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CS650 and CS655 Water Content Reflectometers  

30 

TABLE 9-1.  Symptom, Cause, and Solutions 

Symptom 

Possible Cause 

Solution 

VWC reading is 

9999999 

Soil bulk permittivity 

is outside sensor 

operational range 

Modify program to 

collect permittivity value 

and try soil specific 

calibration 

EC reading is 9999999  Soil bulk electrical 

conductivity is 

outside sensor 

operational range 

If using CS650, try 

CS655 

Readings erratic, 

including NAN and 

9999999 

Multiple sensors with 

same SDI-12 address 

sharing same control 

port 

Give sensors unique 

addresses or put on 

separate control ports 

 

10.  References 

Ledieu, J., P. De Ridder, P. De Clerck, and S. Dautrebande. 1986. “A method 

of measuring soil moisture by time-domain reflectometry,” J. Hydrol. 

88:319-328. 

Rhoades, J.D., P.A.C. Raats, and R.J. Prather. 1976. Effects of liquid-phase 

electrical conductivity, water content and surface conductivity on bulk soil 

electrical conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40: 651-653. 

Rhoades, J.D., N.A. Manteghi, P.J. Shouse, W.J. Alves. 1989. Soil electrical 

conductivity and soil salinity: New formulations and calibrations. Soil Sci. 

Soc. Am. J., 53:433-439. 

Topp, G.C., J.L. Davis & A.P. Annan. 1980. “Electromagnetic determination 

of soil water content: measurements in coaxial transmission lines,” Water 

Resources Research, v. 16, No. 3:574-582. 

 

Summary of Contents for CS650

Page 1: ...INSTRUCTION MANUAL CS650 and CS655 Water Content Reflectometers Revision 4 18 C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 8 C a m p b e l l S c i e n t i f i c I n c ...

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Page 4: ...ner Campbell Scientific s shipping address is CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC CANADA CORP RMA _____ 14532 131 Avenue NW Edmonton Alberta T5L 4X4 Canada For all returns the client must fill out a Statement of Product Cleanliness and Decontamination form and comply with the requirements specified in it The form is available from our web site at www campbellsci ca repair A completed form must be either emailed t...

Page 5: ...e protection and take other appropriate safety precautions while working on or around tripods and towers Do not climb tripods or towers at any time and prohibit climbing by other persons Take reasonable precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from trespassers Use only manufacturer recommended parts materials and tools Utility and Electrical You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury i...

Page 6: ...z ounce 28 35 g 1 lb pound weight 0 454 kg Pressure 1 psi lb in2 68 95 mb Volume 1 US gallon 3 785 litres In addition part ordering numbers may vary For example the CABLE5CBL is a CSI part number and known as a FIN5COND at Campbell Scientific Canada CSC CSC Technical Support will be pleased to assist with any questions About sensor wiring Please note that certain sensor configurations may require ...

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Page 8: ...1 8 1 1 1 Driver Installation 11 8 1 1 2 RS 232 Wiring 11 8 1 1 3 Powering the Sensor 12 8 1 1 4 Determining which COM Port the A200 has been Assigned 12 8 1 2 Device Configuration Utility 12 8 1 2 1 Settings Editor Tab 13 8 1 2 2 Send OS Tab 16 8 2 SDI 12 Measurements 16 8 2 1 M3 and M4 Commands 17 8 2 2 Use of Multiplexers 19 8 3 Water Content Reflectometer Method for Measuring Volumetric Water ...

Page 9: ...50 Sensors on Multiplexer B 2 B 2 CR200X with Three CS650 Sensors B 4 C Discussion of Soil Water Content C 1 D SDI 12 Sensor Support D 1 D 1 Introduction D 1 D 2 SDI 12 Command Basics D 1 D 2 1 Acknowledge Active Command a D 2 D 2 2 Send Identification Command aI D 2 D 2 3 Start Verification Command aV D 2 D 2 4 Address Query Command D 3 D 2 5 Change Address Command aAb D 3 D 2 6 Start Measurement...

