Yak 18T, Flight Operations Manual

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Page 2: ...Oil Consumption 13 2 10 Oil Pressure 13 2 11 Oil Inlet Temperature 13 2 12 Cylinder Head Temperature 13 2 13 Magnetos 13 2 14 Spark Plugs 13 2 15 Propeller 14 2 16 Main Flight Performance at Standard Conditions 14 2 17 Airfield Performance 14 SECTION 3 OPERATIONAL LIMITATIONS 15 3 1 Flying Limitations 15 3 2 Operational Loading 15 3 3 Crosswind Components 15 3 4 Weight and Balance Data 15 3 5 Othe...

Page 3: ...5 10 1 Descent and Landing Preparation 55 10 2 Planning the approach 55 10 3 Going Around 56 10 4 Landing 56 10 5 Crosswind Landing 57 10 6 Engine Shutdown 57 SECTION 11 SPECIAL CASES IN FLIGHT 59 11 1 Pilot Actions in case of Engine Failure 59 11 2 Pilot Actions in case of Pressure Drop 59 11 2 1 Engine Failure and the Primer 59 11 2 2 Pilot Actions in case of drop in Engine Oil Pressure 60 11 3 ...

Page 4: ...2 1 Radio Station 67 12 2 Radio Compass 67 12 2 1 General Information 67 12 2 2 Pre flight radio compass switching in tuning and checking 67 12 2 3 Radio Compass Usage in Flight 68 12 2 3 1 Compass System 70 12 2 3 2 Pre Flight Compass Switching on 70 12 2 3 3 Troubles and failures of the Gyro magnetic Compass 71 12 2 3 4 Magnetic Compass 72 12 2 3 5 Gyro horizon 72 12 2 4 The Heating and Ventilat...

Page 5: ...and with extended fuel tanks good touring capacity The 18T is worthy of all due consideration especially when value for money is a key factor in the decision to purchase a recently overhauled aircraft The 18T is considered a complex aircraft it has a 360HP 9 Cylinder M 14P radial engine with both Retractable Gear and Variable Pitch Propeller clearly not your average PA 28 or C172 The engine demand...

Page 6: ... and KONVERSULT Consulting Company database 1 2 Purpose At first the Yak 18T was designed to be multi purpose That s why the Ministry of Timber Industry and the Ministry of Public Health ordered 300 aircraft each unfortunately their requests were not met According to the USSR Council of Soviet Ministers SOVMIN the Yak 18T became a trainer for the Civil Aviation schools so that the production progr...

Page 7: ...f Mutual Economic Assistance became the biggest customer of the second generation aircraft Having got their bearings the UCAA supervisors made a decision to get involved in primary training and bought 15 Yak 18T in Smolensk And here is the result if other schools go on using the An 2 as a trainer and have been handing over certificates about completing the theoretical course instead of pilot licen...

Page 8: ...truts are used in the Yak 18T They ensure overcoming of the unpaved runway roughness with a smaller loading for frame construction The tire pressure is 3 kgpcm 61lbpsq ft A skilled pilot can turn the aircraft around practically on one wheel The turning radius equals the landing gear tread width A parking brake system is provided for the Yak 18T In the case of the main system failure the emergency ...

Page 9: ...ing by gasoline is provided The Yak 18T inherited the ability to perform a full complement of aerobatics from the early aircraft of the T family There is only one point to pay attention to The standard oil system design doesn t provide the engine oiling during the inverted flight That s why the FOI forbids its performing The fuel and oil consumption doesn t exceed 45 lph 12 galph and 1 lph 0 26 ga...

Page 10: ...B fuel quantity indicator 5 PM1 1 magneto switch 16 ground break down control button 27 ARK 15 control panel 6 hand primer pump product No 740400 17 VD 1OK altimeter 28 KM 8 compensator 7 T6 U2 signal panel 18 SSLUA 1 system indicators 29 fuel emergency shut off cock handle 8 GMK 1AE control panel 19 UKZ 1 indicator 30 Baklan 5 control desk 9 20 PTE 1 tachometer indicator 31 landing gear emergency...

Page 11: ...mph Max IAS in a dive 460km h 248kts 285mph Range 193litres std no reserve 760km 470miles 3hrs 45mins Range 193litres 30mins reserve 660km 410miles 3hrs 15mins Range 193litres 45div 30mins reserve 510km 315miles 2hrs 30mins Range 320litres ext no reserve 1 250km 775miles 6 hrs 20mins Range 320litres 30mins reserve 1 150km 714miles 5 hrs 50mins Range 320litres 45div 30mins reserve 1 000km 620miles ...

