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Functional Description

Manual No. 771971

2-15

Striping with Parity (RAID 3 and RAID 5)

Striping with parity (rotated XOR redundancy) is a method of providing
complete data redundancy that requires only a fraction of the storage
capacity than mirroring for storing redundant information.

In a system configured under RAID 3 or RAID 5 (which requires at least
three SCSI drives), all data and parity blocks are divided between the drives
in such a way that if any single drive is removed (or fails), the data on the
missing drive can be regenerated using the data on the remaining drives
(XOR refers to the Boolean “Exclusive-OR” operator).

Figure 2-9. Drive Group Mapped for Block Striping with Parity

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Summary of Contents for DAC960PG

Page 1: ...PCI RAID Controller Installation Guide DAC960PG PCI to Ultra SCSI P N 771971 D01...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...nts of this manual are copyrighted by Mylex Corporation The information contained herein is the exclusive property of Mylex Corporation and shall not be copied transferred photocopied translated on pa...

Page 4: ...y from jurisdiction to jurisdiction Information in this publication is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Mylex Corporation Changes may be made periodi...

Page 5: ...ot occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television equipment reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encou...

Page 6: ...ng Product Specification s EMC EN 50081 1 1992 EN 55022 1992 Class B EN 50082 1 1992 Generic Immunity EN 61000 4 2 1995 4kV CD 8kV AD EN 50140 1995 3 V m 80 1000 MHz 80 EN 61000 4 4 1995 0 5kV I O 1kV...

Page 7: ...in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures Achtung Dieses ist ein Ger t der Funkst rgrenzwertklasse B In Wohnbereichen k nnen bei Betrieb dieses Ger tes Rundfunkst rungen aufrete...

Page 8: ...escription of the DAC960PG This section also provides detailed configuration information and discusses options Chapter 3 explains installation procedures in detail and includes an installation checkli...

Page 9: ...File Run Select the Run option from the pull down menu activated when the File menu pad is selected Note Supplementary information that can have an effect on system performance m Caution Notification...

Page 10: ......

Page 11: ...SI Address Target ID Selection 2 7 Drive Organization 2 8 Physical Drives Drive Groups or Packs 2 8 Logical Drives System Drives 2 8 Configuration on Disk 2 9 RAID Management 2 12 RAID Techniques and...

Page 12: ...s 3 13 Setting Device Termination Power 3 13 Setting Drive Spin up Parity Jumpers 3 13 SCSI Cabling 3 14 Cable Lengths 3 15 Connecting Non Disk Devices 3 16 Using a UPS 3 17 Cache Battery Backup Optio...

Page 13: ...perational Description B 3 Status Indication B 3 Battery and Charge Circuit B 4 Installation B 5 Mechanical Installation Procedure B 5 Operation B 7 Battery Conditioning Prior to Use B 7 Set up Enabli...

Page 14: ...Drives 4 Mirroring 4 Pack 4 Parity 4 RAID 5 Replacement Table 6 Rotated XOR Redundancy 6 SCSI Drive 6 SCSI Drive States 6 Segment Size 7 Session 8 Standard Disk Drive 8 Standby Replacement of Disks Ho...

Page 15: ...re supported by the DAC960PG controller include The ability to add capacity on line while maintaining continuous access to data Automatic error recovery Intelligent cache battery backup option to moni...

Page 16: ...off load on board CPU functions from the host computer s main CPU The RP version of the i960 contains a bridge between the host primary PCI bus and a secondary PCI bus which interfaces with up to 3 SC...

Page 17: ...32 bit RISC based microprocessor ASIC logic arrays and dedicated read write cache memory to reduce the host system s CPU load and to increase disk I O throughput up to a 50 MB second sustained PCI tra...

Page 18: ...or greater diskette and manual for controllers using firmware 4 x DAC Software Kit NOS driver software version 1 06 or greater diskettes and manual Global Array Manager GUI software v2 10 or greater...