Page 10: ... Code for RS 232 and A200 12 8 2 Real Time Measurements 16 8 3 CS650 SDI 12 Commands 17 9 1 Symptom Cause and Solutions 29 B 1 CR1000X Wiring for One Sensor Example Program B 1 B 2 CR1000X Wiring for Two Sensor Example Program B 2 B 3 CR1000X Wiring For Multiplexer Example Program B 3 B 4 CR200 X Wiring for Example Program B 4 D 1 Campbell Scientific Sensor SDI 12 Command and Response Set D 1 D 2 ...

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Page 12: ... CS650 is rugged it should be handled as precision scientific instrument External radio frequency RF sources can affect the sensor operation Therefore the sensor should be located away from significant sources of RF such as ac power lines and motors 3 Initial Inspection Upon receipt of the CS650 inspect the packaging and contents for damage File damage claims with the shipping company The model nu...

Page 13: ...eter folder The four different options monitor different parameters For this tutorial double click to select CS650 CS655 Water Content Reflectometer VWC EC T P PA and VR The soil temperature defaults to degree C and the sensor is measured hourly These are changed by clicking the Temperature or Measure sensor box and selecting an option Enter the correct SDI 12 Address for the CS650 or CS655 After ...

Page 14: ...ngful table name and type the Data Output Storage Interval 6 Select the measurement and its associated output options 7 Click Finish and save the program Send the program to the datalogger if the datalogger is connected to the computer 8 If the sensor is connected to the datalogger check the output of the sensor in the data display in LoggerNet PC400 RTDAQ or PC200W to make sure it is making reaso...

Page 15: ... contributor to the bulk dielectric permittivity of the soil or porous media so the travel time of the reflected wave increases with increasing water content and decreases with decreasing water content hence the name water content reflectometer The average travel time of the reflected wave multiplied by a scaling factor of 128 is called the period average Period average is reported in microseconds...

Page 16: ...with the CS650 The CS650 is intended to communicate with SDI 12 recorders including Campbell Scientific dataloggers Alternatively use the orange wire to transmit and receive RS 232 The A200 USB to Serial Module allows RS 232 communications between a computer and the CS650 by means of Campbell Scientific s Device Configuration Utility software 6 Specifications Features Measurement corrected for eff...

Page 17: ...netic Compatibility View EU Declaration of Conformity documentation at www campbellsci com cs650 External RF sources can affect CS650 measurements CS650 circuitry should be located away from radio transmitter aerials and cables or measurements discarded during RF transmissions Active Current Drain 3 ms 45 mA typical 12 Vdc 80 mA 6 Vdc 35 mA 18 Vdc Quiescent Current Drain 135 µA 12 Vdc Average Curr...

Page 18: ...tional specifications TABLE 6 2 Relative Dielectric Permittivity Specifications CS650 CS655 Relative Dielectric Permittivity Range 1 to 81 Accuracy 1 to 40 40 to 80 2 of reading 0 6 for solution electrical conductivity EC 3 dS m 1 4 for solution EC 3 dS m 3 of reading 0 8 for solution EC 8 dS m 2 for solution EC 2 8 dS m Precision 0 02 Volumetric Water Content Range 0 to 100 Accuracy 1 with soil s...

Page 19: ...r content and 0 01 dS m electrical conductivity 7 Installation If you are programming your datalogger with Short Cut skip Section 7 3 Datalogger Wiring p 9 and Section 7 4 Programming p 10 Short Cut does this work for you See Section 4 QuickStart p 1 for a Short Cut tutorial 7 1 Orientation and Placement The CS650 measures the bulk dielectric permittivity average volumetric water content and bulk ...

Page 20: ... the rods result in reduced measurement accuracy Most soils recover from disturbances caused by installation The CS650G Rod Insertion Guide Tool with Pilot Rod helps maintain the proper spacing and parallel orientation of the rods during sensor insertion It also helps the insertion of the sensor in high density or rocky soils FIGURE 7 1 CS650G Rod Insertion Guide Tool with Pilot Rod 7 3 Datalogger...

Page 21: ...ly create and maintain a datalogger program exclusively with Short Cut If your data acquisition needs are more complex the files that Short Cut creates are a great source for programming code to start a new program or add to an existing custom program Short Cut cannot edit programs after they are imported and edited in CRBasic Editor A Short Cut tutorial is available in Section 4 QuickStart p 1 Fo...