Page 12: ...vator deflection up down 25 1 30 25 1 30 Elevator trimmer deflection up down 20 3 40 20 1 15 2 2 4 Vertical Tail Area 1 7m Rudder area 0 982m Rudder deflection left right 27 1 27 1 2 2 5 Engine Conditions Engine Condition Power nr Ground HP Crankshaft Speed Supercharger pressure mm mercury column Specific fuel consumption g l s hr Take off regime 360 2 reduced 99 4 ground 99 1 2 air Po 125 15 285 ...

Page 13: ...pe Sump gravity filter Filtration fineness 36 40μm 2 8 Oil Grade For flight and winter ops MC 20 or MK 22 Gost 10103 49 2 9 Oil Consumption At Cruise I g l sec hr 8 during 1st overhaul 2 10 Oil Pressure At operating conditions 4 6 kgf cm At minimum rpm in the main line 1 kgf cm Measured through a special pipe connection at the oil pump 2 11 Oil Inlet Temperature Recommended 50 C 65 C Minimum permi...

Page 14: ...bient temperature near the ground over 20 C Climb from 3000m and higher is allowed to be performed at Nominal I conditions V limit 165km h 89kts Time to climb to an extreme high altitude is 35 minutes 2 17 Airfield Performance Take off Weight Rotation Speed Take off Run Take off Distance to 10m 33ft Length of Aborted Flight Touch down Velocity with Flap Landing Run Landing Distance from 15m 50ft A...

Page 15: ...ind speed at 90 runway angle at landing 10m s 19kts 22mph Maximum allowable headwind speed when landing without the extended split flap 10m s 19kts 22mph 3 4 Weight and Balance Data 1 Aircraft empty weight allowance is 1 2 Empty aircraft c g position tolerance is 1 MAC mean aerodynamic chord 3 The undercarriage extension displaces the centre of gravity forwards by 0 5 0 7 MAC 4 In the initial trai...

Page 16: ...imitations Due to the fact that the aircraft does not feature regular oxygen equipment flights at altitudes more than 4 000m are prohibited In the trainer version the number of the crewmembers should not exceed four persons As parachutes are not employed in the trainer version it is PROHIBITED to make aerobatic manoeuvres However in the initial training version with a crew of two persons equipped ...

Page 17: ...parking area of the aircraft must be HOSED 2 REMOVE any wing and tail tie downs 3 in winter make sure that the aircraft is CLEANED from snow ice and frost 4 if parked on grass REMOVE any mud and grass from the undercarriage also check for unwanted items in the undercarriage recesses 5 REMOVE any items typically grass and hay located in the oil cooling unit at the front of the starboard wing near t...

Page 18: ...ll not last long a quick check is all that is necessary to ensure that the lighting facilities function correctly 27 SWITCH the BATTERY GROUND SUPPLY to the ON position 28 SWITCH the ANE switches to the ON position 29 get out of the cockpit and CHECK the port side wing tip ANE light 30 move around to the front of the aircraft and CHECK the landing navigation light on the port wing 31 while moving ...

Page 19: ... until you can comfortably remove the oil filler cap without losing your footing If you are quite a heavy individual or are uncomfortable with this approach find some step ladders and climb from either side of the cowling it s safer this way 40 REMOVE the cap undo remove and check the dip yoke and ENSURE that the oil contents are in the range of 12 14 litres for ordinary flight 8litres for aerobat...

Page 20: ...l of fuel 49 If unsatisfied with the fuel contents RE DRAIN and RE CHECK If you are in doubt err on the side of caution and seek additional advice do not rely on hope We all know that the carburettor can become blocked and hence stop the engine at a critical time 50 REPLACE the fuel cap and as before carefully lock the securing screws in place without using excessive force Visual Fuel Inspection 5...

Page 21: ... have adopted a route stick to it and improve it AVOID the complacent quick random check syndrome Perform the external inspection of the aircraft with the following checks 57 CHECK that the air valve inside the port side cowling has been released and that no air is present by opening the valve Do not over tighten this value 58 CHECK the engine cowling to make sure that no damage is present and tha...

