02FT2C055AA 4038T2C027AA Comb electrode Grid mesh Grid mesh Cleaning blade Comb electrode Y M C K Comb electrode Y10...

Page 47: ...Toner which has been scraped off the surface of the PC drum is fed by the toner collecting screw back toward to the conveying screw in the rear of the machine It is then collected in the waste toner...

Page 48: ...2FT2C054AA 4038to503c0 Doctor blade Developing roller Toner supply screw Developing drive coupling K PC drum K PC drum Y Developing roller K Supply screws Toner conveying screw Imaging unit Developing...

Page 49: ...0 Composition Operation 12 2 Drive A02FT2C012AB Developing clutch K CL4 PC drum K Color PC motor M3 Developing roller K Supply screws Transport motor M1 Imaging unit Color dev unit engaged motor M4 PC...

Page 50: ...tion K is driven The transport motor is the common source that provides drive to the manual feed paper tray feed timing roller and transfer belt A02FT2C013AA A02ET2C519AA Supply screws Developing clut...

Page 51: ...he drive force of the color PC motor is transmitted to the developing section Y M C The state of the coupling operated by the color dev unit engaged motor is detected by the color dev unit engaged pos...

Page 52: ...ile the gears are engaged with each other when the color dev unit engaged motor starts running again the color dev unit engaged gear is disengaged and the developing section Y M C stops rotating The e...

Page 53: ...50AA Color PC motor M3 Color dev unit engaged motor M4 Developing clutch K CL4 Drum charge corona bias K Drum charge corona bias Y M C Developing bias K DC Developing bias K AC Developing bias Y M C D...

Page 54: ...nit is conveyed further to the upper supply screw 4 The developer is conveyed onto the developing roller The doctor blade then con trols the height of the developer brush to ensure that the developer...

Page 55: ...ddition to the negative DC component AC voltage is applied during development to help toner to be attracted more easily to the surface of the PC drum This AC component is applied only while developmen...

Page 56: ...machine an automatic adjustment is made of each of these TCR sensors The automatic adjustment of TCR sensors cannot be done at your own discretion The target T C ratio is 7 The magnetic permeability p...

Page 57: ...ion Operation 13 Toner supply section 13 1 Composition A02ET2C534AA A02ET2C623AA A02ET2C624AA Toner cartridge Y M C Toner cartridge K TC drive unit YM Toner cartridge K Toner cartridge Y TC drive unit...

Page 58: ...r supply section 51 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 13 2 Drive A02ET2C535AA Toner supply motor CK M7 Toner supply motor YM M6 Agitating blade K Agitating blade C Agitating blade M Agitating blade Y...

Page 59: ...one way clutch that turns only in one direction Depending on whether the toner supply motor turns right or left only one corre sponding drive gear turns Structurally the two colors of toner Y and M o...

Page 60: ...r within this maximum replen ishing time the reminder time is stored in memory and added to the replenishing time for the next replenishing sequence 13 3 2 Toner cartridge detection A Detection of ton...

Page 61: ...ined according to the toner concentration difference reaches a predetermined thresh old value B Toner empty control Either one of the following detection conditions detects a toner empty condition Ton...

Page 62: ...ew one When Service is selected as the person the message prompting service engineer to replace the toner cartridge is displayed Printing can be continued even after the mes sage appears To avoid any...

Page 63: ...A02ET2C583AA 4038T2C151AB A02ET2C620AA 1st image transfer roller C 1st image transfer roller K Transfer belt drive roller Cleaning blade 1st image transfer roller Y 1st image transfer roller M Transfe...

Page 64: ...ransfer roller 2nd image transfer roller 2nd image transfer pressure welding alienation sensor PS36 Shutter Temperature humidity sensor TEM HUM A02FT2C043AA IDC registration sensor MK IDCS MK IDC regi...

Page 65: ...t image transfer section A02ET2C621AA A02ET2C622AA Transfer belt Transport motor M1 1st image transfer roller K 1st image transfer roller Y 1st image transfer roller M Transfer belt retraction sensor...

Page 66: ...er corona section 59 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 14 2 2 2nd image transfer section 4038T2C019DA 2nd image transfer roller Pressure lever Shutter Cam Shutter 2nd image transfer retraction motor M...

Page 67: ...g plate to move 4 The 1st image transfer roller Y M and C will move down to be pressed to the transfer belt when the sliding plate moves 5 The slide plate raises the actuator of the transfer belt retr...

Page 68: ...fer belt pressure retraction clutch CL3 Fusing drive motor M2 Sliding plate Transfer belt retraction sensor PS6 Drive gear Cam 4038T2C136AB Start key ON Paper moves past 2nd image transfer roller Fusi...

Page 69: ...ler K presses the transfer belt in both the monochrome and color mode Color mode In the color mode the 1st image transfer roller Y M C is pressed against the transfer belt and PC drum and the PC drum...

Page 70: ...ction position releases the pressure lever This causes the 2nd image transfer roller to be pressed against the transfer belt by the spring Retraction operation 1 The cam rotated from the pressure posi...

