Concepts and features
R&S
®
ZND
188
User Manual 1173.9557.02 ─ 61
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"Auto Length" corrects the length offset of both physical ports of a logical port by
the same amount.
4.6.2
Embedding and deembedding
The R&S
ZND allows you to define virtual networks to be added to/removed from the
measurement circuit for a DUT with single ended or balanced ports. This concept is
referred to as embedding/deembedding.
The embedding/deembedding function has the following characteristics:
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Embedding and deembedding can be combined with balanced port conversion: the
(de-)embedding function is available for single ended and balanced ports.
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A combination of four-port and two-port networks (not necessarily both) can be
applied to balanced ports; two-port networks can be applied to single ended ports.
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A combination of four-port and two-port networks can be applied to any pair of sin-
gle-ended ports. Moreover it is possible to combine several port pairs in an arbi-
trary order (port pair de-/embedding).
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Single-ended and/or balanced port (de-)embedding can be combined with ground
loop (de-)embedding. A ground loop models the effect of a non-ideal ground con-
nection of the DUT.
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Transformation networks can be defined by a set of S-parameters stored in a
Touchstone file or by an equivalent circuit with lumped elements.
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The same networks are available for embedding and deembedding.
4.6.2.1
Embedding a DUT
To be integrated in application circuits, high-impedance components like Surface
Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters are often combined with a matching network. To obtain
the characteristics of a component with an added matching network, both must be inte-
grated in the measurement circuit of the network analyzer.
The figure below shows a DUT with a single-ended and a balanced port that is com-
bined with a real matching circuit and a physical unbalance-balance transformer
(balun) to be evaluated in a 2-port measurement.
Offset parameters and de-/embedding
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