Page 22: ...ard one 15 20mm tyre deflection the damper conditions is proper no mixture leakage and camber of the shock absorber strut is normal a visible portion of the stem should de equal to 173 187mm 64 CHECK whether tyre casings of the main undercarriage legs grounding springs and signal lights fixtures of the undercarriage lowering are proper the tyre pressure is standard 25 30mm deflection and the sag o...

Page 23: ...joins the fuselage looking for signs of stress and any disfiguration or panel movement 74 INSPECT the tail unit for external defects 75 ENSURE that the horizontal and vertical stabilisers and their fillets are free from mechanical damage 76 CHECK that the hinge joints of the elevator and rudder are serviceable and are properly greased see whether cramps are proper 77 CHECK fastening of bracing str...

Page 24: ...te of the SAFETY HARNESSES and the mechanism of fitting the shoulder straps is secure and operational 87 the presence of PARACHUTES in both front seat pans checking that the parachutes have been repacked according to regulations 4 if carrying passengers remembering weight and balance checks 88 the presence of LIFE JACKETS in both front seat pans if crossing water 4 if carrying passengers 89 the pr...

Page 25: ... seat pan 97 CHECK to ensure that the seat harness release is intact 98 FASTEN waist and shoulder straps and press yourself to the seat back and tighten waist straps in the buckles By means of a handle of the tightening mechanism retract and lock the shoulder straps and then tighten the buckles ensure that you can still REACH all necessary instruments 99 CONNECT the radio communications headsets 1...

Page 26: ...ed to some of the gills 107 ENSURE that the FUEL SHUT OFF VALVE is pushed as far forward as it will go i e fuel is not cut off 108 Now OPEN the air system valve by turning it fully to the left and a CHECK air pressure in the main and emergency cylinders which must be 50 5 kgf m b PROPER functioning of the landing split flap operating mechanism its extension and retraction and CHECK the proper stat...

Page 27: ...ts in the piston being unable to progress further hence the connecting rod bending and shortening If you have any doubts about oil descending in these engines you only have to see the amount of smoke following a start up to realise that every engine has a fair amount of oil in the cylinders but we of course are talking about more than that A fundamental cause is that the pistons are made from an a...

Page 28: ...ee bottom cylinders as well as thoughtfully providing a special spanner with which to remove these plugs The problem with this is that it does take some time to remove the lower engine cowl and drain these intake tubes However you ignore this at your peril Thus for the original operators of these aircraft as soon as an aircraft had not been used for a day or so it was absolutely routine to undo th...

Page 29: ... whereby after shutdown oil drains from the three lower intake tubes into a container fitted to the bottom of the engine which on start up is sucked slowly into the supercharger and then into the cylinders and burnt This system has the advantage of being totally automatic as well as providing extra lubrication around the engine during the critical start up period Prototypes of it are now flying su...

Page 30: ...or heat control lever adjusts air getting into the carburettor to the ON position i e fully downwards 6 2 Avoiding Hydraulic Shock CHECK that the engine was shutdown using the correct procedure i e run at 60 for at least 30 seconds at the correct temperature setting if not it is advisable to drain the bottom three cylinders for hydraulic shock avoidance TURN the propeller through until the oil tha...

Page 31: ...gh 3 5 turns switch the MAGNETOS ON by setting the switch to 1 2 position To provide a more successful start of the engine after the first flashes feed additional fuel into the cylinders with the help of the primer which was intentionally left out in the previous steps DURING start if flashes appear in the cylinders it is allowed to continue the engine starting procedure by displacing the thrust l...

Page 32: ...el in the tanks and fuel amount in the left and right tanks separately note the amount of fuel that was added if any and compare against what is now indicated the voltage of the airborne accumulator under load to do it cut in the ANE AHO circuit breaker on the panel for 10 15 seconds press the voltmeter button voltage value should be at least 24V and is likely to stabilise at 27V 29V The image obv...

Page 33: ...n the brakes and in position During taxi perform the differential brake checks but do this SPARINGLY The braking system of the Yak 18T can OVERHEAT with a prolonged application of the braking mechanism thus resulting in a complete brake failure on one or both sides of the system However it must be noted that one can taxi reasonably well WITH MINIMUM BRAKE USE DECELERATE the engine to minimum rpm a...

Page 34: ...ust lever SET a speed of 64 70 SWITCH one magneto off for 15 20 seconds and compare the drop in rpm with the previous setting SWITCH both magnetos ON for 20 30 seconds usually much quicker until the initial speed is recovered SWITCH the second magneto OFF and compare the drop in rpm with the previous setting and note the difference in drops between both magneto checks SWITCH both magnetos ON The e...