Page 22: ...n a CS650 and a computer to change sensor settings through Device Configuration Utility software 8 1 1 Using the A200 8 1 1 1 Driver Installation If the A200 has not been previously plugged into your computer and your computer operating system is not Windows 7 the A200 driver needs to be installed Drivers should be installed before plugging the A200 into the computer To download the A200 drivers g...

Page 23: ... using Device Configuration Utility Often the assigned COM port is the next port number that is free However if other devices were previously installed some of which may not be plugged in the A200 may be assigned a higher COM port number To check which COM port has been assigned to the A200 monitor the appearance of a new COM port in the list of COM ports offered in your software package such as L...

Page 24: ...tor Tab The Settings Editor tab shows settings stored in the CS650 operating system Settings that may be modified include User Name SDI 12 Address and RS 232 Baud Rate Attempts to change any of the other settings results in a Commit failed Unrecognized error condition error message Device Configuration Utility polls the CS650 every two seconds while connected and the results are displayed under Re...

Page 25: ...s are 9600 baud no parity 1 stop bit 8 data bits and no error checking After any changes to CS650 settings select Apply to write the changes to the CS650 operating system A configuration summary is then shown The summary may be printed or saved electronically for future reference ...

Page 26: ...CS650 and CS655 Water Content Reflectometers 15 ...

Page 27: ...om downloads The file to send has a filename extension of a43 such as CS65X Std 04 36 a43 Sending a new operating system does not affect any of the user modified settings or sensor specific multiplier and offset settings To download a new operating system follow the Operating System Download Procedure listed on the Send OS tab 8 2 SDI 12 Measurements The CS650 responds to SDI 12 commands M M1 M2 M...

Page 28: ...3 Temperature 4 Permittivity ε 5 Period τ 6 Voltage Ratio α m3 m3 dS m C µs aM5 aM9 No Values Returned Returns the SDI 12 Address aI CampbellSci Operating System Version Product Serial Number Campbell Scientific recommends using separate terminals when possible However multiple CS650 sensors can connect to the same datalogger control or U terminal Each must have a unique SDI 12 address Valid addre...

Page 29: ...ater content works well for most mineral soils However at low water contents the Topp equation may report a negative value for volumetric water content When the estimated permittivity is greater than 1 but less than 1 881 the M3 command reports a volumetric water content value of zero Permittivity more than 42 The Topp et al 1980 equation used by the CS650 to estimate volumetric water content work...

Page 30: ...is turned off under program control before the multiplexer switches to the next terminal Failure to turn off the switched 12 Volt terminal before clocking the multiplexer damages the multiplexer relays The proper sequence in the datalogger program for measuring CS650 sensors on a multiplexer is 1 Set RES control port high to enable multiplexer 2 Pulse CLK control port to advance to next multiplexe...

Page 31: ... bulk dielectric permittivity of the soil the equation presented by Topp et al is θv 5 3 10 2 2 92 10 2 Ka 5 5 10 4 Ka 2 4 3 10 6 Ka 3 Research has shown that this equation works well in most mineral soils so a soil specific calibration of the CS650 sensor is usually not necessary For a soil specific calibration you can generate an equation relating Ka to θv following the methods described in Sect...

Page 32: ... approximately 0 8 dS m 1 and 2 7 dS m 1 respectively If σbulk exceeds these limits the CS650 sensor returns 99999 for dielectric permittivity and volumetric water content The measured period average and voltage ratio values continue to report even if the bulk EC is outside the operational range of the sensor 8 3 3 2 Temperature Correction of Soil Electrical Conductivity The EC value reported by t...

Page 33: ...s not account for soil temperature The effect of temperature on the soil permittivity is related to soil specific properties such as porosity and the permittivity of the soil solid phase with temperature Consequently a general equation that corrects volumetric water content for temperature for all soils is not available A temperature correction equation that works well in quartz sand is given by θ...

Page 34: ...a 0 5 with θv the volumetric water content Ka the bulk dielectric permittivity of the soil and Cn the calibration coefficient Two data points from careful measurements sometimes are enough to derive a linear calibration Use at least three data points for a quadratic calibration With three evenly spaced water contents covering the expected range the middle water content data point indicates whether...