Page 71: ...nd image transfer retraction motor is transmitted through a gear train to the cam 2 The cam rotated from the pressure position pushes down the pressure lever at the retraction position causing the shu...

Page 72: ...aper type temperature and humidity print mode color or monochrome and print side 1st side or 2nd side are used as the basis for determining the optimum 2nd image transfer voltage C 2nd image transfer...

Page 73: ...rotated forward to remove foreign matter dust toner etc wedged between the transfer belt and the edge of the cleaning blade A Operation timing The backward rotation control is provided at the complet...

Page 74: ...During a print job or at the completion of a print job the 2nd image transfer cleaning operation is interrupted At the start of a print job When the 2nd image transfer ATVC control is being carried ou...

Page 75: ...claw is mounted one point 14 3 10 Detection of new transfer belt unit When a new transfer belt unit is installed in the machine the life counter is automatically cleared through new unit detection The...

Page 76: ...er Y M C being pressed IU Y M C does not develop or transfer the image but it rotates when the pressed transfer belt rotates The transfer belt being pressed saves time since the 1st image transfer rol...

Page 77: ...f consecutive monochrome originals printing is effected with the 1st image transfer roller Y M C retracted from the transfer belt 4038T2C165AA First sheet of color mode First sheet of monochrome mode...

Page 78: ...oller Y M C can be at the retracted position more fre quently which helps to reduce the wearing out of PC drums caused by unnecessary rotation of color imaging units The disadvantage of the setting HE...

Page 79: ...00 Composition Operation 15 Toner collecting section 15 1 Composition A02FT2C057AA A02ET2C585AA A02ET2C545AA Waste toner collecting mechanism Waste toner box Transfer belt unit Imaging unit Waste tone...

Page 80: ...00 Composition Operation 15 2 Drive A02ET2C541AA Transport motor M1 IU toner collecting screw Transfer belt toner collecting screw PC drum flange Drive transmitting mechanism for waste toner box Waste...

Page 81: ...ition detection The waste toner full detection signal from the waste toner full sensor detects the waste toner box set in position See waste toner level detection mechanism for more informa tion The d...

Page 82: ...actuator and the waste toner full sensor The actuator is turned in synchronization with the toner collecting screw that is provided in the waste toner box A02ET2C544AA A02FT2C018AA A02FT2C019AA Waste...

Page 83: ...ox is replaced with a new one C Waste toner full sensor actuator movement The following illustration shows the waste toner full sensor actuator movement while the toner collecting screw makes one rota...

Page 84: ...ock 2 Block 1 Unblock 1 Block 2 Block 3 Actuator amplitude Actuator movement in the waste toner near full condition 2 As the waste toner amount increases the actuator amplitude decreases Block 1 Unblo...

Page 85: ...the waste toner box is displayed when a toner empty condition is detected When Service is selected as the person the message prompting service engineer to replace the waste toner box is displayed Stat...

Page 86: ...A A02FT2C021AA Tray1 separation roller Tray1 feed roller Sensor in front of tim roller PS1 Tray1 paper feed clutch CL2 Tray1 paper empty sensor PS10 Tray1 separation roller Tray1 feed roller Tray1 dev...

Page 87: ...Drive 16 1 3 Paper Take up control A02FT2C048AA Tray1 Feed Roller Tray1 paper feed clutch CL2 Transport motor M1 4038T2C138AA Start Key ON Transport motor M1 Tray1 paper feed clutch CL2 Timing roller...

Page 88: ...detected is about 50 r 30 sheets The tray1 paper empty sensor detects a paper empty condition 16 1 5 Paper Interval Control PPM Control It sets the proper interval between papers pitch according to th...

Page 89: ...ON OFF OFF Unblocking A3 ON ON OFF ON Unblocking A3 Wide ON OFF ON ON Unblocking 8K ON ON ON OFF Unblocking 16KS OFF ON ON OFF Blocking Unblocking 16K OFF OFF ON OFF Unblocking FLS OFF OFF OFF ON ON U...

Page 90: ...ry of Operation Ver 1 0 Sep 2008 16 Paper feed section 83 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 4036ma2042c1 Guide Tray1 FD paper size detect board PSDTB 1 1 2 3 4 Y109670 2 Theory of Operation d Color MF...

Page 91: ...2008 84 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 17 Timing roller section 17 1 Composition 17 2 Drive A02ET2C573AA Timing roller Tim roller clutch CL1 A02FT2C049AA Transport motor M1 Timing roller Tim rolle...

Page 92: ...The timing roller clutch is controlled to synchronize the timing of image writing with the timing when the paper reaches the timing roller 4038T2C143AA ON Feed roller Tim roller clutch CL1 Sensor in f...

Page 93: ...hermistor TH4 Pressure roller Pressure roller heater lamp FH3 Fusing pressure roller thermostat TS1 Fusing roller Fusing belt Heating roller heater lamp S FH2 Heating roller heater lamp L FH1 Heating...

Page 94: ...b C200 Composition Operation 18 2 Drive 9J06T2C003DA Fusing pressure roller retraction motor M12 Fusing pressure home sensor PS38 Fusing pressure retraction sensor PS37 Fusing motor M2 Fusing pressure...