Page 35: ...rm the following procedures SET the propeller control lever to the position FINE PITCH forwards to the fine pitch stop decrease the propeller pitch completely SHIFT the thrust lever smoothly forwards against the stop The readings of the engine control instruments must be as follows Crankshaft rational speed 95 99 Supercharger pressure Po 125 15mm of Hg Petrol pressure 0 2 0 5 kgf cm Engine inlet o...

Page 36: ...at it is clear and that no unexpected aircraft are approaching REQUEST a clearance for take off 7 2 Take off and Climb Upon receiving the appropriate form of take off clearance enter the runway and TAXI along a straight line 3 5m in order to SET the nose wheel straight and over the take off line holding the brakes ON Immediately place the engine into the Nominal I regime Hold the aircraft with the...

Page 37: ...rocedures so CHECK first At an altitude of at least 10m 35ft RETRACT the undercarriage To do this perform the following procedure MOVE the undercarriage lever to the RETRACT UP position take care NOT to retard the lever to the NEUTRAL position CHECK that the undercarriage has RETRACTED by noting the illumination of the RED indicator lights on the undercarriage display panel CHECK that the undercar...

Page 38: ...eck readings of the engine instruments CONSTANTLY observe the engine temperatures and that they fall within the recommended limits Crankshaft rational speed 70 Nominal I Petrol pressure 0 2 0 5 kgf cm Engine inlet oil temperature engine inlet oil temperature 50 C 65 C maximum oil temperature 75 C maximum allowable temperature during a long term engine operation or not more than 15 minutes is 85 C ...

Page 39: ...At normal conditions during horizontal flight the engine instruments should read as follows Fuel pressure 0 2 0 5 kgf cm Engine inlet oil temperature 50 C 65 C Oil pressure 4 6 kgf cm 1 0kgf cm at minimum rpm Cylinder head temperature 140 C 190 C Carburettor inlet air temperature 10 C During warm weather carburettor heat must be SWITCHED OFF as a high temperature of air coming into the carburettor...

Page 40: ...ver changing the engine rpm within the 55 67 limits One can monitor the correct operation of the Generator by checking the GENERATURE FAILURE red light on the annunciator panel or by using the voltage level tester on the voltmeter gauge 7 7 Chips in Oil In flight if the CHIPS IN OIL red light illuminates on the annunciator panel the pilot is obliged to END THE FLIGHT IMMEDIATELY and to INTENSIFY c...

Page 41: ...instruments To PREVENT against the engine intolerable spin up while performing elementary and advanced flying do not exceed the speed over 300km h see aircraft flying limitations It is PROHIBITED to perform any aerobatic manoeuvre without the appropriate type training This aircraft is cleared to perform the following aerobatic manoeuvres Steep turns 45 and 60 of bank Figure Eight Combat Turn Divin...

Page 42: ... flight The aircraft should be STABLE throughout the entire process of the steep turn and the pilot should be able to easily shift from one direction of steep turn to another 8 2 Steep Turn 60 of bank BEFORE entry into this manoeuvre study the surrounding airspace to make sure that no other aircraft are flying in proximity of your aircraft that you will remain clear of cloud congested areas and th...

Page 43: ...ire process of the steep turn and the pilot should be able to easily shift from one direction of steep turn to another 8 3 Figure Eight BEFORE entry into this manoeuvre study the surrounding airspace to make sure that no other aircraft are flying in proximity of your aircraft that you will remain clear of cloud congested areas and that sufficient altitude is available should the manoeuvre is not s...

Page 44: ...craft so that the airspeed indicator reading at recovery is at least 150km h simultaneously by a slight deflecting of the yoke forwards provide a nose over position relative to the horizon just the same as at the horizontal flight 8 5 Diving BEFORE entry into this manoeuvre study the surrounding airspace to make sure that no other aircraft are flying in proximity of your aircraft that you will rem...

Page 45: ...leting the manoeuvre Special attention should be paid to the space under the aircraft Perform the spiral from the steady state glide conditions at IAS of 180km h with a 45 roll at the engine IDLING conditions or under the conditions providing the vertical descent velocity of 3 4 m s BEFORE entry into the spiral CHECK the engine instruments and having SET the designated gliding speed using coordina...