Page 19: ...RAID level stripe size or array size is made Any combination of the following changes can be performed 1 Drives in an array can be removed and reinstalled in any order target IDs can be switched withi...

Page 20: ...evices Industry standard Fast Wide Ultra SCSI interface supports most SCSI drives Automatic RAID Functions Automatic failed drive detection Automatic rebuild of the array using stand by hot spare disk...

Page 21: ...anced performance and SCSI bus optimization Increase System Availability Built in diagnostics provide controller and drive fault monitoring during power on and continuous operation Status alerts notif...

Page 22: ...ional 8 16 32 64 or 128 MB Cache Write Selectable Write Through or Write Back Read Always enabled Error Protection Error Correction Code with 40 bit EDO RAM Firmware ROM Type Flash EEPROM 256K x 8 PCI...

Page 23: ...0 C to 55 C 32 F to 131 F Storage 20 C to 70 C 4 F to 158 F Humidity Operating 10 to 90 rh non condensing Non operating 10 to 90 rh Altitude Operating Up to 10 000 ft 3 048 m Non operating Up to 50 0...

Page 24: ...DAC960PG Specifications 1 10 DAC960PG Installation Guide...

Page 25: ...ta thereby freeing the host s CPU for other tasks The RP of the i960 RP designation represents the part of the chip that contains an interface between the primary PCI bus PCI connection to host and th...

Page 26: ...D Coprocessor ASIC Cache memory write policy can be configured by software as either Write Through or as Write Back Cache memory data can be protected in the event of a power outage by an optional bat...

Page 27: ...outstanding writes on restart Figure 2 2 DAC960PG Controller Block Diagram PCI Bus Interface The PCI bus interface is contained in the Intel 80960RP intelligent I O processor and conforms to PCI Spec...

Page 28: ...ry working physical hard disk This area is reserved by Mylex for this purpose Management of Bad Data Firmware 4 x supports the handling of data that cannot be reconstructed at the time of a rebuild A...

Page 29: ...greater System Drive Size Extensions Firmware 4 x supports system disk drive sizes of up to 2 TeraBytes Support for Additional Target IDs per Channel Firmware 4 x supports up to 15 target IDs per cha...

Page 30: ...r by means of cables that comply with standard SCSI data rate pinout and cable length conventions including all internal wiring Up to 15 SCSI devices can be connected to each of the controller s drive...

Page 31: ...on that channel The target ID a SCSI address number from 0 to 15 is assigned to each device attached to a SCSI channel during installation The default SCSI address for the DAC960PG controller is targ...

Page 32: ...the number of drives To determine the total size of a drive group multiply the size of the smallest drive in the drive group by the number of disk drives in the group For example if there are four dr...

Page 33: ...he controller as well as on the last 128 sectors on every hard disk that is currently part of the controller s configuration This format with configuration information stored in the last 128 sectors o...

Page 34: ...ed If no valid disk configurations can be found then the configuration in NVRAM is used and the Bad Data Table is cleared A configuration is selected from disk in all other cases and the Bad Data Tabl...

Page 35: ...Functional Description Manual No 771971 2 11 Figure 2 4 Configuration on Disk Flowchart...

Page 36: ...ent to the host operating system This means that the host operating system drivers and software utilities are not affected regardless of the RAID level selected Correct installation of the disk array...

Page 37: ...nd in the DACCF Utilities Installation Guide and User Manual or the GAM manual JBOD No RAID JBOD is an acronym for Just a Bunch Of Disks The disks function independently of one another just as they wo...

Page 38: ...eparated into blocks Block one of the data will be stored on drive one block two on drive two block three on drive three Drive one will again be the location of the next block block four then block fi...

Page 39: ...oring for storing redundant information In a system configured under RAID 3 or RAID 5 which requires at least three SCSI drives all data and parity blocks are divided between the drives in such a way...

Page 40: ...RAID Management 2 16 DAC960PG Installation Guide Figure 2 10 Block Striping with Parity RAID 5 standard...