Page 35: ...rements may need additional data sets Consider the expected range of soil water content and include data sets from the highest and lowest expected water contents Calibration procedure 1 Use relatively dry soil volumetric water content 10 which ensures that the soil is homogeneous around the sensor rods 2 Uniformly pack the non metal container with soil Compaction of the calibration soil needs to h...

Page 36: ...ess soil c Remove excess soil from outside of the tube d Transfer the soil from the tube to the oven or microwave safe container e Weigh the container holding the wet soil and subtract the container weight from this value to get the wet soil mass f Record the wet soil mass g Use oven or microwave to remove water from soil Oven drying requires 24 hours at 105 C Microwave drying typically takes 20 m...

Page 37: ... sample mass Oven or microwave to dry samples Data needed for CS650 calibration are the CS650 permittivity output and an independently determined volumetric water content From this data the sensor response to changing water content can be described by a function as described in Section 8 4 2 User Derived Calibration Equation p 23 The calibration coefficients are derived from a curve fit of known w...

Page 38: ...tput waiting for the permittivity to be constant This indicates equilibration 5 Record the CS650 permittivity 6 Repeat steps 2 through 5 at least three times 7 Remove the CS650 8 Take core samples of the soil using this process a Evenly push copper tubing into the soil surface b Remove the tube containing the sample and gently trim the ends of excess soil c Remove excess soil from outside of tube ...

Page 39: ...e water content for the replicates and the recorded CS650 period are one datum pair to be used for the calibration curve fit 8 4 5 Calculations The empty cylinders used for core sampling should be clean and both empty mass and volume are measured and recorded For a cylinder the volume is volume π d 2 2 h where d is the inside diameter of the cylinder and h is the height of the cylinder During soil...

Page 40: ...gger program Conditional statement that triggers reading is not evaluating as true Add SDI12Recorder instruction to datalogger program Check logic of conditional statement that triggers readings All values read NAN First value reads NAN and all other values read 0 or never change from one measurement to another CS650 SDI 12 address does not match address specified in datalogger program CS650 green...

Page 41: ...addresses or put on separate control ports 10 References Ledieu J P De Ridder P De Clerck and S Dautrebande 1986 A method of measuring soil moisture by time domain reflectometry J Hydrol 88 319 328 Rhoades J D P A C Raats and R J Prather 1976 Effects of liquid phase electrical conductivity water content and surface conductivity on bulk soil electrical conductivity Soil Sci Soc Am J 40 651 653 Rhoa...

Page 42: ...t Cut program following the procedure in Section 4 QuickStart p 1 Finish the program On the Advanced tab click the CRBasic Editor button The program opens in CRBasic with the name noname CR_ Provide a name and save the program Once the file is edited with CRBasic Editor Short Cut can no longer be used to edit the datalogger program 2 The program can now be edited saved and sent to the datalogger 3...

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Page 44: ...ABLE B 1 TABLE B 1 CR1000X Wiring for One Sensor Example Program CR1000X CS650 12V Red C1 Green G Black Orange Clear CRBasic Example B 1 CR1000X with One CS650 Sensor Public CS650 6 Assign aliases to the public array Alias CS650 1 VWC Alias CS650 2 EC Alias CS650 3 TSoil Alias CS650 4 Perm Alias CS650 5 PerAvg Alias CS650 6 VoltR Units VWC m 3 m 3 Units EC dS m Units TSoil deg C DataTable DatoutCS...

Page 45: ...FP2 False Sample 3 CS650_2 4 IEEE4 EndTable BeginProg Scan 15 Min 0 0 SDI12Recorder CS650 C1 0 M4 1 0 0 Measure CS650 with address 0 SDI12Recorder CS650_2 1 C1 1 M4 1 0 0 Measure CS650 with address 1 CallTable DatoutCS650 Call Data Table NextScan EndProg B 1 3 CR1000X with 12 CS650 Sensors on Multiplexer This CRBasic example program measures 12 CS650 sensors on a AM16 32B multiplexer every 15 minu...

Page 46: ... Public CS650 12 6 DataTable DatoutCS650 1 1 DataInterval 0 60 Min 2 Average 72 CS650 IEEE4 False EndTable BeginProg Scan 15 Min 0 0 PortSet C2 1 Turn AM16 32 Multiplexer On Delay 0 150 mSec LCount 1 SubScan 0 uSec 12 PulsePort C3 10000 Switch to next AM16 32 terminal SW12 SW12_1 1 Apply power to CS650 Delay 0 3 Sec Wait three seconds for sensor to warm up SDI12Recorder CS650 LCount 1 C1 0 M4 1 0 ...