Page 46: ...qual to 70 with a full boost Then impart a pitch up angle of 10 15 and hold this position INITIATE a longitudinal rotation by smoothly deflecting the yoke in the direction of the roll When 45 50 of bank has been achieved proceed to pull the yoke being careful not to slow the rotation This is necessary to PREVENT the aircraft from turning when upside down and to PREVENT the nose from dropping below...

Page 47: ...UCE a pitch up angle of 10 to 15 and then by simultaneous motions of the yoke and rudder pedals towards the desired half roll impart a ROTATION to the aircraft about an axis with such a rate that the aircraft will be turned upside down in 2 3 seconds When the given position has been achieved PLACE the rudder pedals in the NEUTRAL position and by using the yoke STOP the aircraft rotation REMOVE boo...

Page 48: ...0 280km h 8 13 Half Loop and Half Roll BEFORE entry into this manoeuvre study the surrounding airspace to make sure that no other aircraft are flying in proximity of your aircraft that you will remain clear of cloud congested areas and that sufficient altitude is available should the manoeuvre is not successful Select the necessary ground reference points for completing the manoeuvre Special atten...

Page 49: ... the POINT of the actual stall Other symptoms at the point of stall include a nose down attitude with rolling either to the left or to the right side and a small shaking or buffeting By pushing the yoke FORWARD the aircraft attitude will transition from the angle of incidence to one that is below the stall but only once the speed INCREASES The indicated stalling speeds with ny 1 0 are as follows i...

Page 50: ...ce only it is based on translated Yak 18T Flight Operations Manuals and has not been approved by the Yakovlev Design Bureau or any other authority Given the right conditions when entering the stall the 18T can be remarkably uneventful with the pilot noticing just an unexpectedly high negative VSI ...

Page 51: ...kgf cm Engine inlet oil temperature 50 C 65 C Oil pressure 4 6 kgf cm 1 0kgf cm at minimum rpm Cylinder head temperature 180 C 190 C Carburettor inlet air temperature 10 C 9 1 Entry into spin Entering into a spin at LEVEL flight conditions FULLY remove the boost and smoothly pull the yoke backwards as the speed decreases This will establish a pancaking regime Now CONTROL the aircraft to stop a win...

Page 52: ... during recovery As soon as the aircraft stops its rotation immediately place the rudder pedals in the NEUTRAL position increase the IAS to 160 170km hr and then by SMOOTHLY pulling the yoke backwards recover the aircraft from the dive at such a rate that the IAS reading at the end of recovery is 220 240km h When the aircraft APPROACHES the horizon increase the engine boost During three turns of t...

Page 53: ... LAG experienced during recovery from the inverted spin is at LEAST 1 turn 9 4 Unintentional Snap or Fall into Spin The spontaneous fall into a spin can ONLY occur as a result of GROSS PILOTING ERRORS While training or in flying practice it is PROHIBITED to perform a fall into a spin from VERTICAL manoeuvres i e zoom loop half loop and combat turn Inadvertent entry into a spin from a 360 turn or s...

Page 54: ...turn its spinning will be the same as during the spin entry at a minimum speed inadvertent entry into a spin from a 360 turn or spiral can be performed at levels of at least 3000m if the aircraft does not enter the spin but instead makes a transition to an unstable deep spiral with a massive speeding up it likely due to a pulling of the yoke and either movement of the rudder pedals to the NEUTRAL ...

Page 55: ...rriage lever latch to the left SHIFT the undercarriage lever from the NEUTRAL position to RETRACT to create counter pressure SHIFT the undercarriage lever from the RETRACT position to EXTEND not retarding it to the neutral position CHECK the undercarriage extension by the indicator lights and mechanical indicators three green lights of the extended undercarriage position must be on red lights will...

Page 56: ...ust increase the boost up to the take off regime by shifting the engine thrust lever to the fully forward position during 1 5 2 seconds When the indicated airspeed of 150km h has been achieved enter a climb gradually raising the IAS and at the altitude of at least 10m retract the undercarriage switch the lamp on if flying at night 2 At an altitude of at least 50m retract the landing split flap SET...

Page 57: ... the propeller and run at this condition until the cylinder head temperature is reduced to 140 C 150 C If it is impossible to cool the cylinder heads up to 140 C 150 C then engine stopping is allowed to be performed at the cylinder head temperature not over 170 C in so doing note the number of cut outs with 170 C cylinder head temperature in the engine log sheet 3 After cooling the cylinder heads ...