Page 41: ...ta integrity and the controller s ability to rebuild failed drives Stripe Size The size of the logically contiguous data block recorded on each drive within a logical unit is the stripe size The defau...

Page 42: ...ts non volatile memory This information is retained even after power off If a SCSI disk is labeled DEAD in one session it will stay in the dead state until a change is made either by using a system le...

Page 43: ...ild was terminated abnormally before it completed Ready RDY A SCSI disk drive may be identified by the DACCF utility as ready if it 1 Is powered on 2 Is able to operate properly 3 Has not been defined...

Page 44: ...level 1 5 or 0 1 and two or more of its SCSI drives are not on line 3 It is configured as RAID 0 or JBOD or in a spanned set and one or more of its SCSI drives are not on line Controlling Standby Repl...

Page 45: ...s A monitoring process running on the controller checks among other things elapsed time on all commands issued to disks A time out will cause the disk to be reset and the command will be retried If th...

Page 46: ...sk Consistency A consistency check is a process that verifies the integrity of redundant data For example performing a consistency check of a mirrored drive assures that the data on both drives of the...

Page 47: ...ing strategy whereby write operations result in a completion status being sent to the host operating system as soon as the cache not the disk drive receives the data to be written The target SCSI Driv...

Page 48: ...Cache Management 2 24 DAC960PG Installation Guide...

Page 49: ...guration Utilities diskette containing the DACCF utility SCSI cable s to interconnect the controller and the drives devices Narrow or Wide and Standard Fast or Ultra SCSI compliant disk drives SCSI te...

Page 50: ...ng 2 Read all of the instructions in this manual through completely before proceeding and observe the Notes Cautions and Warnings 3 Determine the system s SCSI ID requirements and set the controller s...

Page 51: ...oard termination for that channel will automatically be disabled SCSI Devices Installed Drive Channel 0 SCSI ID Device Description Termination Enabled Drive Group 0 ___________________ ________ ______...

Page 52: ...__ ______ 4 ___________________ ________ ______ 5 ___________________ ________ ______ 6 ___________________ ________ ______ 7 Reserved for DAC960PG N A N A 8 ___________________ ________ ______ 9 ____...

Page 53: ...__ 4 ___________________ ________ ______ 5 ___________________ ________ ______ 6 ___________________ ________ ______ 7 Reserved for DAC960PG N A N A 8 ___________________ ________ ______ 9 ___________...

Page 54: ...ify the capacities of each of the connected drives 2 GB size ____ 7 Safety check the installation then power on the system ____ 8 If necessary run the BIOS Options Alt M at the prompt to match BIOS di...

Page 55: ...ponent Description Default Setting JP4 Connector for harness to front panel LEDs optional JP5 Not used JP10 Select manufacturing diagnostics Do Not Install Jumper Off JP12 Jumper pins 1 2 for 5V RP Le...

Page 56: ...ty LED is ON indicating the cache contains data not yet written to the disk To prevent data loss install the optional intelligent cache battery backup module IBBU Connector Indicator Meaning if ON JP4...

Page 57: ...type SCSI terminators on all drive channels The on board termination logic will detect the presence of a SCSI bus connected to the external connector and the internal connector of each channel and wi...

Page 58: ...SCSI Termination 3 10 DAC960PG Installation Guide Figure 3 3 Internal Disk Array Single ended SCSI Termination...

Page 59: ...us farthest from the controller must have a terminator installed The DAC960PG will automatically enable on board termination at its end of the SCSI bus m Caution The external connector of the DAC960PG...

Page 60: ...rminated The DAC960PG will automatically disable its on board SCSI termination Figure 3 5 Combination External Internal Disk Array SCSI Termination Selecting the Correct Terminator Use ALT 2 type exte...

Page 61: ...Spin up Parity Jumpers If all of the SCSI drives are connected to a single power supply or if the power supply cannot supply the power needed to spin up all of the drive motors simultaneously then the...