Page 47: ...ich reduces measurement time Wiring for the example is shown in TABLE B 4 Assignment of aliases and units is not shown in this example TABLE B 4 CR200 X Wiring for Example Program CR200 X CS650s Wiring same for all SW Battery Red C1 SDI 12 Green G terminals Black Orange Clear CRBasic Example B 4 CR200X with Three CS650 Sensors Public CS650 18 DataTable CS650 1 1 DataInterval 0 60 Min Average 18 CS...

Page 48: ...er then weighing the dried soil mdry θg mwater msoil mwet mdry mdry Volumetric water content θv is the volume of liquid water per volume of soil Volume is the ratio of mass to density ρb which gives θv volumewater volumesoil mwater ρwater msoil ρsoil θg ρsoil ρwater The density of water is close to 1 and often ignored Soil bulk density ρbulk is used for ρsoil and is the ratio of soil dry mass to s...

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Page 50: ...SDI 12 commands have three components Sensor address a a single character and the first character of the command Use the default address of zero 0 unless multiple sensors are connected to the same port Command body an upper case letter the command optionally followed by one or more alphanumeric qualifiers Command termination an exclamation mark An active sensor responds to each command Responses h...

Page 51: ...llccccccccmmmmmmvvvxxx xx CR LF a Sensor SDI 12 address ll SDI 12 version number indicates compatibility cccccccc 8 character vendor identification mmmmmm 6 characters specifying the sensor model vvv 3 characters specifying the sensor version operating system xxx xx Up to 13 optional characters used for a serial number or other specific sensor information that is not relevant for operation of the ...

Page 52: ...or notifies the datalogger and the datalogger begins issuing D commands n the number of values returned when one or more subsequent D commands are issued For the aM command n is an integer from 0 to 9 When the aM is issued the datalogger pauses its operation and waits until either it receives the data from the sensor or the time ttt expires Depending on the scan interval of the datalogger program ...

Page 53: ...o the sensor before the measurement time has elapsed D 2 9 Send Data Command aD0 aD9 The Send Data command requests data from the sensor It is issued automatically with every type of measurement command aM aMC When the measurement command is aM or aMC the datalogger issues the aD0 command once a service request has been received from the sensor In transparent mode Appendix D 3 SDI 12 Transparent M...

Page 54: ...800 series and CR3000 dataloggers For CR200 X series dataloggers see Appendix D 3 2 Changing an SDI 12 Address CR200 X Series p D 6 1 Connect an SDI 12 sensor to the CR1000 2 In LoggerNet Connect under Datalogger click Terminal Emulator The terminal emulator window opens 3 Under Select Device located in the lower left side of the window select the CR1000 station 4 Click Open Terminal 5 Select All ...

Page 55: ...tor The terminal emulator window opens 3 Under Select Device located in the lower left side of the window select the CR200Series station 4 Click Open Terminal 5 Select All Caps Mode 6 Press Enter until the datalogger responds with the CR2XX prompt 7 Type SDI12 and press Enter 8 The response SDI12 indicates that the sensor is ready to accept SDI 12 commands 9 To query the sensor for its current SDI...

Page 56: ...ress and responds with the new address 11 To exit SDI 12 transparent mode click Close Terminal FIGURE D 2 CR200 X example of using the SDI 12 transparent mode to change the SDI 12 address from 0 to 1 D 4 References SDI 12 Support Group SDI 12 A Serial Digital Interface Standard for Microprocessor Based Sensors Version 1 4 River Heights UT SDI 12 Support Group 2017 www sdi 12 org specification php ...

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Page 59: ...t Asia Location Bangkok Thailand Email info campbellsci asia Website www campbellsci asia China Location Beijing P R China Email info campbellsci com cn Website www campbellsci com cn Spain Location Barcelona Spain Email info campbellsci es Website www campbellsci es Costa Rica Location San José Costa Rica Email info campbellsci cc Website www campbellsci cc UK Location Shepshed Loughborough UK Em...

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