Page 58: ...nuals and has not been approved by the Yakovlev Design Bureau or any other authority by closing the fire valve with carburettor fuel usage in order to avoid backfiring and fire After each flight it is necessary to fill in a log sheet of the engine making an appropriate entry about the engine operating time including take off regime and the number of flights ...

Page 59: ...d to the Operating Instruction stop fulfilment of the mission inform ATC about it and land at the nearest airfield 11 2 Pilot Actions in case of Pressure Drop 11 2 1 Engine Failure and the Primer This section provided courtesy of Richard Goode Aerobatics www russianaeros com Imagine that you are flying along and then the engine begins to run roughly or indeed begins to stop It is unlikely to be el...

Page 60: ...f drop in Engine Oil Pressure If a drop in the oil pressure in the engine is detected check the oil temperature If the oil temperature rises then land immediately in the terminal area and shutdown the engine If flying beyond the terminal area land at an alternate airfield or select an appropriate landing field and then after informing ATC perform the landing In the case of a forced landing adhere ...

Page 61: ...iage inform ATC make a normal circuit flight and airfield landing 3 In case of propeller over speeding during a dive perform the following procedures remove the boost fully increase the propeller pitch recover the aircraft from the dive stop the flying mission inform ATC and perform a normal airfield landing 11 6 Pilot Actions in case of in flight Fire In case of an in flight fire hazard proceed a...

Page 62: ...carriage extension via the illumination of the three green warning lights and mechanical indicators on each wing and the cowling SET the undercarriage lever to the position DOWN leave the valve of the emergency undercarriage extension in the open position until the flight is complete after the landing run clear the runway and make sure that the brakes operate effectively Inform ATC and then taxi t...

Page 63: ...the fault 11 12 Pilot Actions in case of Radio Station Failure 1 In all cases during a radio communication failure proceed as follows CHECK the plug connections of the headset cord s CHECK whether the radio volume control is in the position for maximum readability CHECK that the radio operates via other communication channels CHECK whether the circuit breakers intercommunication system and VHF sta...

Page 64: ...y a crewmember with the co pilot or another pilot remaining in the aircraft Preliminary parachutes must be fitted whilst on the ground for all pilots 1 A forced abandonment of the aircraft by parachute is carried out in cases where there is an uncontrollable fire in the aircraft in cases where recovery from a spin is impossible above 1000m if it is impossible to restore aircraft controllability in...

Page 65: ...t leg on the wing raise yourself from the seat bend your head and with an energetic jerk separate yourself from the seat finding yourself on the wing concentrate yourself and SLIP OFF the wing 4 Instructions for the crew in case of a forced emergency bailout during inverted flight in a spin in a dive and in a spiral When escaping from the aircraft in these cases proceed as follows JETTISON the doo...

Page 66: ... NOT move the propeller when the engine is above 85 C It can be FATAL REMEMBER the cylinder head temperature CHT can still be 100 C even 20 minutes after shutting down and the engine COULD START even with the ignition and magnetos OFF The best advice is to assume that the propeller is live at all times and to be cautious accordingly Under normal circumstances the magneto switch should be in the 0 ...

Page 67: ...the OFF position 12 2 Radio Compass 12 2 1 General Information The radio compass is intended to be used for automatic determination of radio bearings from radio stations and by air navigation radio compass locators and broadcasting stations as well as for pre landing manoeuvring and approaching The operating frequency range of the radio compass is from 150 1300 kHz Radio coverage at a flight altit...

Page 68: ...icator pointer by 45 60 angle towards the side required on releasing the control make sure that the radio bearing pointer is returned to the initial position Make sure that the calls are being listened to correctly and the radio bearing readings provided by the direction finder of the inner marker locator are stable 12 2 3 Radio Compass Usage in Flight Flight to a Radio Station During the radio fl...

Page 69: ...g lies within 30 150 Landing Approach Manoeuvring Flight in terminal areas are performed according to the stated plots Landing approach manoeuvring by radio compass is carried out as follows tune the radio compass channel MAIN to the beacon bearing frequency of channel and GUARD channel to the beacon bearing frequency of channel go into the beacon bearing with the magnetic heading equal or close t...

Page 70: ...rior to flight proceed as follows set the console switch NORTH SOUTH to the NORTH position when flying in the northern hemisphere and to the SOUTH when flying in the southern hemisphere set the take off airfield latitude on the respective potentiometer on the console set the magnetic declination equal to zero on the erecting mechanism switch the compass system power on The readiness time of this c...