Page 62: ...d Termination Enabled must be set for that channel To get the best performance from the controller the SCSI drives should be equally distributed across the SCSI channels and the controller s data tran...

Page 63: ...nnecting Ultra SCSI drives that will operate at the higher data transfer rates of the Fast 20 standard refer to ANSI STD X3 131 for information on SCSI cabling requirements Table 3 3 Supported SCSI Fo...

Page 64: ...e CD ROM to SCSI ID 5 with both devices connected to channel 0 Figure 3 7 Connecting Non disk Devices m Caution Connecting non disk devices to DAC960PG drive channels can result in disk drive performa...

Page 65: ...User Manual Chapter 2 Configuration Strategies Using a UPS If write back caching is enabled installation of an uninterruptable power supply UPS is highly recommended on systems that use a DAC960PG not...

Page 66: ...attery backup to the SIMM module installed on the controller Battery Backup Module Connector Connector J5 is available for the optional cache battery backup module If the optional cache battery backup...

Page 67: ...rough the BIOS An operating system specific driver is required to access data beyond this limit Refer to the documentation for the DAC960 Software Kit for more information on installing and using the...

Page 68: ...al Setting BIOS Options There are three DAC960PG BIOS options that need to be considered and possibly changed during installation of the DAC960PG This is usually a one time requirement The BIOS option...

Page 69: ...toggle the option Note If the BIOS is disabled it will not be possible to change the other options If the boot drive is on a DAC960PG then drive geometry changes should not be attempted unless the boo...

Page 70: ...ing BIOS Options 4 4 DAC960PG Installation Guide Figure 4 2 BIOS Options Menu when Drive Geometry Option is Selected Press the Esc key to exit the BIOS options menu The following message will be displ...

Page 71: ...the other BIOS options CD ROM Boot Disable or Enable The default for this option is for the CD ROM boot to be disabled e g the system will boot from a hard drive If a bootable CD is installed in the...

Page 72: ...configured drive s capacity If for some reason this is not adequate the BIOS geometry can be changed to 8 GB This will allow the BIOS to see the first 8 GB of capacity m Caution If you have already co...

Page 73: ...e following message may appear Recovery from mirror race in progress This will be displayed if the firmware detects that during the last power cycle the system was turned off abruptly leaving some inc...

Page 74: ...No system drives found None installed X system drives installed The BIOS repeats the same process for additional DAC960PG controllers present in the system Then it proceeds to boot if possible from t...

Page 75: ...y this error will not be displayed If it is boot DOS and run the configuration utility to recover from the error For more information refer to the DACCF Utilities Installation Guide and User Manual Sy...

Page 76: ...System Reboot or Power Down 4 10 DAC960PG Installation Guide...

Page 77: ...ut by Conner Peripherals and Intel Corporation Enclosures that are compliant with this protocol are known as SCSI Accessed Fault Tolerant Enclosures SAF TE The protocol is compatible with standard SCS...

Page 78: ...SAF TE A 2 DAC960PG Installation Guide...

Page 79: ...e monitors the write back cache on the DAC960PG and provides power to the cache if it contains data not yet written to the drives when power is lost The DAC960PG controller with the IBBU installed tog...

Page 80: ...mAH Physical Description Nominal pack size in inches 1 89 L X 2 01 W X 0 33 H Battery Charge Life Depends upon memory in use External Battery Not supported Module Dimensions Length 3 75 inches Width 2...

Page 81: ...the cache is empty the IBBU does nothing If the cache contains data during a power failure it means that there was not enough time for the cache contents to be written to the disk array If this is the...

Page 82: ...s being used see Tabe 4 1 Note When the charge level is 100 the current number of hours and maximum number of hours printed out below the left dial will be equal Battery and Charge Circuit On board Ba...

Page 83: ...s a small flat blade screwdriver Procedure 1 If the DAC960PG is not already removed from the system power the system down and then remove the DAC960PG 2 Remove the loopback plug from J5 on the DAC960P...