Page 95: ...image transfer and fusing sections The loop corrects variations between the paper conveyance speed during the image transfer and the fusing speed The fusing loop detect sensor detects the condition of...

Page 96: ...ing loop detect sensor will be ON The fusing speed will increase when the sensor turns ON 4 When the paper sags less than specified the fusing loop detect sensor will be OFF The fusing speed will decr...

Page 97: ...or Pressure retraction timing 2 Pressure retraction will be conducted after the currently printed paper passes between the fusing belt and the pressure roller The timing for the next paper to be fed w...

Page 98: ...he set fusing temperature A Temperature control chart 1 In warm up 5 In standby state normal operation 2 Stand by preliminary rotation 6 Low power mode 3 Stand by normal operation 7 In sleep state 4 D...

Page 99: ...prevents declining of the image stability as well as reduces curling of the paper uneven waxing offset etc according to the paper type to be used Fusing temperature adjustment can be made from Servic...

Page 100: ...e power supply to the heater lamps can be shut down before the thermostat is activated It thereby suppresses damage to the fusing unit itself C Level 3 If detection of the abnormally high temperature...

Page 101: ...bizhub C200 Composition Operation 19 Paper exit switchback section 19 1 Composition A02ET2C629AA A02FT2C042AA Paper exit switch back roller Fusing cover cooling fan motor FM11 Paper exit switch back...

Page 102: ...Operation Ver 1 0 Sep 2008 19 Paper exit switchback section 95 bizhub C200 Composition Operation 19 2 Drive A02FT2C044AA Fusing motor M2 Paper exit switch back roller Y109670 2 Theory of Operation d C...

Page 103: ...ives the paper exit switch back roller is controlled by the out put from the paper exit sensor In single sided printing the paper exit switchback roller rotates forward and the paper conveyed from the...

Page 104: ...rrection Gamma correction control IDC registration sensors Temperature humidity sensor To stabilize toner density TCR control Y M C K TCR sensor To stabilize image transfer Image transfer output contr...

Page 105: ...he background margin adjustment value is calculated and stored in memory 20 2 3 LD laser diode intensity adjustment control It adjusts the variation in reproducibility of the thin line and the reverse...

Page 106: ...aser diode intensity adjustment control 1 Use default for LD intensity for adjust ment pattern LD laser diode intensity adjustment control 2 Use previous setting value for LD inten sity for adjustment...

Page 107: ...from the last image stabilization is greater than a predetermined value The print count reaches 1000 or more after image stabilization was performed last time During the last image stabilization a tr...

Page 108: ...starts Interrupts a print job and performs image stabilization if the print job has 50 or more remaining pages to be printed Absence After the completion of a print job During an interval from when m...

Page 109: ...if the value provided by the IDC registration sensor detection at the time of the last image stabilization was out of a predetermined range Image stabilization will operate in mode 1 if a trouble code...

Page 110: ...signal To make data process ing faster data transfer and output are done through two channels one for even numbered pixels and the other for odd numbered pixels 2 The odd and even analog signals outp...

Page 111: ...MCK o RGB Color copying Monochrome copying Network output FAX output Multi valued data 8 bit data Multi valued data 8 bit data 4 Converting color space RGB o YMCK 1 Shading correction 2 Line to line v...

Page 112: ...C drum char acteristics 4 The R G and B data are translated to corresponding Y M C and K density data 5 A background adjustment of the image data is made according to the settings made on the control...

Page 113: ...tion 22 Other control 22 1 Fan control 22 1 1 Construction A02FT2C046AA Cooling fan motor 1 FM16 Suction fan motor FM10 Exhaust fan motor FM14 Fusing cover cooling fan motor FM11 Fusing cooling fan mo...

Page 114: ...applied to cool the toner and paper Fusing cooling fan motor FM13 To avoid temperature increase at the switchback motor heat accumu lated at the paper exit drive section will be discharged outside th...

Page 115: ...pen When updating the firmware In sleep When a waste toner box IU or TC is not installed ON Half speed At warm up At fusing roller s preparatory rotation At initial operation image stabilization funct...

Page 116: ...standby At warm up At fusing roller s preparatory rotation At initial operation image stabilization function 1 In low power ON Full speed When printing Exhaust fan motor FM14 OFF At paper jam in troub...

Page 117: ...by an electric signal Counts one when an exit signal is applied to it Electronic counter Displays the cumulative number of copies and prints produced in the copy printer scan and other modes Counts o...

Page 118: ...g AC power ready to be supplied to each heater lamp NOTE To turn OFF the main power switch turn OFF the sub power switch before and make sure that blue lighting of the start key turns off and then goe...

Page 119: ...22 Other control Theory of Operation Ver 1 0 Sep 2008 112 bizhub C200 Composition Operation Blank Page Theory of Operation Y109670 2 d Color MF201...

Page 120: ...UPDATING STATUS DATE UPDATED PAGES PAGES CODE 09 2008 1ST EDITION 120 Y109670 2...

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Summary of Contents for d-Color 201MF

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Summary of Contents for d-Color 201MF

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