Page 71: ...istakes in the determination of the drift angle and piloting can occur The assigned direction can be maintained with a certain angular error this can cause a gross track error To reduce the distance off track when tracking the course perform the following procedures check the course by the indicator follow variation of the drift angle control taking the course by other air navigation aids In fligh...

Page 72: ...rt is provided at pitch and bank angles at rest of 4 3 On the line up take off position prior to take off the crew must check whether the gyro horizon is proper and make sure that the aircraft symbol on gyro horizon indicator occupies the horizontal position and coincides with the horizon line while rotating the pitch angle set knob the scale is deviating on having checked the indicator serviceabi...

Page 73: ...e setting control with a built in yellow warning light and a button CHECKING with built in red warning light By rotating the ALTITUDE SET control warning setting of the desired altitude is provided its value is determined by a yellow triangular marker moving over the indicator scale When the aircraft has achieved the command altitude the yellow light is illuminated and simultaneously a 400 Hz audi...

Page 74: ...eter off Instrument Approach Apparatus General information This apparatus is to be used by the homemade heating glide path system and for International Instrument Landing System ILS approaches This system provides signals of the aircraft diversion from the heading and glide path equi signal zones formed by the ground beacons and the inner and outer marker locators flyover warning from the radio ma...

Page 75: ...short pulses dots when flying over the outer and inner marker locators respectively after landing switch the apparatus off using the switch on the control unit and the circuit breaker at the switchboard Intercommunication System General Information This system is designed to provide getting on for a radio contact for the crew members by a radio set inter aircraft radio communication for the crew m...

Page 76: ...me irrespective of the controls position CAUTION The switch a standby one on the user s apparatus must be always in OFF down position if the user s apparatus happens to be out of order then set this switch up to change your telephones over to other user s apparatus How to Use Wiper 1 The wiper can be switched on when the aircraft is flying at a speed of 220km h It is controlled from a WIPER switch...

Page 77: ...the flight altitude horizontal and vertical velocities The pilot and static pressures are applied to the instruments by means of the pilot static tube and pilot pressure pipelines painted in black and static pressure pipelines white color The instruments are connected to the static pressure pipelines and only a velocity indicator is connected to the pitot pressure pipelines The pitot static tube i...

Page 78: ...n out to be detective the pilot must deliver a radio message to ATC abort the task execution and take the course to the landing airfield by indications of the gyro horizon and the radio altimeter The flight speed is controlled by the engine power settings by readings of the pressure and vacuum gauge and tachometer 2 Clogging or icing of the pitot tube The main reason of the inlet port choking of t...

Page 79: ...ination of the instruments sub panels console s panels and the instrument boards with a red light Each lighting fixture contains two lamps The lighting fixture are divided in two groups main illumination six fixtures and emergency lighting two fixtures 4 A slot type vertical lighting fixture serves to illuminate sub panels consoles and individual instruments and notices on the panels It uses a lam...

Page 80: ...unt illuminated city lead in light 9 Use a floodlight lighting fixture when keeping records or employing the chart 10 While lowering the flight level adjust the cockpit illumination proceeding from the landing conditions illuminated or non illuminated airfield adjust intensity of the instruments illumination switch the dome light off 11 After turn to final at 100 150 m altitude switch the high lig...

Page 81: ...6 cracks 21 Crankshaft 12 34 35 38 Crew 15 70 Crosswind 15 Cruise 12 13 Cubic capacity 11 cut outs 17 36 56 Cylinder Head Temperature 13 D damages 21 22 damper 21 defects 18 23 Dihedral 12 Dimensional Characteristics 11 door latches 24 E elevator 23 32 36 50 51 52 55 Elevator 12 emergency 16 26 39 40 54 55 58 60 61 64 78 empty weight 15 Empty weight 11 Engine 11 12 32 35 38 39 50 58 engine speed 1...

Page 82: ... 12 21 22 25 26 30 31 34 35 36 38 39 40 50 54 55 58 59 61 62 76 77 Propeller 14 R radiator 23 25 34 38 56 radio compass 23 34 56 62 63 66 67 68 74 Range 11 14 Retractable Gear 5 return flying 16 Rotation Speed 14 Rudder 12 S seat pans 24 seats 24 Section 6 12 15 17 36 41 58 66 semi aerobatic 5 Service ceiling 11 shock absorber 21 22 shoulder straps 24 25 shutter 23 34 signal lights 21 22 snow 17 7...