Page 84: ...1 on the IBBU connects to J5 on the DAC960PG Pin 1 on the IBBU s J1 must connect to hole 1 on the DAC960PG s J5 The mounting holes on the IBBU will line up with the mounting holes on the DAC960PG if t...

Page 85: ...write back write through mode switch The write back write through mode switch is accessed in either DACCF or in GAM Refer to the DACCF Utilities Installation Guide and User Manual or the Global Array...

Page 86: ...on the IBBU module is calculated using the following formula Duration in hours B ISIMM IP Where B battery capacity in mAh 600 for the battery on the IBBU ISIMM SIMM current in mA 5V This is derived fr...

Page 87: ...y will no longer accept a charge properly NiCd battery life expectancy is approximately 5 years 2 The cache memory needs to be removed from the DAC960PG for replacement or upgrade WARNING Do not attem...

Page 88: ...s have been prepaid on this battery pack m Caution Do not dispose of a rechargeable battery with regular trash in a landfill Rechargeable batteries contain toxic chemicals and metals that are harmful...

Page 89: ...ions of participating recycling centers can be obtained by telephoning 1 800 8 BATTERY in the USA and following the recorded instructions The information obtained from this telephone number is updated...

Page 90: ...Battery Backup Capacity B 12 DAC960PG Installation Guide...

Page 91: ...ast one channel or additional channels with optional upgrades Consistency Check Refers to a process where the integrity of redundant data is verified For example a consistency check of a mirrored driv...

Page 92: ...ata back to the disk that encountered the error If the write fails media error on write the controller issues a reassign command to the disk and then writes the data to a new location Since the proble...

Page 93: ...the rebuild is complete the controller will be brought back into a fault tolerant state IBBU See Intelligent Battery Backup Unit Intelligent Battery Backup Unit The Intelligent Battery Backup Unit IB...

Page 94: ...written to it System commands issued to offline logical drives are returned with an error status no operations can be performed on offline logical drives A logical drive can be offline under one of t...

Page 95: ...RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 3 RAID 5 and two special RAID levels RAID 0 1 and JBOD Level 0 Block striping across multiple drives is provided yielding higher performance than is possible with individual drives...

Page 96: ...be reconstructed using the data on the remaining drives XOR refers to the Boolean Exclusive OR operator In any RAID 3 or RAID 5 array the capacity allocated to redundancy is the equivalent of one driv...

Page 97: ...operate properly and was killed by the controller When the controller detects a failure on a disk it kills that disk by changing its state to dead A SCSI drive in a dead state does not participate in...

Page 98: ...ler automatically when a SCSI disk drive fails and both of the following conditions are true A standby SCSI disk drive of identical size is found attached to the same controller All of the system driv...

Page 99: ...configuration utility and select the option view update configuration from the main menu A red box labeled Drive Remap List will be displayed Selecting the box will allow you to continue You should s...

Page 100: ...on SCSI drive 2 block 3 on SCSI drive 3 block 4 on SCSI drive 1 block 5 on SCSI drive 2 and so on This storage method increases the disk system throughput by ensuring a balanced load among all drives...

Page 101: ...te time in order to increase controller performance An optional cache battery backup can be used to protect against data loss as a result of a power failure or system crash Write Through Cache Refers...

Page 102: ...Glossary Glossary 12 DAC960PG Installation Guide...

Page 103: ...ler Functions and Features 1 5 D Device Termination Power 3 13 Disable BIOS 4 5 Disk Failure Detection 2 21 Drive Check Error Messages 4 7 Drive Management 2 18 Drive Organization 2 8 Drive Size 4 6 D...

Page 104: ...3 JBOD 2 13 Mirroring RAID 1 2 13 Striping RAID 0 2 14 Striping with Parity RAID 3 and RAID 5 2 15 Recycling the Battery B 10 S SAF TE A 1 SCSI Address Selection 2 7 SCSI Cabling 3 14 SCSI Device Conf...

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